The document summarizes key concepts about acids and bases from an introductory chemistry textbook. It defines acids and bases according to the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It also discusses acid-base properties and reactions, pH and pOH scales, strong vs. weak acids/bases, and calculating pH for acid/base solutions.
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations. The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations. The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.
Introduction
History
Acid & Base
Ionization of water
Definitions of pH
(1) Mathematical Definition
(2) pH
(3) pOH
Buffer solution
(1) Types
(2) Buffer action
(3) Biological buffer systems
Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation
Measurement of pH
(1) pH Scale
(2) pH indicators
(3) pH meter
pH in human body and nature
Importance
Conclusion
Reference
1. by Steven S. Zumdahl & Donald J. DeCoste University of Illinois Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed.
5. Bubbles (CO 2 ) NR Limestone CaCO 3 Bubbles (H 2 ) NR Magnesium Yellow Blue Bromothymol Stayed clear (cloudy) Clear Pink (Fuschia) Phenolphthalein Blue Red Red Blue Litmus (blue or red) <7 >7 pH (# from the key) Not slippery Slippery Feel (choose slippery or not slippery) Sour Bitter Taste Acids ( H + + A - ) Bases (X + + OH - ) Lab Results
17. Identify the acid and base in the following reaction acid base Conjugate acid (hydronium ion) Conjugate base Conjugate acid-base pair Conjugate acid-base pair
18. Bases in Water acid base Conjugate acid (hydronium ion) Conjugate base Conjugate acid-base pair Conjugate acid-base pair
44. Example #6 Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HNO 3 solution. pH means – log of [H+] pH = - log [0.10] pH = - log [ 1 x 10 -1 ] pH = 1 note the exponent!