دكتور عمر الجابري -جامعه طيبة مناهج بحث

1. Research
Methodology
University of Taibah
Department of Biology
2020/2019 – 1441/1442
Dr Asmaa Mawad
1

2. 2

3. Course Description
3

4. 1. Topics to be Covered:
List of Topics
No. of
Weeks
Contact
hours
1 Methodology in scientific research ½ 1
2 Stages of scientific research:
- Identify the problem
- Collect scientific material from various sources; documentation and analysis
- How to formulate hypotheses
1 2
3 Training 1: How to scientifically formulate hypotheses 2 4
4 Stages of scientific research:
- Determine the tools, materials and methods used in research studies
- Collect results, perform statistical analysis and present data in tables and graphs
1 2
5 Training 2:
- How to set up tables and present data in tables and graphs, using Excel program
2 4
6-7 Scientific rules followed in drafting and writing of scientific research
- Technical and linguistic rules followed in the formulation of research
- Quoting from references (the accuracy of the quoting reasons for quoting - formulation of quoting)
2 4
8 Training 3:
- Present correct and false examples of scientific writing with an indication of the differences between
them
2 4
9 Discussion and Conclusion
- How to write references in research publication
1 2
10 Methods of scientific publications ½ 1
11 Ethics in Scientific Research ½ 1
12 The concept of intellectual property and its importance in scientific research ½ 1
Total Number of Weeks /and Teaching Units Per Semester 15 30
4

5. 5
Topic Name
I) Stages of scientific research:
1. -Identify the problem
2. Collect scientific material from various sources; documentation and analysis
3. How to formulate hypotheses
III) Research Design
Meaning of Research Design
Features of a Good Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Designs
Sampling Design
Steps in Sampling Design
Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure
Characteristics of a Good Sample Design
Different Types of Sample Designs
II) Stages of scientific research:
- Determine the tools, materials and methods used in research studies
- Collect results, perform statistical analysis and present data in tables and graphs
Scientific rules followed in drafting and writing of scientific research
- Technical and linguistic rules followed in the formulation of research
- Quoting from references (the accuracy of the quoting reasons for quoting - formulation
of quoting)
Discussion and Conclusion

6. 6

7. 1. Methodology in Scientifc Research
MEANING OF RESEARCH
• Research is common idiom refers to a search for
knowledge.
• Research can also be defned as a ‘scientifc and
systematic search for pertinent information on a
specifc topic’.
• In fact, research is an art of scientifc investigation.
7

8. 1. Methodology in Scientifc Research
MEANING OF RESEARCH
• The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
defned research as “a careful investigation or inquiry
specially through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”
• Redman and Mory defne research as a “systematized
efort to gain new knowledge.”
8

9. 1
.
Methodology in Scientifc Research
MEANING OF RESEARCH
• Research is, an original contribution to the existing
stock of knowledge making for its advancement.
• It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study,
observation, comparison and experiment.
• In short, the search for knowledge through objective
and systematic method of fnding solution to a
problem is research.
9

10. origin of Research Methodology
Factors afecting on spread of science
• ‫المعرفي‬ ‫الفضول‬general investigation
• ‫المشكلت‬ ‫حل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬solving problems
• ‫المعيشة‬ ‫تحسين‬improvement livehood
• ‫الذكية‬ ‫الملحظة‬smart observation
• ‫القياس‬ ‫أجهزة‬measurment devices
• ‫المستمرة‬ ‫والبحاث‬ ‫التجارب‬experiments and contitious research
• ‫الحروب‬ wars
10

11. 1. Methodology in Scientifc Research
The Goal of Research Methodology
• The goal of Research Methodology is to learn how
research is being done, and to put that knowledge
into practice.
• You learn how to apply a great number of statistical
techniques, draw conclusions from those, and
determine what statistical technique would be
suitable for a given dataset and/or research
question. 11

12. 1. Methodology in Scientifc Research
The Goal of Research Methodology
• In contrast to your Statistics course, here the emphasis
lies on interpreting results and communicating
those to the world at large.
• In other words, you learn how to take a step back and
think about what you can conclude from a certain
experiment or statistical test.
12

13. ‫العلمي‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫صفات‬ •
‫والتعلم‬ ‫والعلم‬ ‫الطلع‬ ‫حب‬
•
‫الذهن‬ ‫صفاء‬
•
‫الخلق‬ ‫حسن‬
•
‫والمثابرة‬ ‫الصبر‬
•
‫والصدق‬ ‫المانة‬
•
‫والخيال‬ ‫التخمين‬
•
‫الذكية‬ ‫الملحظة‬
•
‫التحليل‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬

