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Features of depositional
environments
Desert processes: sand dunes
Alluvial fans
Ephemeral lakes
River processes: channels,
floodplains
Braided streams are
characterized by
mid-channel bars..you
can think of a bar as a
variety of a current
ripple
What
channels
look like
in
outcrop
Downcutting
surface,
coarse
sediment
Meandering stream:
Single channel that
Is highly sinuous.
The bars in this
system are on the
inside of curves and
are called point bars
Channels are preserved, but
so are the bars: inclined
layers of sand that comprise
the point bar
The floodplain is also preserved: fine-grained muds that are
deposited from flooding, along with laterally discontinuous
layers of sand that form from breaches of the channel
banks (termed levees) that send sand out onto the floodplain
Glacial processes: till,moraines
Lateral moraine: the till
pushed to the sides by the
glacier; terminal moraine=
the material bulldozed
to the front
Layered muds in glacial lakes
Other evidence of the passage
of a glacier: the striated
surface of bedrock
DELTAS
It may be in a mud puddle, but this little delta has all the features
of a “real” delta.
What is different about these deltas are the processes that are
dominant on the delta top and front.
Waves rework delta front
Tides
rework
delta
top
Delta processes: delta
top channels; delta
front, pro-delta
The sediment plume that forms
where the river channel dumps
its load. This is why the delta
can build up and out: sediment
is always being added on the
delta front.
BEACHES AND BARRIER ISLANDS
A beach is a complex set of environments from the front (the
foreshore) to back (lagoon)
Beach processes: wave activity and wind
The backshore = dune
field
The shoreface
Wave-generated ripples
are symmetrical in
shape
The inclined surface of
the shoreface leaves
behind inclined layers
of sand
The backshore dune field
Beaches are often
separated from land by
a lagoon or bay
behind them. This is a
very low energy setting
TIDAL FLATS - form where there is
a large tidal ranges (>3m) and the
coastline is protected bays where
wave action is minimal.
The intertidal zone: tidal currents
produce ripples
Mudcracks form
from exposure
during low tide
Fluctuating tidal currents
deposit alternating layers of sand
and mud
Ocean processes
There’s vertical exaggeration
here, but offshore from the
shoreline is the almost-flat
continental shelf, and further
offshore the rise and slope
Where major rivers enter
the oceans the shelf is
cut by submarine canyons
that represent the old river
channels formed when sea
level was lower in the Pleistocene
The ocean floor is the
site of accumulation of
fine-grained sediment;
both clay and
carbonate mud
The deep ocean floor is
NOT devoid of life!
Ocean floor sediments are
relatively rare in the stratigraphic
record because ocean floor is
destroyed in subduction zones.
We DO find a record of deep-
water environments that form
in basins: turbidites.
A turbidity current is
like an underwater
avalance: sand
suspended in water
cascades down a slope
and comes to rest in
deep water muds. The
turbidite is the resulting
deposit.
Ocean processes; carbonate
platform
If you have warm
marine water and little
input of clastic
material, you can
form limestone
The lagoon with reef in
the distance.
Open ocean to the left,
the reef top, or crest.
A reef represents the optimal
condition for maximum
organic diversity and numbers
Fossil reef exposures
are common in the
geologic record. We
can recognize the
reef and lagoon
environments.

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DepEnv.ppt

  • 6. Braided streams are characterized by mid-channel bars..you can think of a bar as a variety of a current ripple
  • 8. Meandering stream: Single channel that Is highly sinuous. The bars in this system are on the inside of curves and are called point bars
  • 9. Channels are preserved, but so are the bars: inclined layers of sand that comprise the point bar
  • 10. The floodplain is also preserved: fine-grained muds that are deposited from flooding, along with laterally discontinuous layers of sand that form from breaches of the channel banks (termed levees) that send sand out onto the floodplain
  • 12. Lateral moraine: the till pushed to the sides by the glacier; terminal moraine= the material bulldozed to the front Layered muds in glacial lakes
  • 13. Other evidence of the passage of a glacier: the striated surface of bedrock
  • 14. DELTAS It may be in a mud puddle, but this little delta has all the features of a “real” delta.
  • 15. What is different about these deltas are the processes that are dominant on the delta top and front. Waves rework delta front Tides rework delta top
  • 16. Delta processes: delta top channels; delta front, pro-delta
  • 17. The sediment plume that forms where the river channel dumps its load. This is why the delta can build up and out: sediment is always being added on the delta front.
  • 18. BEACHES AND BARRIER ISLANDS A beach is a complex set of environments from the front (the foreshore) to back (lagoon)
  • 19. Beach processes: wave activity and wind The backshore = dune field The shoreface
  • 20. Wave-generated ripples are symmetrical in shape The inclined surface of the shoreface leaves behind inclined layers of sand
  • 21. The backshore dune field Beaches are often separated from land by a lagoon or bay behind them. This is a very low energy setting
  • 22. TIDAL FLATS - form where there is a large tidal ranges (>3m) and the coastline is protected bays where wave action is minimal. The intertidal zone: tidal currents produce ripples Mudcracks form from exposure during low tide Fluctuating tidal currents deposit alternating layers of sand and mud
  • 23. Ocean processes There’s vertical exaggeration here, but offshore from the shoreline is the almost-flat continental shelf, and further offshore the rise and slope Where major rivers enter the oceans the shelf is cut by submarine canyons that represent the old river channels formed when sea level was lower in the Pleistocene
  • 24. The ocean floor is the site of accumulation of fine-grained sediment; both clay and carbonate mud The deep ocean floor is NOT devoid of life!
  • 25. Ocean floor sediments are relatively rare in the stratigraphic record because ocean floor is destroyed in subduction zones. We DO find a record of deep- water environments that form in basins: turbidites. A turbidity current is like an underwater avalance: sand suspended in water cascades down a slope and comes to rest in deep water muds. The turbidite is the resulting deposit.
  • 26. Ocean processes; carbonate platform If you have warm marine water and little input of clastic material, you can form limestone The lagoon with reef in the distance. Open ocean to the left, the reef top, or crest.
  • 27. A reef represents the optimal condition for maximum organic diversity and numbers Fossil reef exposures are common in the geologic record. We can recognize the reef and lagoon environments.