Zoo_Organisation_and_Regulation.docx

Sarah Harrison
Zoo Organisation and Regulation
Part A - Legislation
(i) The Zoo Licensing Act 1981
The Zoo Licensing Act first came into effect in 1981 and covers zoos in Great Britain.
In 2002 the European Zoos Directive on the Keeping of Wild Animals in Zoos came into
force. This made it mandatory for countries within the European Union to meet education,
conservation and animal welfare standards. This brochure explains how the Zoo Licensing
Act (regulated by DEFRA) applies to zoos in England.
Licensing of zoos by local authorities
 Zoos in England are required by law to have a licence which are issued by the local
authority in which the zoo resides. These local authorities are the district councils, the
councils of London boroughs and the Common Council of the City of London.
Conservation measures for zoos
 Zoos are required to participate in either research, training, exchanging information,
captive breeding or reintroduction programmes.
 Along with one of these options zoos must also promote public awareness on the
conservation of species.
 Zoos must accommodate their animals under conditions that meet their conservation
and biological needs. For instance, providing animals with an environment which is
well adapted to their specific needs and supplying them with high levels of husbandry
and veterinary care.
 Measures must be taken to prevent the escape of animals and in such an event a
course of action must be implemented in managing the situation. Preventing pests and
vermin intruding into the zoo and keeping up to date with zoo collection records are
also required.
Application, consideration and granting of licences
 Notice of two months must be given to the local authority, local newspaper and
proposed site with an applicant's intent to apply for a zoo licence. Within this notice
the applicant must specify the number and kind of animals they wish to keep. The
local authority will consider an applicant's request before either granting or refusing.
Before a decision an inspection of the premises will be conducted.
 The local authority may choose to refuse an application for reasons such as the zoo
could cause harm or be detrimental to the people living in the local area or if
conservation measures are not met. If the local authority grants a licence it must be
publicly displayed at the entrance to the zoo.
Inspections
 Periodical inspections will take place and the local authority will give a 28 day notice
of such an inspection and will focus on health, welfare and safety of the public and
animals. If there is reason for concern, special inspections will take place.
Closure of a zoo
 The local authority can make a zoo closure direction if after reasonable enquiries the
zoo has not met requirements set out in the legislation, such as conservation
obligations or the zoo has been managed in a disorderly manner causing a nuisance.

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(ii) The Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora 1973
The Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora 1973 (CITES) is
an international agreement between governments which aims to regulate the international
trade on endangered species. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(DEFRA) is the authority within the UK which manages CITES and HM Customs and
Revenue along with the UK Border Agency and the police are responsible for enforcing it.
Due to European Council Regulations, CITES listed species are put into four annexes rather
than three Appendices. Non-CITES species are also applied to within the European Union
which if introduced, could be detrimental to native flora and fauna.
Annex A - This category holds species threatened with extinction and trade of these
species is granted in exceptional cases. DEFRA requires an import permit for species in this
category and may issue a permit if the primary purpose of the specimen is not commercial
and is not detrimental to the species survival. In live animals or plants, the authority must be
satisfied that the recipient is able to care for it correctly.
Annex B - Includes species not particularly threatened with extinction but requires
trade to be controlled in order to prevent them becoming so. It is illegal to import any species
in this annex which has been unlawfully obtained. As with Annex A, a CITES permit must be
obtained before importing any species in this category into the UK.
Annex C - Species in this category are protected in at least one country which has
asked for CITES members to aid in controlling trade. To import any specimen from this
annex one must notify the UK Border Agency prior to importation. Coinciding with this
requirement, an exportation permit must be obtained from the country of origin stating it was
acquired legally.
Annex D - Contains some Annex C species for which the Community holds a
reservation. Same import requirements as Annex C.

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(iii) The Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976
Dear Mr. J. Harris,
Thank you for your enquiry into the law surrounding the keeping of exotic species.
The main pieces of legislation I would like to direct your attention to are the Dangerous Wild
Animals Act 1976 and the Zoo Licensing Act 1981.
The Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 came into effect primarily to protect the
public from the growing interest in keeping exotic animals such as lions and tigers. It
implemented a system as to ensure any person who wished to keep exotic animals had to
obtain a licence to do so. In order to get licensed you must apply to your local authority
which would be your district council. Licences are only granted if you can meet certain
requirements set out in the legislation.
Each application must include the species of the intended animals, the number of each
species and the intended location they will be held. The local authority can deny requests if
they deem the proposal unsafe for the public or their accommodation is unsuitable. With
regards to you keeping them in cages, you must ensure that they are secure to avoid any
escapes and which are suitable with regards to size, cleanliness, drainage, light, ventilation
and temperature. You must also prove that you can provide adequate food, drink and bedding
materials.
If after this your application is granted, you will need to meet certain provisions the
local authority will make. Firstly, the animal(s) shall be kept only by the person who is
named on the licence and that the animal(s) must remain at the location stated in the licence
conditions. You must also hold an insurance policy which will insure you against liability for
any damage the animal(s) may cause.
The local authority may authorise a veterinary practitioner or person it deems
competent, to conduct an inspection prior to the completion of an application or after a

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licence has been granted. They may enter the premises at any reasonable time of day to
inspect conditions and ascertain whether a license should be granted or if any offences are
being committed against this Act.
As you have stated in your enquiry the animals will be kept in cages in your private
garden, you may be surprised to hear that you may require a zoo licence under the Zoo
Licensing Act 1981. Under this Act a zoo is classed as an establishment which keeps wild
animals and to which the public have access (with or without charge) for more than seven
days in a period of 12 consecutive months.
If over a period of 12 months you allow the public to view your animal collection on
more than seven days you will have committed and offence under the Zoo Licensing Act
1981. If it was your intention to show people your collection you may want to bear in mind
the conditions on which the law deems an establishment a zoo.
As with the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, a zoo licence can be applied for
through local authorities. A zoo licence does come with conditions all zoos must abide by. If
you opened your collection as a zoo, you would be required to participate in conservation;
this could be through research, education or captive breeding. You must also ensure animals
cannot escape and pests and vermin cannot enter. Inspections will again be required whilst
holding such a licence to make sure you are upholding the law. Before applying for a zoo
licence you must give the local authority a 2 month notice of your intent to apply.
If comes down to whether you intend on keeping your collection private or allowing
the public to view it. Whichever you decide you will have to consider the law surrounding
your choice. I hope I have helped your understanding on the law on your proposal to keep
exotic animals.
Yours sincerely,
Sarah Harrison

Sarah Harrison
(iv) Zoo Expert Committee
The Zoos Expert Committee (formerly the Zoos Forum) is a body of independent
experts that guide UK ministers on zoo matters. It advises DEFRA on zoo issues and is
responsible to encourage the role of zoos in scientific research, conservation and education as
well as to review the operation and implementation of zoo licensing in the UK. They also
review current legislation and if they find changes need to be made, they will make
recommendations to the government. The Committee is made up of members with experience
in veterinary care, running and regulating a zoo, biologists and so on.
With the agreement of DEFRA, the Committee can consider animal related issues
with a specific zoo interest and offer advice when no other body exists. They can also seek
advice from other organisations with relevant knowledge and experience in a matter that has
been brought to their attention.
The Committee will work with officials and key office holders such as the Chief
Scientific Advisor and the Chief Veterinary Officer. Together they will work to identify
future issues and in turn provide advice on the impacts they could have. The Committee will
therefore help assess the impact of different policy options and assess new regulations and
deregulations.
The Zoos Expert Committee handbook provides advice on conservation, research and
education, the sustainability of zoos, the ethical review process, animal welfare and
veterinary care. The Committee holds regular meetings in which they discuss and review the
handbook and set out strategic work plans. For example in the Zoos Expert Committee
strategic work plan 2013/14, one such issue that was under review was the use of animals in
demonstrations.
The Committee may publish reports and advice through DEFRA channels, making
them accessible to the public.