14. ‫العلمى‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫إعداد‬
•
‫الواعية‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫على‬ ‫التدريب‬
•
‫الساسية‬ ‫بالعلوم‬ ‫الجيدة‬ ‫المعرفة‬
•
) (
‫العلم‬ ‫ولغات‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫إتقان‬
•
‫والتفكر‬ ‫التدبر‬
•
‫العلمى‬ ‫الفضول‬ ‫تنمية‬
•
‫الذهني‬ ‫والعصف‬ ‫المناقشة‬ ‫روح‬ ‫إذكاء‬
•
‫المؤتمرات‬ ‫حضور‬
•
‫البحوث‬ ‫ونشر‬ ‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫التدرب‬

15. The basic postulates of scientifc
method
1. It relies on empirical evidence;‫ن‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫خر‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫بل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ق‬ ‫ن‬
‫مي‬ ‫لتحقق‬
‫ليي‬ ‫لة‬
‫ي‬
‫ب‬‫قا‬
‫ي‬
‫و‬ ‫حيحة‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ص‬ ‫رفة‬
‫معي‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫كون‬
‫تييي‬ ‫ن‬
‫ي‬
‫ا‬‫معنى‬
‫بييي‬
2. It utilizes relevant concepts;
3. It is committed to only objective considerations;
5. It results into probabilistic predictions;
6. Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical scrutiny are for use in
testing the conclusions through replication; ‫مشاهدة‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫على‬ ‫عتمد‬
‫ييي‬ ‫ذي‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬‫بيا‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫تجر‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫منهج‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫على‬
‫علمي‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫تفكير‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫قوم‬
‫ي‬‫يي‬
‫يات‬
‫ي‬
‫ض‬‫فر‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫وا‬ ‫ظة‬
‫ي‬
‫ح‬
‫مل‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫وا‬
‫والقوانين‬ ‫السنتاجات‬ ‫ووضع‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫مناقشة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫و‬ ‫الملحظات‬ ‫وتسجيل‬ ‫بالتجربة‬ ‫تختبر‬ ‫التي‬.
 7. It aims at formulating most general axioms or what can be termed as scientifc theories. ‫بناء‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫كون‬
‫ي‬‫يي‬ ‫ن‬
‫ي‬
‫أ‬
‫مسلمات‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫وا‬ ‫ين‬
‫ي‬
‫ن‬
‫ي‬
‫ا‬‫قو‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫تنباط‬
‫ي‬
‫س‬
‫ي‬
‫ا‬ ‫سهل‬
‫ييي‬ ‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ك‬ ‫تنظيم‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ديد‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ف‬‫ر‬
‫معي‬
‫ل‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬‫ا‬
15

16. 1. Methodology in Scientifc Research
• Readings
Kothari, C. R. (2006), Research Methodology: Methods
and Techniques, New Delhi, New Age International
Publishers.
‘pdf copy is available online’
Read the following sections:
Importance of Knowing How Research is Done
Page 10
Research Process Page 10 -
12
16

17. Signifcance of Research
1-Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic system
2- Research has its special signifcance in solving various operational and
planning problems of business and industry
3- studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social
problems.
4- the signifcance of research can also be understood keeping in view
the following points:
5- To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may
mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure;
6- To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of
livelihood;
7- To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas
17

18. The basic types of research
• Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys
and fact-fnding enquiries of diferent kinds. The major purpose of
descriptive research is description of the state of afairs as it exists at
present. In social science and business research we quite often use
• Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or
action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied
research aims at fnding a solution for an immediate problem facing
a society or an industrial/business organisation, whereas
fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and
with the formulation of a theory.
18

19. The basic types of research
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on
the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to
phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative
research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
• Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to
some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers
and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or
observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
19

20. The qualities of a good
research
• 1. Good research is systematic:
• 2. Good research is logical
• 3. Good research is empirical.
• 4. Good research is replicable
20

21. • After identifying and defning the problem, researcher
must arrange his/her ideas in order and write them in the
form of an experimental plan or what can be described as
‘Research Plan’. This is essential specially for new
researcher because of the following:
• (a) It helps him/her to organize his/her ideas.
• (b) It provides an inventory of what must be done and
which materials have to be collected as a preliminary
step.
• (c) It is a document that can be given to others for
comment. 21

22. Research plan must contain the following items.
1. Research objective should be clearly stated, which tells exactly
what the researcher expects to do.
2. The problem to be studied by researcher must be explicitly stated,
so that one may know what information is to be obtained for
solving the problem.
3. Each major concept which researcher wants to measure should be
defned in operational terms in context of the research project.
4. The plan should contain the method to be used in solving the
problem.
22

23. Research plan must contain the following items.
5. The plan must also state the details of the techniques to be
adopted.
6. A clear mention of the population to be studied should be
made. If the study happens to be sample based, the research
plan should state the sampling plan.
7. The plan must also contain the methods to be used in
processing the data. Statistical and other methods to be used
must be indicated in the plan.
8. Results of pilot test, if any, should be reported. Time and cost
budgets for the research project should also be prepared and
laid down in the plan itself.
23

