2. What is your favorite Game?
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3. What is your favorite Game?
Figure: ROBOCUP 2010,Singapore
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4. What is a Robot?
Definition
A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an
electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or
electronic circuitry. —Wikipedia
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5. What is robotics?
Definition
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design,
construction, operation and application of robots and computer systems for
their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. —Wikipedia
The word robot comes from the Slavic word robots, which is used to refer
forced labor.
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6. What is hard for humans is easy for robots
Robots can do any physical work that a human can do and they can do it
very efficiently and fast. These are some tasks that are easy for Robots
but not for a human.
1 Repetitive Tasks
2 There are various places unsuitable for humans, where a robot can go.
NASA’s Curiosity is a great example of that.
3 Do complicated calculations
4 Refer to huge databases
5 Very fast operation
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7. What is easy for human and hard for robots
There are also various works that are easy for humans and very hard for
robots.
Reasoning
Adapting to new situations
Flexible to changing requirements
Integrating multiple sensors
Resolving conflicting data
Synthesizing unrelated information
Creativity
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8. Suitable tasks for a Robot
1 Dangerous
Space Exploration
Chemical spill cleanup
Disarming bombs
Disaster cleanup
2 Boring or/and Repetitive
Welding car frames
Part pick and place
Manufacturing parts
3 High precision or high speed
Electronics testing
Microsurgery
Precision matching
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9. Subsystems of a robot:
So what are the main components of a robot?
1 Power Source
2 Actuation
3 Sensing
4 Manipulation
5 Locomotion
6 Environmental Integration and navigation
7 Human-robot Interaction
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10. Power Source:
At present mostly batteries are used a power source.
Types of Batteries:
There are various type of batteries are available in the market, and
depending on the robotics design and need of power batteries are selected.
Mainly lead-acid batteries are used.
Many different type of power source can be used.
1 Pneumatic is the use of pressurized air to achieve mechanical
movement.
2 Hydraulics can be used as another source of power where pressurized
liquid is used.
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11. Actuation
What is an Actuation?
Actuation are like the muscles of the robot. Which convert stored energy
into movement.
By far the most popular actuator are electric motors that spin a wheel or
gear. But various other acuators are available.
1 Linear Actuators
When very large forces are needed
Typically powered by pneumatic or hydraulic actuators.
2 Series elastic Actuators
To improve force control a spring can be used as a actuator
3 Air muscles
These are spiral tubes that contract when air is forced inside them.
4 Muscle Wire
It is a material that contracts slightly when electricity runs through it.
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12. Sensing
Sensor:
Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement
of the environment or internal components.
There are many necessary inputs that a robot need to get from
environment. Thus we need sensors for,
Touch
Vision
RADAR
SONAR
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13. Manipulation
Robots need to manipulate objects; like pick up, modify, destroy, or
otherwise have an effect.
Manipulator
The hand or arm of a robot by which a robot manipulates an object is
called a manipulator.
1 Mechanical Grippers
It consists of just two fingers or more which can open and close to pick
up and let go of range of small objects.
2 Vacuum Grippers
This kind of grippers use air pressure to hold objects, but they cant
hold any large object.
3 General purpose effects
It is just like a fully humanoid hands.
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14. Locomotion
Locomotion
Locomotion denotes how a robot moves. By means of their moving
techniques various robots are named so.
1 Rolling Robots
They normally have two wheels of more to move one place to other.
2 Tracked Robots
Tank tracks are used as locomotion.
3 Walking
Due to extensive research it is possible make robots that walk like
humans.
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15. Environmental Integration
There are many robots available that work on human supervision or in a
static environment. But as the development continues we have invented
robots that can work in the dynamic environment too.
Dynamic environment:
It is the environment where conditions can not be guessed before, all the
decision have to take on the fly by the robots.
Such environment can be found in
Navigation Systems
Inertial Guidance Systems
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16. Human-Robot Interaction
If robots are to work in homes and other non-industrial environments, the
way they are instructed to perform their jobs.
Human-Robot Interaction
This is the function by means a robot can interact with Humans.
There various ways how a robot can interact with humans they are
Speech Recognition
Robotic Voice
Gestures
Facial Expression
Artificial emotions
Personality
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17. Control
The robot must be controlled by some means to operate. There are various
ways to control a robots they are graded by the autonomy levels they have.
Autonomy Level
This is the measurement of Autonomy of a robot.
1 Direct Interaction is used, and human has nearly complete control
over the robots motion.
2 Operator-assist modes have the operator commanding
medium-to-high-level tasks
3 An autonomous robot may go for extended periods of time with out
human interaction.
Higher level denotes higher autonomy.
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18. Future of Robotics
The Future Is Not Far
Todays robots is still not mature enough to beat human intelligence, but
with the continuous development of robotics the day is not very far when a
robot’s intelligence level will beat the human intelligence in every prospect.
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