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(v) How Local Authorities Regulate the Activity of a Zoo
When it comes to applying for a zoo licence, an applicant must first apply through
their local authority, whether it be their district council, county council or borough council.
The application must be made to the local authority in which the zoo resides. Before making
a formal application, a notice of two months prior must be submitted showing the applicants
intent on applying for a zoo licence. Along with this notice an applicant must publish a notice
of intent in both a local and national newspaper, as well as exhibit a copy of the notice at the
proposed site stating it may be inspected by the local authority.
Within the notice given the applicant must include a list of species and number of
each group along with their accommodation arrangements. It must also include the number of
staff, visitors, vehicles and means of access. As conservation is a condition all zoos must
participate in under the Zoo Licensing Act 1981, the applicant must specify the conservation
measures that will be put into place. Whilst considering the application, the local authority
will take into account any representation made by people who deem the proposal damaging to
the area or any other person who show grounds for dismissal.
Before granting a licence the local authority will make arrangements for an inspection
to be carried out. The local authority will refuse a licence if they believe conservation
measures were not met, the zoo would be dangerous for the surrounding area, the
accommodation did not meet the correct standards or any employee has been convicted under
the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 or any other Act regarding the ill-treatment of animals.
If a licence is granted it will last for a period of four years, or six if it is a renewal.
Before an inspection a notice of 28 days will be given and they could either be periodical
inspections or special inspections which are carried out when there is cause for concern. The
local authority can make a zoo closure direction if conditions under the Zoo Licensing Act
are not met and animals will either be moved or disposed of accordingly.

Sarah Harrison
Part B - Zoo Organisation
(i) The Role of Zoo and Conservation Organisations
BIAZA - The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums is a professional
organisation that represents the zoo and aquarium community in Britain and Ireland. It was
founded in 1966 and is an education, conservation and scientific wildlife charity. The main
members of BIAZA are zoos which it leads and supports to participate in conservation
programmes and deliver high quality education and animal welfare. BIAZA works closely
with government, local authorities and the Zoos Expert Committee on zoo issues. It's
members actively participate in species management by cooperating to manage their animals
of a species as one population. Taxon Working Groups (TWGs) are run by BIAZA to
progress captive management and welfare by bringing people who are interested in the same
group together for presentations and discussions. The Association works to promote and
encourage conservation in the field, research and further education.
ABWAK - The Association of British and Irish Wild Animal Keepers is an organisation for
people interested and involved in the keeping of wild animals. Members aim to achieve high
standards of animal welfare through training and development. It was founded in 1974 and its
main focus was the belief that zoos could play a vital role conservation through education. In
turn the Association has assisted in creating several educational certificates and diplomas;
giving zoo keepers a recognised qualification. Membership of ABWAK supports the goal of
achieving and progressing in the highest standards in wild animal care, and enhancing the
professionalism and recognition of zookeepers. The Association also runs different
workshops for keepers and people interested in keeping animals to further improve
knowledge and animal welfare in zoos. It also publishes the journal Ratel.

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IUCN - The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the world's largest
international global network which works in 160 countries and was created in 1948. It's
members include both governmental bodies and NGOs all working together to conserve the
world's biodiversity. Using science, action and influence the IUCN delivers conservation and
sustainability both globally and locally. IUCN supports research, manages field projects, and
brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop laws and policies.
The Union focuses on three key areas, firstly valuing and conserving nature by enhancing
work biodiversity conservation. Secondly effective and equitable governance of nature's use
by looking at the political economy of nature and finally, deploying nature based solutions to
global challenges such as climate change.
Institute of Zoology, ZSL - The Institute of Zoology is an accredited research centre that
focuses on conservation biology and specialises in issues significant to preserving animals
and their habitat. It is a scientific division of the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) which
centres its research on five main areas, behavioural and population ecology, biodiversity,
evolution and molecular ecology, people, wildlife and ecosystems and wildlife epidemiology.
The institute is affiliated with University College London and provides Masters and PhD
programmes. IoZ carries out many research projects lead by fellows, post-doctoral
researchers and PhD students, for example garden wildlife health, badger-cattle contact,
monitoring natural capital from space and UK cetacean strandings investigation programme.