24. Research Process
24

25. Lect.2
25

26. 2
.
Stages of Scientifc Research
(research process)
1. Identify the problem
2. Collect scientific material from various sources; documentation and
analysis
3. How to formulate hypotheses
26

27. 2
.
Stages of Scientifc Research
:
1. Identify the problem
two steps are involved in formulating the
research problem
• Understanding the problem thoroughly,
• Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an
analytical point of view.
27

28. 2
.
Stages of Scientifc Research
:
2. Collect scientific material from various sources; documentation and analysis
(Extensive literature survey)
1. Scientific papers (Research papers, review papers,….)
2. Books
3. Theses
28

29. 2. Stages of Scientifc Research:
2.3. How to formulate hypotheses?
• What is a Hypothesis?
• Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order
to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences
• Role of hypothesis:
• 1- guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research
and to keep him on the right track.
• 2- It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the
more important facets of the problem.
• 3- It also indicates the type of data required and the type
of methods of data analysis to be used.
29

30. 1
.
How does a hypothesis
begin
?
• Scientists make lots of observations.
• This leads them to form scientifc questions about
what they have observed.
• Each scientist creates an explanation – or
hypothesis – that he or she thinks will answer the
question.
• Discussions with colleagues and experts about the
problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking a
solution;
30

31. 1
.
How does a hypothesis begin
?
A scientist bases his/her hypothesis both on what he or
she has observed, and on what he or she already knows to
be true.
• (b) Examination of data and records, if available,
concerning the problem for possible trends, peculiarities
and other clues;
•
(
c
)
Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies
on similar problems
31

32. Making a hypothesis is a step in the
Scientifc Method
The 7 basic steps of the scientifc method:
1. Asking a question
2. Completing research (Literature review)
3. Making a hypothesis
4. Planning an investigation
5. Recording and analyzing data
6. Explaining the data
7. Communicating the results (Publication)
32

33. Example question
• A scientist notices that the tomato plant closest to her
neighbour’s yard is much taller than any of the other plants
in her garden bed.
• She also notices that the neighbour turns on his sprinkler
system every day, and that some of this water reaches only
her big plant.
The scientist creates a question:
• Does daily watering from a sprinkler make a tomato plant
grow faster than other tomato plants?
33

34. Example question
• A scientist notices that the rhizobacteria is usually
accompanied to beans plant root forming root nodules in a
soil of low nitrogenous content
• She also notices that this soil is a saline
The scientist creates a question:
How does the plant obtain its nitrogenous requirement?
• Does the bacteria play any role in that and/or alleviation
of soil salinity?
34

35. Example hypothesis
The scientist creates this hypothesis to address
her question:
“If I cultivate the plant with/without this bacteria
in that soil (after sterilization), then which one
will exhibit a good grow ”
35

36. 2. What do you do with a
hypothesis?
• The hypothesis that a scientist creates leads him or her to
make a prediction that can be tested next in an investigation.
• Notice how the example scientist’s hypothesis makes a
prediction that can be tested:
• What will the scientist do in the investigation to test her
hypothesis?
36

37. A hypothesis is not just a prediction
• In science a prediction is an educated guess about
the expected outcome of a specifc test.
• In science a hypothesis goes further.
• A hypothesis includes a possible explanation
about why the expected outcome of a test will
occur. 37

38. Prediction vs. hypothesis
• Example Prediction: If it gets cold outside the
number of bacteria will decrease and number of fungi
will increase.
• Example Hypothesis: If it gets cold outside then the
number of bacteria will decrease because bacteria
prefer warm weather while fungi prefere cold one
38

39. 3
.
How do you write a
hypothesis
?
• A good hypothesis includes two parts:
 1. a prediction about the outcome of a
scientifc investigation
---- and ----
 2. an explanation for why those results will
occur
39

40. 3. How do you write a
hypothesis?
• A hypothesis is worded as a prediction about what will
happen if you change something.
• A good hypothesis is worded like this:
If ……., then …..... because
..…….
• Examples of an If, Then, Because Hypothesis
40

41. If …... Then …... Because …..
• After the word “If”… explain what will change in the
investigation.
• After the word “then” …write what you predict will
happen as a result of that change.
• After the word “because” …explain why you think
the result will happen. 41

42. Another Hypothesis
If people spend more time in the sun,
then they will be more likely to get skin cancer,
because exposure to ultraviolet light in sunlight
causes skin cancer.
42

43. 3
.
Training 1: How to scientifcally formulate
hypotheses
• 1. The 3 groups of the Biology Branches:
• Botany
• Microbiology
• Zoology
Screen available Master theses in your Department, to learn
about previous hypotheses, then make a (provisional) one
according to what is available in terms of scientifc equipment,
that enable you to work on your future thesis’s project
.
43

44. 3
.
Training 1: How to scientifcally formulate
hypotheses
• To save time, for future training sessions [e.g., writing
proposals, thesis and possibly scientifc papers, ….], in
addition to the ‘hypothesis’, you might perform the
following:
44

45. 45