Zouk Thermal Power Plant Emissions

Zouk Power Plant Air Emissions
Ministry of Energy & Water, Friday 15th May 2015
‫اﻟﺬوق‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫إﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬
،‫واﻟﻤﯿﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫وزارة‬15‫أﯾﺎر‬2015

Zouk Thermal Power Plant (607 MW)
• Largest Generation Plant in Lebanon
• Provides stability & security of supply
for Mount Lebanon & the whole
country
• If Rehabilitated & well maintained, it
could last 10-15 more years providing
reliable, clean and dependable
energy
•‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
•‫ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ّ‫ﻣ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬
•‫ﻟﻌﺷ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺄﻫﻳﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺷﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻣﺳﺔ‬

Economy
Rehabilitation of Zouk
Service & Energy
70 %
100 %
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No Rehab Rehab
Capacity (%)
55 %
100 %
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
No Rehab Rehab
Energy (MWh)
121 %
100 %
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
No Rehab Rehab
Cost of Production (USC/kWh)
Savings 67 Million $ per Year
assuming same Mwh as current
More than 1.5 hrs. per day
improvement in service
Consumption: 271 g/kwh  220 g/kwh ( - 51 g/kwh)
Yearly Consumption : 800,000 to 1,000,000 Ton

‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
What are Emissions ?

Particulate Matter – ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬
Solid Particulate Matter - PM : Is mainly constituted of Ashes &
Unburned Carbon Particles. Contributes to haze, acid smut fallout
damaging buildings, vehicles, fabrics and finishing etc and impacting
sensitive individuals such as asthmatics. Issue is not just about
quantity reduction but also particle size reduction as affects fallout
dynamics versus transport / dispersion in air stream.
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ّ‫ﻣﻛﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺗﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ‬.‫ﺗﺳﺎﻫﻡ‬ّ‫ﺗﺿﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺿﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺳﺎﻗﻁ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺿﺑﺎﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻣﺷﺔ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬...‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻭﺗﺅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ‬.ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﺿ‬ ‫ﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻳﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻗﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺟﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺎﺑﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء‬ ‫ﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺗﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

CO – ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬
CO : is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter
than air. It is toxic to humans and animals when encountered in
higher concentrations. It Affects human health via oxygen
transport in blood stream with particular impact on cardiovascular
problems, and affects all organs - especially heart and brain.
Decreases with complete combustion and is an indicator of the
same.
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬:‫ﻟﻳﺱ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ّ‫ﺃﺧﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻁﻌﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬.ً‫ﺍ‬‫ّﺯ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎﻥ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬.‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻣﺎﻍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ّﺭ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻣﺅ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻧﺧﻔﺽ‬.

NOx – ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬
NOx: Mixture of nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 - affects
health (respiratory tract) and environment (foliage and crops) and
also is a critical component of photochemical smog (the yellow-
brown component). NO is highly corrosive and attacks surface
coatings.
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻳﻁ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺯء‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺿﺑﺎﺏ‬)‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء‬.(‫ﻳﺄﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺿﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻼء‬.

SO3 – ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
SO3: Bad odors - formation of sulfuric acid on reaction with water -
more reactive SO3 component - affects respiratory system especially
affecting asthma sufferers, chronic bronchitis. Attaches to solid
particles and hence can be inhaled (thereby it is much improved
also with the reduction of solid emissions PM).
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬:‫ﻳﻧﺗﺞ‬‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﺭﻳﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺣﺔ‬.‫ﻳ‬‫ﻥ‬ّ‫ﻛﻭ‬‫ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺽ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬.‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﻳﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ّ‫ﻔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺗﺻﻖ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬)‫ﻥ‬ّ‫ﺳ‬‫ﻳﺗﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺛﻳﺭ‬‫ﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬.(

SO2 – ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
SO2 is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory
system. Sulfur dioxide can cause acid rain that seriously affects
ecosystems. Is closely related to the Sulfur content in the HFO.
‫ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ‬.‫ﻣﺳﺑ‬‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺷﺗﺎء‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ّ‫ﺛ‬‫ﻳﺅ‬.

Emissions Standards
• The ELV are the Emissions Limit Values allowable at the Plant Stack outlet
• Heavy Metals (As+Pb+Cd+Cr+Co+Ni) are bound to the dust, as solid components
(oxides) & are reduced within the limit of 15 mg/Nm3 when the dust is reduced.
• Halogens (HCL and HF) are negligible in the case of Fuel Oil Fired Power Plants
(mg/Nm3)

Ambient Air Quality Standards
*These charts indicate what levels of exposure to pollution are generally safe for people
µg/Nm3
(24 h Averaging Period)

Sources of Air Emissions in Lebanon
*MoE - National GHG Inventory 2000
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻧﻘﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺷﺎءﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺯﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

Dispersion of Air Emissions in Lebanon
23%
145 m
25%
15 - 20 m 22% 9%
2 - 3 m
Transport
Z
O
U
K
P
L
A
N
T
Private
Generation
Industrial Processes Manufacturing &
Construction
Higher Stack means better
Dispersion of Contaminants
Lower Point of Emissions
means a poor dispersion of
Contaminants

Technology & Emissions: Natural Gas / Heavy Fuel Oil

Natural Gas / Heavy Fuel Oil in the Policy Paper
The fuel sourcing policy is based on diversity and security where 2/3
of the fuel mix is based on Natural Gas (NG) with multiple sources of
supply; more than 12% are Renewable Energies; and the remaining
from other sources of fuel while selecting technologies that work on
both Natural Gas (NG) and Fuel Oil (HFO).
FSRU & NG COASTAL PIPELINE
1,500 MW CC on NG
HFO Plants with Low
Efficiency are gradually
replaced
3 Years
3 Years
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺗﻛﺯ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﻠﺛﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻩ؛‬12%‫ﻭﻳﺗﻭﺯﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﺩﺩﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﺩﻳﻝ‬.

• Dust was measured after a preliminary MgO treatment that limited the rust emissions
• SO2 emissions are calculated. SO3 measurements recorded 4.81 mg/Nm3.
mg/Nm3
 
  
 

Combustion Optimization ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
PM > 60%
SO3 > 90%
CO > 80%
Nox > 10%

HFO CONDITIONING
Bidding 2011 / Award 2012 / Completion 2014
‫ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻳﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
2014 ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﻬﺎء‬ / 2012 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬ / 2011 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

• SO2 measurements are calculated. SO3 measurements recorded 0.481 mg/Nm3.
mg/Nm3
 

 
 

Zouk Thermal Power Plant : EIA & Studies Outcome
Dust reduction after the Rehabilitation will be within the World Bank limits. Dust
reduction can be further improved through the use of Electrostatic Precipitators –
ESP (99% Dust Reduction - Size 30 x 15 x 15 m per Unit – Cost 15-20 M.$ per Unit)
or Wet Scrubbers (95% Dust Reduction - Size 20 x 10 x 25 m per Unit – Cost 20-30
M.$ per Unit). Both solutions face a problem of size in terms of available space.
Sox is composed of SO3 & SO2. SO3 reduction has been achieved 90% with the
HFO Conditioning solution. SO2 is already within the World Bank allowable limits
as we are using 1% Sulfur HFO. In case further reduction is required Wet
Scrubbers can achieve 90% SO2 reduction. The problem of size remains as above.
CO reduction has already been achieved 80% with the HFO Conditioning
solution. This is an indication that the Combustion process has been
significantly improved.
Nox reduction can be achieved to become within the World Bank limits through the
use of Low Nox Burners & Staged Combustion by Over Fired Air (OFA). Both measures
are included in the Rehabilitation bid & Nox emissions are expected to drop 50% at
least.

The Bag Filter is less usable in
oil fired plants because of the
elevated risk of fire that exists
with the flue gases from HFO
fired power (high unburned
residues in the ashes). Also
dust from oil firing can be
quite sticky which is
detrimental for fabric filters.
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺗﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺗﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‬.‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺗﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﺳﺩﺍﺩ‬.

Zouk Thermal Power Plant Emissions After Rehabilitation
mg/Nm3  
 
 


Zouk Reciprocating Engines Plant (194 MW)
• Uses MAN DIESEL 4-Stroke
Reciprocating Engines in
Combined Cycle
• This technology has a high
efficiency 47.35% on HFO, high
availability 91.30% & is
Environmentally compliant
with the World Bank limits
• The Preliminary EIA study
showed that the standard
stack height of 20 m is not
sufficient for a residential area
• The Final Stack height shall be
determined by an Air
Dispersion Study

Cumulative Air Dispersion Study
 Was done by BWSC-MAN in October 2013 under the supervision
of the International Consultant MVV Decon
 Has been made for the Cumulative effects of both the existing
stacks of the Zouk Thermal Power Plant & the new stacks of the
Zouk Reciprocating Engines Plant

Cumulative Air Dispersion Study
 Used the US-EPA Screen 3 Simulation software for modelling the
Air Dispersion
 Has been done with the assumption that the Zouk Thermal
Power Plant emissions are those reached after the HFO
Conditioning solution implementation
 Concluded that for a Stack Height of 42 m under typical
meteorological conditions, it is predicted that the maximum
Ground Level Concentration – GLC of PM, NO2 & SO2 will be
below the World Bank limits
 Under very unfavorable meteorological conditions, which are
unlikely to occur at the Zouk site owing to its coastal location,
worst case GLC impact may exceed WB guide lines for SO2 only
not more than 5% of the time during the year, while NO2 and
PM remain below limit even under such condition.
 The SO2 occurrence is mainly due to the old plant stacks, cannot
be rectified by higher new stacks & becomes irrelevant with NG.

Final EIA for Zouk Reciprocating Engines Plant
 Preparation of a Scoping & EIA Report (as per Decree No 8633
requirements)
 Air Quality Impact Assessment including:
 Baseline air quality characterization
 Detailed air dispersion modelling and operational impact
assessment
 Stack emissions monitoring for:
 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx, NO2)
 Sulphur dioxide (SO2, dependant on the fuel)
 Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
 Carbon monoxide
 Non-methane hydrocarbons (including benzene)
 A detailed Air Quality assessment using an advanced air
dispersion model such as the USEPA CALPUFF model
 Monitoring of Environmental compliance for 36 months of
Operation & reporting with Environmental management plan

Further Reduction Complementary Options
1- Procure a Cleaner HFO quality:
 HFO with lower Ash content  Reduce PM
 HFO with lower Sulfur content  Reduce SO2
Problematic : HFO Price is Higher 85 to 150 $ per Ton
2- Centrifugal Mechanical treatment of the existing HFO before
Combustion can reduce the Ash, Sediments & Catalytic fines
contents
Problematic : Produces significant quantities of Sludge for
which an Environmentally compliant solution is under study

Conclusions
The Ministry of Energy & Water has been doing during the last 5 years all
possible efforts to solve the Environmental issues related to the Electricity
sector
The Electricity Policy Paper has provided a comprehensive road map for making
Lebanon an Environmentally friendly country by switching its base generation
to Natural Gas & using the latest technologies for energy production
Lobbying against the new plants implementation is like shooting one self in the
foot, as these are going to be the most Environmental friendly facilities in
Lebanon & create new job opportunities
The Rehabilitation of the existing Zouk Thermal Power Plant is a necessary step
to make it compliant with the World Bank Environmental standards as a first
step, while waiting for the NG to be available
The Electricity Policy Paper is made of various initiatives that complement each
other & fit in a timely manner. We thereby call for all parties to assist the
MoEW in completing the execution of this policy as the Whole is More than the
Sum of the Parts especially when these are scattered with time in bits & pieces

For Inquiries or Clarifications, please contact :
karim.m.Osseiran@gmail.com
Thank You For Your Kind Attention

Zouk Thermal Power Plant Emissions

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