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(ii) World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy
The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy (WZACS) is a plan of action
published by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), which benefits zoo
professionals worldwide as it provides a common set of goals. The publication
commemorates conservation success over the past 10 years and paves the way for effective
conservation in the future.
A major goal set out in the strategy for zoos and aquariums is to integrate their work
with conservation activities. By adopting integrated conservation zoos and aquariums can
link their conservation work with exhibits which will allows visitors to educate themselves on
the conservation status on the animals they we observing. WZACS calls on zoos and
aquariums to increase their work in conservation in the wild. They should focus their work
within local and national Biodiversity Action Plans and work with relevant IUCN specialist
groups when working towards reintroductions.
An emphasis on research and education is set out in the strategy urging members to
continue recording research and making it accessible. This is to be promoted through zoo
databases such as Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS).
WZACS recommends that breeding programmes be managed globally and continue to
support scientific development of population management. It also urges zoos and aquariums
to place education at the heart of their reason for being by developing an education policy,
and to develop structured training programmes available to staff and volunteers.
Other recommendations state that regional and national associations should make
efforts to produce a conservation conscience in their member institutions and help persuade
government to create legislation. WAZACS also makes recommendations on ethical and
welfare issues. It urges all zoos and aquariums to have an ethics committee and review
process as well as providing and developing effective environmental enrichment activities.

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(iii) Computer-Based Databases used by Zoos
There are several different computer-based databases zoos can use to collect, organise
and analyse information about their holdings. ISIS (International Species Information
System) is the world's most comprehensive source on managed species for zoos and
aquariums. This software is used by zoos to control the genetic make-up of their animal
collections and find suitable unrelated animals for captive breeding programmes. The
Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) is the next generation of ISIS software
and is a unified global database for animal health and wellbeing. It allows zoo professionals
to run specimen reports on animals in the ISIS database and access ISIS database holdings.
PMx is a software programme used in the management of zoo animals through data
typically recorded in a studbook. It was designed to guide the management of populations
and maintain genetic diversity as close to that which is found in the wild. It contains sections
for Demography, Genetics, Goals and Recommendations. This allows zoos to see birth and
death rates, kinship and genetic diversity of species and gives them the ability to project non
reproducing populations and ability to assign probable breeding pairs. As previously
mentioned, studbooks are records of genealogical data of individual animals that make up a
population. The studbook keeper obtains the registration number of each animal along with
its sex, birth date, parentage, where it was born and transferred from. Using this information,
zoos can establish the best genetic breeding pairs for captive breeding programmes.
Single Population Analysis & Records Keeping System (SPARKS) is a disk operating
system based studbook which organises data which can be used with other zoo management
software. Other software that such as ARKS software helps record keepers enter individual
animal information from birth to death but there is no provisions to record premature birth or
shell death in birds. Therefore EGGS software was created to record information on egg
production, fertility, hatchability and egg weight for breeding and management purposes.

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Part C - Zoo Research
The design of a zoo and its enclosures are two of its main priorities when it comes to
the attraction of visitors. A zoo's reputation for providing an entertaining experience
encourages initial visits and subsequent returns to the zoo (Fernandez et al. 2009). The
possibility of being physically close to and interacting with animals increases the appeal of a
zoo for many visitors (Hosey, 2005), which in turn increases revenue for conservation and
animal welfare. The change in perception in the west has influenced countries in Asia, as
such, Korean zoos began to develop and maintain standards for animal enclosures and animal
welfare in their collections (Lee, 2015).
Zoogeography and immersion design are used at the zoo exhibit to enable zoogoers to
see animals in their naturalistic settings (Braverman, 2011). Zoological exhibits have evolved
from when hygiene concerns ruled design to current trends that involve elaborate exhibits
that often cost millions of dollars (Kelling & Gaalema, 2011). This transformation took place
because of concerns about animal welfare (Davey, 2006) which arose from the change in
public opinion and conservation.
With this growing interest in animal welfare, it makes sense that enclosures in zoos
have changed from steel bars to realistic immersion and naturalistic exhibits. A study by
Fabregas et al (2011) into naturalistic enclosures analysed 1381 naturalistic and non-
naturalistic enclosures in 63 Spanish zoos and found that most naturalistic enclosures (77.8%)
provided suitable environments for their inhabitants. Advances in exhibit design have
resulted in an increasing number of naturalistic zoo exhibits intended to benefit both animal
behaviour and visitor (Lukas & Ross, 2014). Barriers are concealed as well as possible to
give the visitor the feeling of observing them in 'the wild'. various studies show that, the ideas
of people about animals change positively after they visit zoos designed similar to natural
environment (Yilmaz et al, 2010).

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Immersive exhibits are also becoming a popular choice of enclosure in zoos. Small,
discreet viewing areas afford the visitor a very personal and intimate experience and may
promote an affiliative response between the visitor and the animals on display, thus
enhancing the immersive experience (Moss et al. 2008). Immersion design aims at a
successful geographical and mental transportation from the urban to the natural (Braverman,
2011) making them a popular choice through the last decade.
With the growing knowledge on species conservation, the size of enclosures is also
being scrutinised when designing zoo enclosures. A study by Breton and Barrot (2014)
looked into whether enclosure size influenced distance covered by captive tigers. They
observed 38 tigers across seven different zoos in the same county to see whether enclosure
size influenced the distance covered or paced. They found that the larger the enclosure the
less the tigers paced. Holding areas are the flipside of exhibit spaces: far from the spotlight,
animals are cared for there by human keepers and are surrounded by human artefacts
(Braverman, 2011).
Enrichment ultimately aims to help promote natural behaviours in captive animals.
There are many stimulus available to keepers which will aid natural behaviours.
Environmental enrichment involves changing the environment of the zoo animal to provide
opportunities or choices not available before (Swaisgood & Shepherdson, 2005).
A study by Tan et al (2013) looked into how enclosure design can influence
stereotypic behaviour in Malayan Sun bears. They found that it had a significant influence on
exhibited stereotypic behaviour and lack of essential stimuli for guiding natural behaviours
may be the reason for high levels of locomotive stereotypies in bears housed indoors (Tan et
al, 2013). Zoo exhibits for bears are usually small and often poorly furnished (Montaudouin
& Le Pape, 2005). The best zoos and similar institutions manage their populations with care,
but successfully keeping wild species can be challenging (Mason et al, 2007). Current captive

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environments for sea lions include high levels of human contact, limited access to large areas
of water and lack of opportunities for foraging (Smith & Litchfield, 2010).
Keeper–animal relationships in zoos have been measured using positive interactions
between the keepers and animals (Carlstead, 2009). A way to increase the positive human–
animal interactions between the keepers and the animals that they work with could be the use
of positive reinforcement training (Ward & Melfi, 2013). This is the presentation of a
stimulus after a behaviour that serves to maintain or increase the frequency of that behaviour
(Heidenreich, 2007). It has become more commonly used within zoo animal husbandry to
facilitate veterinary and husbandry procedures (Pomerantz & Terkel, 2009).
Lately, attention on enrichment activities has been directed towards sensory
stimulation ranging from auditory to olfactory stimuli. The introduction of olfactory stimuli
from natural prey has been shown to have largely enriching effects (Wells, 2009). Providing
animals with the adequate space and materials needed for displays of species-typical
behaviours has been shown to reduce abnormal behaviours and mitigate stress responses in
several species (Bolhuis et al, 2005). Reduced environmental complexity is often associated
with small enclosures and has been found to induce stereotypy performance (Brummer et al,
2010). Success has been found in novel food items, altered feeding routines and food
displays; and novel toys/objects (Szokalski et al, 2012). The majority of the literature in this
area measures the success of enrichment strategies through an increase in ‘desirable’
behaviours, such as exploration and play (Claxton, 2011).
Enclosure type can influence noise from visitors. Circular enclosures, such as islands
and pits, allow the public to follow the animal using the perimeter, increasing the interaction
and the noise produced (Quadros et al, 2014). The design of an enclosure must mimic that of
the wild such as hippopotamus' preferring water. In one paper, hippos were found to
aggregate in preferred areas of the exhibit, mostly water showing what will aid zoological

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institutions in the design of naturalistic exhibits for hippos (Blowers et al. 2012). A study into
the preference of apes in their enclosures found that partitioning the exhibit into vertical tiers
and areas adjacent to prominent features illustrated the environmental preference of the
gorillas and chimpanzees (Ross & Lukas, 2005). In extremely predictable enclosures, with
little environmental complexity, animals find it difficult to move freely, are unable to choose
when and what to eat, with whom to associate with, where to sleep and where to shelter
(Giudice & Pave, 2007).
The design for ape enclosures can be intricate as they are high social and intelligent
animals and would require constant enrichment to reduce stereotypic behaviour. Along with
this however comes temperature and shade requirements in captivity. A study by Duncan and
Pillay (2013) into shade requirements for chimpanzees at Johannesburg Zoo found
chimpanzees in captivity adopt a sun-avoidance strategy.
The hierarchical pecking order of zoos has not always been kind to amphibians and
reptiles (Kawata, 2011). Many zoo administrators build elaborate and costly zoogeographical
mixed exhibits housing mostly mammals and birds (Murphy & Xanten, 2007). Most literature
on reptile enclosure design is from pet based researchers, showing reptiles within zoos is not
well researched. This is evident in the historic lack of enriching captive environments to
reduce boredom and encourage natural behavior and psychological well-being (Burghardt,
2013). In the mammalocentric zoo universe we hardly hear about endangered species of
spiders and snakes, or less appealing mammals (Kawata, 2011).
Species-specific husbandry guidelines are lacking for many herptiles and
recommendations for appropriate enrichment may be anecdotal (Rose et al. 2014).
Historically the only suitable method to keep tropical animals was to seal them off in evenly
heated, mostly badly ventilated, dark houses (Kawata, 2012). Most zoos contain a tropical
hall in which exotic species are held due to their common requirements for heat and

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humidity. Nutrition, caging, temperature, lighting, humidity, substrate, and so forth are all
important for a captive reptile’s health (Wilkinson, 2015).
The shifting strategic focus of zoos from sites of recreation and entertainment to
predominantly visitor conservation education entails a change in the design and delivery of
conservation interpretation strategies (Wijeratne et al, 2014). Zoo tourism can be a tool in
promoting biodiversity conservation, especially through education and interpretation
(Catibog-Sinha, 2008). One of the aims of wildlife tourism is to educate visitors about the
threats facing wildlife (Ballantyne et al, 2010) and zoos can try and do this through education
and signage. Zoo signs are important for informal learning, but their effect on visitor
perception of animals has been sparsely studied (Fogelberg, 2014). Modern zoological
gardens have invested substantial resources in technology to deliver environmental education
concepts to visitors (Yocco et al, 2011), often including interactive activities. Technology,
which traditionally focused on displays to maximize animal viewing, has begun to be used
for media designed to communicate directly with visitors (Kisling, 2001). For most zoos and
aquariums, the general visitors tend to be intergenerational groups, usually families
(Heimlich et al, 2013), and aspire to bring people closer to nature through visitor education
and by creating environments that immerse visitors into naturalistic surroundings (Bruni et al,
2008).
Breeding programmes are a crucial aspect of a zoos conservation obligations. For
most difﬁcult-to-breed species, management programs must develop hand in hand with
scientiﬁc efforts to improve biologically effective husbandry (Zhang et al, 2004). Enclosure
designs and environmental enrichments offered to particular species (Clubb & Mason, 2007)
can help understand breeding issues. Reintroductions are the end result however, the release
of captive bred animals into the wild has a notoriously poor track record (Stamps &
Swaisgood, 2007).

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The demands for space within the zoo are not only animal-related but also human-
staff and visitor-related; they include space for various support services, shops, offices, roads,
restaurants, and gardens (Stroud, 2007). Zoos seek new ways to distinguish themselves from
other zoos and attraction parks (Pals et al, 2009) and will strive to ensure all aspects are
exceptional, including shops and gardens. Understanding why people visit zoos is critically
important for developing exhibits, as well as promotion to potential visitor markets
(Klenosky & Saunders, 2007).
There is still more research that needs to be carried out especially involving reptiles
and amphibians. Mammals, in particular primates, seem to be the most mentioned in the zoo
literature and expanding it across all walks of life will aid knowledge on how best to house
and care for zoo animals.
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Heidenreich, B. (2007). An introduction to positive reinforcement training and its benefits.
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