You have decided to go to graduate school for Molecular Biology (yay!). Your first project
involves investigating the regulation of expression of a gene suspected to be involved in the
immune response to Zika Virus (we\'ll call this gene ZV1). You have found that this gene is
expressed when someone is infected by Zika, but is not expressed in uninfected people. You
believe that this is due to a change in a histone modification. Come up with a hypothesis for
what type of change in histone modification may be responsible for the expression of this gene
upon infection with Zika. Describe, in detail, an experiment to test your hypothesis. Include any
necessary controls. Assuming your hypothesis is correct (of course it is), draw the results of the
experiment (it doesn\'t have to be perfect, do the best you can). One of your friends in graduate
school is super interested in your project. She thinks that there may be an epigenetic component
to the expression of this gene in response to Zika Virus other than that of histone modifications.
Describe a non-chromatin based mechanism for this and briefly describe how you might test this.
Solution
Thanks for the question.
a. A hypothesis for the mechanism of expression of gene following infection with zika virus is
follows
the zika virus upon entering the body produces a translation whereby a RNA genome is produced
which enters the endosomal membrane of the host cell causing the symptoms of zika virus fever
etc
b. an elisa test (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) which could test either the zika virus or its
translated RNA could be a good way of assessing the infection of zika virus.
c. A standard can be set up on the number of zika virus or its replicated RNA which is necessary
to be present in the body of the infected patient to call him to be actively infected with the virus.
This will decide for subsequent patients if they are infected with the virus and also if they are
actively carrying the infection.
d. the original hypothesis stated above is already having an epigenetic component. Hence its
detection and other procedures are already mentioned above.
Regards.
The 'omics' revolution: How will it improve our understanding of infections a...WAidid
This slideset explains the ‘Omics’ technology and its role in the study of infections and vaccination. It is a revolution as it offers powerful tools to interrogate the animal / human immune response to vaccines and infections.
1. Choose the best answer for each statmentquestion.a.) Which sta.pdfbirajdar2
1. Choose the best answer for each statment/question.
a.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral
particles.
b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this
could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the
bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?
Temperate phages don\'t immediately kill their hosts.
c.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. Why is this hypothesis stronger with respect to
prokaryotic cells than if large, complex eukaryotic organisms had been involved?
In eukaryotic organisms with sexual reproduction, great genetic diversity can be accomplished
through crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis.
d.) Why do some bacteriophages, like X174, using rolling circle replication instead of the
bidirectional replication?Persistent infections always lead to cell lysis, while latent infections
never lead to cell lysis.In a latent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral
particles slowly. In a persistent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not
replicating and creating new viral particles.Persistent infections can cause transformation of the
host cell, which can lead to the development of cancer. Latent infections do not cause
transformation.
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new
viral particles.
b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this
could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the
bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?Temperate phages are capable of lysogeny and their
genetic material can be integrated into the host genome, causing damage rather than increasing
fitness.Virulent phages are capable of lysogeny and their genetic.
The 'omics' revolution: How will it improve our understanding of infections a...WAidid
This slideset explains the ‘Omics’ technology and its role in the study of infections and vaccination. It is a revolution as it offers powerful tools to interrogate the animal / human immune response to vaccines and infections.
1. Choose the best answer for each statmentquestion.a.) Which sta.pdfbirajdar2
1. Choose the best answer for each statment/question.
a.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral
particles.
b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this
could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the
bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?
Temperate phages don\'t immediately kill their hosts.
c.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. Why is this hypothesis stronger with respect to
prokaryotic cells than if large, complex eukaryotic organisms had been involved?
In eukaryotic organisms with sexual reproduction, great genetic diversity can be accomplished
through crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis.
d.) Why do some bacteriophages, like X174, using rolling circle replication instead of the
bidirectional replication?Persistent infections always lead to cell lysis, while latent infections
never lead to cell lysis.In a latent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral
particles slowly. In a persistent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not
replicating and creating new viral particles.Persistent infections can cause transformation of the
host cell, which can lead to the development of cancer. Latent infections do not cause
transformation.
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new
viral particles.
b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this
could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the
bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?Temperate phages are capable of lysogeny and their
genetic material can be integrated into the host genome, causing damage rather than increasing
fitness.Virulent phages are capable of lysogeny and their genetic.
Part F - Viral Evolution and LysogenyOne hypothesis regarding the .pdffederaleyecare
Part F - Viral Evolution and Lysogeny
One hypothesis regarding the origin of viruses suggests that early viruses may have had
primarily latent life cycles and that they served a function by helping to transfer genes from one
cell to another. This hypothesis suggests that perhaps the lytic life cycle evolved later to allow
the viruses to more rapidly spread from one cell to another. How could the researchers studying
the archaeal RNA viruses determine whether those viruses have lytic or latent life cycles?
