Zoogeography of the Holoplankton.pptx
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Zoogeography is a branch of biogeography concerned with the geographic distribution of animals and especially with the determination of the areas characterized by specific groups of animals and the study of the causes and significance of such groups. Holoplankton are organisms that are planktic (they live in the water column and cannot swim against a current) for their entire life cycle. So, zoogeography of holoplankton generally discusses the distribution and causes of the distribution of zooplankton.
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This document provides an overview of biostratigraphy and microfossils. It defines biostratigraphy as using fossils to determine the relative age of rock strata. Microfossils, which are fossils less than 0.5mm in size, are commonly used for biostratigraphy. Various types of microfossils like foraminifera, radiolaria, and diatoms are described. Biostratigraphic units defined by fossil occurrences like zones, assemblage zones, and interval zones are also outlined. The document discusses uses of biostratigraphy in fields like stratigraphy, correlation, and sequence stratigraphy. Microfossils are concluded to be very useful for reconstructing past environments from deep sea sediments and in the
04 chapter
- The Mesozoic Era saw the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea into the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwanaland. Reptiles like dinosaurs became the dominant land animals during this period. Dinosaurs exhibited a wide range of sizes and many new species evolved over the Mesozoic Era. Evidence suggests some dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded and faster runners than previously believed.
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Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record. The term taphonomy (from Greek táphos, τάφος 'burial' and nomos, νόμος 'law') was introduced to paleontology in 1940[1] by Soviet scientist Ivan Efremov to describe the study of the transition of remains, parts, or products of organisms from the biosphere to the lithosphere.[2][3]
The term taphomorph is used to describe fossil structures that represent poorly-preserved, deteriorated remains of a mixture of taxonomic groups, rather than of a single one.
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Plankton in the Sea (M.Sc (1). course) Autumn 2017-2018 for students.ppt
This document outlines a course on plankton taught by Professor Mohamed M. Dorgham. It includes the course name, number, dates, and schedule. The document lists the topics that will be covered in the course, including why plankton are studied, their composition, importance, distribution, and factors affecting distribution. It provides details on the horizontal and vertical distribution of plankton in neritic and oceanic areas.
plankton-ex-4.pdf
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Marine and Freshwater Ecology Revision
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Unit 6 history of life on earth
Fossils are formed through the mineral replacement or preservation of plant and animal remains over time. Relative dating methods determine the sequence of geological events without providing absolute ages, while absolute dating using radiometric methods like radiocarbon dating provides numerical ages by measuring radioactive decay. Mass extinctions have occurred throughout Earth's history, including the end-Cretaceous extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs. Key events in southern Africa include some of the earliest fossil evidence of life, mammal-like reptiles and dinosaurs from the Karoo and Drakensberg mountains, and early human ancestors like Australopithecus.
Lec5 Dinophyceae
The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
Organic Acritarch's & Dinoflagellates
Acritarchs are organic-walled microfossils that are believed to be the cyst stages of planktic algae similar to dinoflagellates. They first became abundant around 1 billion years ago and underwent a major radiation in the late Precambrian. Acritarchs range in size from 50-100 μm and have a variety of shapes and wall structures. They are classified based on their morphology and are found globally in marine sediments, indicating they were primary producers. While once diverse and abundant, acritarchs declined with the rise of dinoflagellates and other microfossils.
Biology - Chp 17 - History Of Life - PowerPoint
The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on the history of life as revealed by the fossil record. It describes how paleontologists study fossils to understand past life forms and environments, and how fossils provide evidence that life has changed over time with most species going extinct. It also discusses techniques for dating fossils, important patterns in macroevolution like extinction events, adaptive radiation and convergent evolution, and the role of developmental genes in shaping body plans over long periods of time.
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- 1. Ramkrishno Paul Partho Zoogeography of the Holoplankton
- 2. Zoogeography Geographic distribution of animals Branch of biogeography Determines areas characterized by specific groups Causes and significance of such groups *According to Merriam-Webster
- 3. Quality Phytoplankton Zooplankton Size* Netplankton • Megaloplankton • Mesoplankton • Microplankton Nanoplankton • Nanoplankton • Ultraplankton Local Environmental Expansion Limnoplankton Rioplankton Helioplankton Helioplankton Hypalmyroplankton Origin Autogenic plankton Allogeneic plankton Structural elements Euplankton Pseudoplankton Life history Holoplankton Meroplankton Planktonic classification *Dussart proposed the classification in 1985
- 4. Holoplankton • Remains planktonic during their whole life time • Known as permanent zooplankton • Examples : Krill, Copepods, Jellyfish Meroplankton • Spent part of life cycle ( larval stage ) in planktonic state • Known as temporary zooplankton • Examples : Sea stars, Urchins Holoplankton Vs Meroplankton
- 6. Zoogeography of the Holoplankton • Noise • Climate • Wrong medium • Time and distance Physical barriers Hydrographic barriers • Temperature • Salinity • Pressure • Density • Face less physical barriers compared to terrestrial organisms in case of gene flow
- 8. Zoogeography of the Holoplankton Longitudinal Hydrographic Barrier 0 Longitudinal distribution •50% of all epipelagic zooplankton extend from tropical and sub tropical to temperate zone •1/3 restricted to warm waters of tropics and sub tropics Fewer species restricted to cold and/or temperate waters with some of bipolar habitat species
- 9. Zoogeography of the Holoplankton Latitudinal Hydrographic Barrier 0 Latitudinal distribution •Number of epipelagic species decreases from low to high latitude •Reverse tendency has been seen for cold water epipelagic species with greater number of individuals Reason behind latitudinal differences and abundance remains debated
- 10. Do humans influence the distribution of zooplankton ? Suez Canal 140 species from Red sea to Mediterranean 01 Accidental transport Through ballast water in black Sea 02
- 11. Summary Large seasonal fluctuations in temperate and polar regions Conversely, zooplankton biomass tends to be low in the tropics and increase with latitude On a global scale, zooplankton diversity is higher at the equator and decreases towards the poles 02 03 01 Drago L, Panaïotis T, Irisson J-O, Babin M, Biard T, Carlotti F, Coppola L, Guidi L, Hauss H, Karp- Boss L, Lombard F, McDonnell AMP, Picheral M, Rogge A, Waite AM, Stemmann L and Kiko R (2022) Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning