The document discusses antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS) and its management during pregnancy. APAS is an autoimmune condition characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the circulation, leading to clinical manifestations. It is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and adverse obstetric outcomes like recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Precise diagnostic criteria include at least one clinical feature and one positive laboratory test confirmed at least 12 weeks apart. Treatment aims to prevent complications and involves low-dose aspirin and low molecular weight heparin throughout pregnancy and postpartum. Close fetal surveillance is also recommended due to the risk of intrauterine growth restriction.
The document discusses antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS) and its management during pregnancy. APAS is an autoimmune condition characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the circulation, leading to clinical manifestations. It is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and adverse obstetric outcomes like recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Precise diagnostic criteria include at least one clinical feature and one positive laboratory test confirmed at least 12 weeks apart. Treatment aims to prevent complications and involves low-dose aspirin and low molecular weight heparin throughout pregnancy and postpartum. Close fetal surveillance is also recommended due to the risk of intrauterine growth restriction.
Current development in prenatal care - Hassan Nasrat nasrat1949
The document discusses developments in predicting complications during pregnancy through individualized prenatal care. It explains that every woman has a background or priori risk for complications based on factors like age, medical history, etc. A patient-specific risk can then be calculated by multiplying the priori risk with likelihood ratios obtained from various screening tests, including ultrasound findings, biophysical and biochemical markers. Screening options are discussed, including first trimester combined tests, second trimester quad screens, and integrated first and second trimester screens, which can detect anomalies and conditions like Down syndrome, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and more. The role of fetal-maternal medicine services in providing customized, multi-stage screening is also covered.
Prenatal diagnosis allows for the detection of abnormalities in the fetus before birth through non-invasive techniques like ultrasound and maternal serum screening or invasive techniques like amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and fetal tissue biopsy which allow for cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis. The goals of prenatal diagnosis are to provide informed choices for couples at risk, reassurance for high risk groups, and management options for confirmed disorders. Methods available can diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, infections, and structural malformations.
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) uses a blood test to screen for chromosome abnormalities like Down syndrome early in pregnancy. Some women use positive results to terminate pregnancies or prepare for a child with disabilities, while critics argue it degrades the value of disabled children. Most women (over 90%) terminate if prenatal testing shows Down syndrome. As genetic testing becomes more widespread and affordable, it raises debates around abortion, disability rights, and eugenics.
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
Antenatal Biochemical & ULTRASOUND SCREENING for FETAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNOR...Lifecare Centre
This document discusses antenatal screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, including both biochemical screening and ultrasound screening. It recommends offering screening to all pregnancies during the first trimester using a combined approach of biochemical markers and ultrasound. Specific ultrasound views that should be obtained are outlined to rule out common structural malformations. A detailed anomaly scan using ultrasound is also recommended between 18-20 weeks of pregnancy.
The document provides guidelines from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) for performing routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scans between 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. It recommends that all pregnant women should be offered the scan to detect fetal anomalies and complications. The scan should assess fetal growth and anatomy, and be performed by an individual with specialized training using standardized ultrasound equipment and documentation. While many malformations can be identified, some may be missed even with best practices.
This document discusses prenatal diagnosis and screening for fetal abnormalities. It defines prenatal diagnosis as detecting abnormalities in the fetus before birth through various screening and testing methods. The goals of prenatal diagnosis are to provide informed choices for couples at risk, provide reassurance, allow for confirmation of disorders, and enable prenatal management or treatment when possible. Several screening modalities are described that use biomarkers like alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and nuchal translucency measurements to detect disorders like Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and chromosomal abnormalities. Integrated screening combining tests is noted to have the lowest false positive rates.
Level II ultrasound aims to assess fetal anatomy and identify structural abnormalities. It involves a detailed scan of the fetal head, chest, abdomen, and limbs between 18-22 weeks. Key steps include measuring fetal biometry, examining the brain, heart, kidneys, and bones. Abnormalities like organ defects, skeletal dysplasias, and soft markers for genetic conditions are evaluated. Advanced techniques like 3D and 4D ultrasound help depict facial anomalies and aid diagnosis. A thorough Level II scan provides crucial information about fetal well-being and development.
This document provides an overview of prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects and Down syndrome. It discusses the incidence, risk factors, screening tests, and diagnostic evaluation for neural tube defects including ultrasound, maternal serum AFP testing, amniocentesis, and fetal MRI. Prenatal screening tests for aneuploidies like Down syndrome are also covered, including first trimester ultrasound, maternal serum markers, and integrated screening. Prevention through folic acid supplementation and pregnancy management options are summarized.
Prenatal diagnosis provides couples at risk of genetic disorders with informed choices. Non-invasive tests like maternal serum screening and ultrasound can detect abnormalities, while invasive tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for chromosome analysis but carry small risks of miscarriage. Advanced maternal age is the most common indication for testing. Prenatal diagnosis aims to detect issues prenatally in order to provide counseling, reduce anxiety, and potentially enable prenatal treatment in the future through gene therapy.
Gyula Richard Nagy: Prenatal diagnostic methodsKatalin Cseh
This document discusses prenatal diagnostic methods. It covers several topics:
- The objectives of prenatal diagnosis, which include detecting abnormalities, allowing termination if desired, and providing informed choices to couples.
- Invasive diagnostic methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, which allow testing the fetus but carry risks of miscarriage.
- Non-invasive methods like ultrasound and cell-free DNA testing from maternal blood, which do not risk the pregnancy but have limitations.
- The various indications for offering prenatal diagnosis based on factors like advanced maternal age, family history, ultrasound findings, and maternal health issues.
Servikal İntraepitelyal Neoplazilerde (CIN) Yönetim nasıl olmalıdır?
HPV virüsü tipi takipte önemli midir? CIN1, CIN2 ve CIN3 te tedavi yöntemi ne olmalıdır?
1. Prof. Dr. Özgür Deren
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi
Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum ABD
Perinatoloji ve Maternal Fetal Tıp Ünitesi
Gebelikte Tarama Testlerinin Temel
Dayanakları
2. Konuşma planı I
• Sensitivite
• Spesifite
• PPD
• NPD
• LR
• Cut-off bulma
• ROC curve
3. Konuşma planı II
• Neural tüp defekti taraması
• Down sendromu taraması
• Gestasyonel diabet taraması
• Enfeksiyon taraması
• Antenatal kardiotokografi (NST)
5. Tarama testi tanımı
• Görünüşe göre iyi olan gruptan belli bir
hastalığın (veya durumun)
• bulunma olasılığının yüksek olduğu kişileri
ortaya koymağa yönelik yapılan
• organize girişimlerdir.
7. Başarılı bir tarama programı için
gerekli özellikler I
• Hastalığın erken tedavisi olmalı
• Taranan hastalığın doğal seyri bilinmeli
• Yarar maliyet etkin olmalı
8. Başarılı bir tarama programı için
gerekli özellikler II
• Toplum için önemli olmalı
-Prevalans
• Geçerli ve güvenilir test olmalı
• Toplum tarafından benimsenmeli
• Tanıyı onaylaycak imkan olmalı
9. Taramada hedef kitle
• Tüm populasyon
• Hedef populasyon
– Belli yaş grubu (mamografi)
– Belli klinik durum (gebelik)
17. Likelihood oranları (LR)
LR + =
sensitivite
1-spesifisite
LR =
1-sensitivite
spesifisite
Testin performansını anlatmada kullanılır.
LR hastalık olanlarda bir testin sonucunun hastalık olmayanlara
göre kaç misli fazla (LR(+)) veya az (LR(-)) olduğunu gösterir
18. Taramada eşik değerler nasıl
bulunur ?
• 50 gr da: 140 mg/dl
• AFP: 2.5 MoM
• Üçlü test: 1:270
19. Taramada Eşik Değerler
ROC eğrisi
Sensitivite %
Yalancı pozitif oran %
0
100
100
Optimum tarama
Alanın altındaki alan=1
28. Down sendromu taramasında
Risk hesaplaması
Post-test
odds
ORX =Pre-test
odds
Hesaplanan
risk
Tarama risk
oranı
Mevcut
risk
29. Anne Yaşı
Years
Risk %
Trisomy 21
Trisomy 13
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
20 25 30 35 40 44
Trisomy 18
45x
Triploidy
Down sendromu taraması
Epidemiolojik risk
47xxx/xxy/xyy
30. Down sendromu taramasında
Istatistik modelleme
sağlıklı
Down Sendromu
Down Sendromu riski
100 000 de 1 10 000 de 1 1000 de 1 100 de 1 10 de 1 kesin
32. Tarama Testi
Mahalanobis aralığı
sağlıklı Down Sendromu
Down Sendromu riski
100 000 de 1 10 000 de 1 1000 de 1 100 de 1 10 de 1 kesin
SD olarak ortalamadan sapma
1mom
39. NT her hafta kullanıla bilinir mi
Elde edilememe oranları
40. Nicholas Wald, PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
Prenat Diagn 2004; 24: 150–153
Nukal Saydamlık ve kombine test
En etkin ne zaman ?
41. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Kombine test
İkili test
F-ᵦHcg
PAPP-A
Genetık Sono
NT
NB-DV-TY
2trim Bio
lu testHcg
AFP
uE
Inhibin
Hangi testler mevcut ?
42. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
İkili test
F-ᵦHcg
PAPP-A
NT
2trim Bio
lu testHcg
AFP
uE
Inhibin
2 Basamak Tarama
Sıralı ardışık (contingent)
Kombine test
Yüksek risk
≥1/100
Düşük risk
≤1/1000
sınır risk
1/100-1/1000
CVS
Güven ver
NB-DV-TY
2. Basamak
Genetik Sono
43. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2
Her iki testi herkese
yapalım mı ?
Gestasyonel yaş
AFP+Hcg+uE+İnhibin
Triple
veya
Dörtlü test
NT
Serbest hcg
PAPP-A
Kombine test
Amnio
Yüksek risk
≥1/270
Güven ver
Düşük risk
ör≤1/270
Yüksek risk
≥1/300
CVS
Düşük risk
Yalancı pozitiflik %17
Sensitivite %98
44. Anne Yaşı ve tarama
Amnio / CVS oranı
10%
20 25 30 35 40 44
Anne Yaşı
Risk Trizomi 21
70% 30%
5-10%90%
Yakalama Oranı
30%
45. Gebelikte Tarama testi olarak
kullanılan diğer testler
TORCH
NST
Kan biokimyası
Rubella
Hemogram
HbsAg
46. Test nedir ?
• Klinisyen olarak yapılan herşey
–Hikaye alma
–Muayene
–Fundus ölçme