Choose all of the correct answers.
1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes
associated with lysogeny were present.
3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the
viruses causing infection
4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of
uncoating genes.
1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes
associated with lysogeny were present.2. They could consider the life cycles of more well-known
archaeal viruses, which are rarely lysogenic, and compare the new viruses with known lysogenic
archaeal viruses.
3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the
viruses causing infection
4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of
uncoating genes.
Solution
Answer : 2
Molecular mechanisms underlying the various stages of the viral life cycle remain poorly
understood in Archaea. (Quentin et al., 2014). Cell surface , environmental adaptibility, nature of
cell wall of archaea has great influence on the viral entry.
Hence, the approach of comparing the new virus with well known lysogenic archaea virus is
considered better..
Dr. Stephanie Rossow - Applications of Next Generation SequencingJohn Blue
Applications of Next Generation Sequencing - Dr. Stephanie Rossow, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Dr. Ying Fang - Emerging swine disease diagnostics and characterization: conn...John Blue
Emerging swine disease diagnostics and characterization: connecting basic research to real-world applications - Dr. Ying Fang, Kansas State University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
view after download for better understanding, or else it appears quite compact and jumbled..
TORCH complex, forms important set of PERINATAL (Vertically transmitted infections)
Bats rely on sound localization to be able to fly during the night. O.pdfarshin9
Bats rely on sound localization to be able to fly during the night. On a cool 20 degree C summer
night, a bat produces an ultrasonic sound with a frequency of 37 kHz. What is the wavelength of
this ultrasound, in meters? While remaining stationary, the bat emits a sound pulse and receives
an echo after 0.130 s. How far away, in meters, is the reflecting object from the bat?
Solution
1) wave length of ultra sound waves = velocity / frequency
= 330/37kHz ( velocity of ultra sound waves in air = 330 m/sec)
=.00089189m
2) time taken = .130
distance travelled for the sound pulse = 2*d ( because it is also returing back after strucking the
object)
v*t=2*d
d= 330*.130/2=21.45m.
A layer of dirt must be spread over a circular area 13.5 feet in dia.pdfarshin9
A layer of dirt must be spread over a circular area 13.5 feet in diameter. How deep a layer will be
obtained using 75 cubic feet of dirt? Round to the nearest tenth.
Solution
Dirt deposit would form a cylider of 75 cubic feet of volume
Volume = pi(r^2)*h
r = 13.5 feet
75 = pi(13.5)^2 *h
where h is depth of dirt
h =0.13 = 0.1 feet.
More Related Content
Similar to You have decided to go to graduate school for Molecular Biology (yay!.pdf
Part F - Viral Evolution and LysogenyOne hypothesis regarding the .pdffederaleyecare
Part F - Viral Evolution and Lysogeny
One hypothesis regarding the origin of viruses suggests that early viruses may have had
primarily latent life cycles and that they served a function by helping to transfer genes from one
cell to another. This hypothesis suggests that perhaps the lytic life cycle evolved later to allow
the viruses to more rapidly spread from one cell to another. How could the researchers studying
the archaeal RNA viruses determine whether those viruses have lytic or latent life cycles?
Choose all of the correct answers.
1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes
associated with lysogeny were present.
3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the
viruses causing infection
4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of
uncoating genes.
1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes
associated with lysogeny were present.2. They could consider the life cycles of more well-known
archaeal viruses, which are rarely lysogenic, and compare the new viruses with known lysogenic
archaeal viruses.
3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the
viruses causing infection
4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of
uncoating genes.
Solution
Answer : 2
Molecular mechanisms underlying the various stages of the viral life cycle remain poorly
understood in Archaea. (Quentin et al., 2014). Cell surface , environmental adaptibility, nature of
cell wall of archaea has great influence on the viral entry.
Hence, the approach of comparing the new virus with well known lysogenic archaea virus is
considered better..
Dr. Stephanie Rossow - Applications of Next Generation SequencingJohn Blue
Applications of Next Generation Sequencing - Dr. Stephanie Rossow, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Dr. Ying Fang - Emerging swine disease diagnostics and characterization: conn...John Blue
Emerging swine disease diagnostics and characterization: connecting basic research to real-world applications - Dr. Ying Fang, Kansas State University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
view after download for better understanding, or else it appears quite compact and jumbled..
TORCH complex, forms important set of PERINATAL (Vertically transmitted infections)
Similar to You have decided to go to graduate school for Molecular Biology (yay!.pdf (20)
Bats rely on sound localization to be able to fly during the night. O.pdfarshin9
Bats rely on sound localization to be able to fly during the night. On a cool 20 degree C summer
night, a bat produces an ultrasonic sound with a frequency of 37 kHz. What is the wavelength of
this ultrasound, in meters? While remaining stationary, the bat emits a sound pulse and receives
an echo after 0.130 s. How far away, in meters, is the reflecting object from the bat?
Solution
1) wave length of ultra sound waves = velocity / frequency
= 330/37kHz ( velocity of ultra sound waves in air = 330 m/sec)
=.00089189m
2) time taken = .130
distance travelled for the sound pulse = 2*d ( because it is also returing back after strucking the
object)
v*t=2*d
d= 330*.130/2=21.45m.
A layer of dirt must be spread over a circular area 13.5 feet in dia.pdfarshin9
A layer of dirt must be spread over a circular area 13.5 feet in diameter. How deep a layer will be
obtained using 75 cubic feet of dirt? Round to the nearest tenth.
Solution
Dirt deposit would form a cylider of 75 cubic feet of volume
Volume = pi(r^2)*h
r = 13.5 feet
75 = pi(13.5)^2 *h
where h is depth of dirt
h =0.13 = 0.1 feet.
Discuss the impact that the tonnage of sulfur or sulfuric acid recov.pdfarshin9
Discuss the impact that the tonnage of sulfur or sulfuric acid recovered from SO2 in flue gas
treatment would have upon the chemical industry if all coal- and oil-fired were required to use
such treatment processes.
Solution
YEs, definitely we must required to use FGD as sulfur dioxide enters the air mainly from
industrial processes and from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with a substantial sulfur (S)
content and represents a major source of air pollution. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, corrosive gas
that has a bitter taste, but no smell at low levels. The share of SO2 emissions comes from the use
of coal and oil in fossil-fired power plants, in industrial combustion units, in small combustion
units in households, and in vehicles. Besides the concentration of SO2 in stack gases emitted by
steam generation plants is usually in the range of 800 to 6000 mg/Nm3, the volume of gases
produced by the utility industry worldwide results in the liberation of a large tonnage of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere.Sulfur dioxide is a chemical that can be dangerous in many ways. At
lower levels, sulfur dioxide has been found to be a corrosive irritant to eyes and skin. Sulfur
dioxide has been associated with a variety of respiratory diseases and increased mortality rates.
Inhalation of sulfur dioxide can cause increased airway resistance by constricting lung passages.
Sulfur dioxide is also one of the main ingredients in acid rain. Acid rain occurs when sulfur
dioxide or other gaseous chemicals, such as nitrogen oxides, are released into the air. These
gases ascend through the atmosphere, and when they reach upper cloud levels, they react with
water, oxygen, and sunlight.Various concentrations of sulfuric acid and nitric acid are then
produced. These acids mix with the condensed water vapor in the clouds and fall to the ground
with the water in various forms of precipitation. This precipitation with greater acidity is what is
known as acid rain. Acid rain is dangerous to many natural ecosystems; it can harm plants, sand,
make water undrinkable, and unlivable for many animals. The biggest producers of sulfur
dioxide emissions are electrical utilities that produce electricity through the burning of fossil
fuels.Sulfur dioxide emissions, from combustion installations using coal or HFO, can be reduced
by fuel desulfurization or by FGD, as well as by a combination of these two measures.
Flue gas desulfurization is an efficient method for the reduction of the sulfur dioxide emissions.2
Many processes are available in the market, such as (a) wet scrubbers, (b) spray dry scrubbers,
(c) sorbent injection, (d) regenerable processes, and (e) combined SO2/NOX removal processes.
write the HTML to associate a web page with an external style sheet .pdfarshin9
write the HTML to associate a web page with an external style sheet named myprint.css to
configure a printout
Solution
We have to use the follwing line in HTML
Also we have to ensure the myprint.css is printer friendly. For example,
we should not display ant href tag in print format. So hide all the links and so on..
Why was any carbon-containing molecule originally called organic.pdfarshin9
Why was any carbon-containing molecule originally called \"organic\"? A. Carbon-containing
molecules were thought to be only produced by organisms. B. Carbon-containing molecules
contain organic substances within them that cannot be synthesized inorganically. C. Carbon-
containing molecules do not contain hydrogen or oxygen, the inorganic parts of organisms. D.
Carbon-containing molecules were thought to be present only outside of organisms - in the
inorganic areas of the earth: water, air, and stone.
Solution
Correct answer (A)
It was once thought that organic compounds could only be created by living organisms..
Which of the following is true about indexes and index design a. in.pdfarshin9
Which of the following is true about indexes and index design? a. indexes usually speed up
write operations b. a composite index is an index on a single column c. indexes should be
created on columns used by WHERE and BY clauses d. an index is created for every foreign
key by default
Solution
Answer: Indexes should be created on columns used by WHERE and BY clauses.
Indexes are used for retrieve the records fast. So we have to mention the column names in
WHERE clause and By clause in which we created the columns for fast retrieval of the records..
Write a java program to randomly generate the following sets of data.pdfarshin9
Write a java program to randomly generate the following sets of data:
1.) 10 numbers
2.) 1,000 numbers
3.) 100,000 numbers
4.) 1,000,000 numbers
5.) 10,000,000 numbers
Your program must sort the above sets of numbers using the following algorithms:
1.) Insertion Sort
2.) Merge Sort
3.) Quick Sort
4.) Heap Sort
Print out the time each algorithm takes to sort the above numbers
Solution
import java.util.Random;
public class Sort {
private int[] array;
private int size ;
public Sort(int n){
array = new int[n];
size = n;
Random rand = new Random();
for (int i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ ) {
array[i] = rand.nextInt(100000) ;
}
}
public void print(){
for (int i = 0; i < size ; i++ ) {
System.out.print(array[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.println(\"\");
}
void insertion_sort()
{
for (int i=1; i=0 && array[j] > key)
{
array[j+1] = array[j];
j = j-1;
}
array[j+1] = key;
}
}
void merge(int arr[], int l, int m, int r)
{
// Find sizes of two subarrays to be merged
int n1 = m - l + 1;
int n2 = r - m;
/* Create temp arrays */
int L[] = new int [n1];
int R[] = new int [n2];
/*Copy data to temp arrays*/
for (int i=0; i Array to be sorted,
low --> Starting index,
high --> Ending index */
void quick_sort(int low, int high)
{
if (low < high)
{
/* pi is partitioning index, arr[pi] is
now at right place */
int pi = partition(array, low, high);
// Recursively sort elements before
// partition and after partition
quick_sort(low, pi-1);
quick_sort(pi+1, high);
}
}
public void heap_sort()
{
int n = array.length;
// Build heap (rearrange array)
for (int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
heapify(array, n, i);
// One by one extract an element from heap
for (int i=n-1; i>=0; i--)
{
// Move current root to end
int temp = array[0];
array[0] = array[i];
array[i] = temp;
// call max heapify on the reduced heap
heapify(array, i, 0);
}
}
// To heapify a subtree rooted with node i which is
// an index in arr[]. n is size of heap
void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i)
{
int largest = i; // Initialize largest as root
int l = 2*i + 1; // left = 2*i + 1
int r = 2*i + 2; // right = 2*i + 2
// If left child is larger than root
if (l < n && arr[l] > arr[largest])
largest = l;
// If right child is larger than largest so far
if (r < n && arr[r] > arr[largest])
largest = r;
// If largest is not root
if (largest != i)
{
int swap = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[largest];
arr[largest] = swap;
// Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree
heapify(arr, n, largest);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sort sort1 = new Sort(10);
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
sort1.insertion_sort();
long time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
//sort1.print();
System.out.println(\"insertion_sort for 10 numbers take \" + time + \" ms \");
sort1 = new Sort(10);
start = System.currentTimeMillis();
sort1.merge_sort(0,9);
time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
//sort1.print();
System.out.println(\"merge_sort for 10 numbers take \" + time + \" ms \");
sort1 = new Sort(10);
start = System.currentTimeMillis();
sort1.quick_sor.
What kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen .pdfarshin9
What kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three
billion years ago? heterotrophs cyanobacteria obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative
anaerobes In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What
does this illustrate\'? hybridization macroevolution hybrid inviability adaptive radiation
allometric radiation One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which to
occur? The salinity of the oceans to stabilize The Earth\'s various climates to stabilize
Molecules to accumulate and react with one another
Solution
6 . B cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria increased in high amount 3 billion yrs ago dur to sudden increase in oxygen in the
environment which caused fires. Anaerobes couldn\'t survive, as oxygen was toxic for them.
what is the HTTP protocol used for What are its major parts.pdfarshin9
what is the \"HTTP\" protocol used for? What are its major parts?
Solution
it is a application protocol for data communication for the world wide web
request and response method: it contains what type of action does client want to perform
uri:it is know as uniform resource indicator it will have the address of the required resource
header fileds:it will tell extra information about the request
body:it contains the data which sent by the client to the server
via: these are used proxies to display intermediate sites that the request passes.
What is the between facial action unit and facial landmark differenc.pdfarshin9
What is the between facial action unit and facial landmark differences ?
Solution
There is a difference between the facial action unit and facial landmark.
The difference can be illustrated as follows:
FACIAL ACTION UNIT:
Humans interact far more naturally with each other tahn they do with machines. To approach the
naturalness of face-to-face human interaction machines should be able to emulate the way
humans communicate with each other. Although speech alone is often sufficient for
communicating with another person, non-verbal communicative cues can help to synchronize the
dialogue, to signal comprehensionor disagreement and to let the dialogue run smoother, with less
interruptions. With facial expresssions we clarify what is said by means of lip-reading, we stress
the importance of the spoken message by means of conversational signals like raisisng eyebrows,
and siognal comprehension,disagrreement,boredom and intensions.
Machine understanding of facial expressions could revolutionize user interfaces including
ambient,automotiveand robot interfaces and has become,therefore,a hot topic in computer-vision
approach.
FACIAL LANDMARK:
Localizing facial landmarks (i.e facial alignment) is a fundamental step in facial image analysis.
However, the problem is still challenging due to the large variability in pose and appearence, and
the existence of occlusions in real-world face images.
EGM (Exemplar-based graph matching) framework is used in the facial landmark
localization.Compared to conventional algorithms, EGM has three advantages:.
What are contemporary management challenges and opportunitiesSo.pdfarshin9
What are contemporary management challenges and opportunities?
Solution
Contemporary management challenges are:-
The character of ownership
Globalization and anti-globalization
Social sustainability
Corporate social responsibility and corporate criminality
Environmentalsustainability
Organizational misbehaviour and resistance
Corporate governance
Masculinisation and Feminisation of Management
Organizational identity and identity work
New forms of work such as emotional labour and aesthetic labour
New organizational forms.
Valinomycin is a potassium ionophore. What would be its effect on in.pdfarshin9
Valinomycin is a potassium ionophore. What would be its effect on insulin secretion by cells
that were exposed to valinomycin?
Solution
Ionosphore are the molecules which can transfer a particular ions across a semi-permeambke
membrane..!! Valinomycin is also a ionophore which transfer the potassium across the cell
memberane..
Due to which when it is exposed to the beta cells of insulin it inhibits the secretion of insulin in
the body as potassium plays a major role in insulin secretion.. As the concentration of potassium
is disturbed in the beta cells in inhibits the insulin secretion.. Hence the blood glucose level
increases..!!.
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus be.pdfarshin9
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus becomes a provirus, in order
for that to occur the form of the genome must be converted to
Solution
1) Answer:
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid, RNA before the virus become a provirus; in
order that to occur, single stranded form of the genome must be converted to double stranded
form.
Explanation: A retrovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an
obligate parasite, targets a host cell. In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then
RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is
reverse-transcribed into DNA (by an enzyme reverse transcriptase), which is integrated into the
host cell\'s genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and
translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus.
2) Answer:
Human make RNA during a process called transcription.
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a
template, a process known as transcription..
the probability that it is raining is .25. the orbability that it is.pdfarshin9
the probability that it is raining is .25. the orbability that it is windy is .30. if it is windy, the
probability that it is raining is .40. what is the probabilty that it is raining and windy? assume that
the events raining and windy are not independent.
Solution
Let R denote the event of raining and W that of winding.
Given, P(R)=.25
P(W)=.3
and P(R|W) = .4
We know P(R|W) = P(RW) /P(W)
=> P(RW) = P(R|W)*P(W)
=>P(RW)=P(It is raining and windy)=(.4)*(.3)=0.12.
2)In presentation software, you can use a(n) ____ to add movement to.pdfarshin9
2)In presentation software, you can use a(n) ____ to add movement to an object or text.
a)transition b) animation c)operator d) vector
Solution
In presentation software, you can use animation to add movement to an object or text.
Animation add movement to text or object.
Slide transitions fit in the gaps between each slide which results in smoother presentations..
Significance of Discoveries in Genetics and DNA Our understandin.pdfarshin9
Significance of Discoveries in Genetics and DNA
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the
characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years.
Consider our current state of knowledge.
Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure.
Explain how DNA through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate
expression of the characteristics in the organism.
Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in disruption of cellular and bodily
processes?
How does the significance of one class of proteins, the enzymes, relate?
Please answer all questions!
Solution
1. Genes are segments of chromosome and correspond to DNA sequence(s). The DNA segment
carries coded information for the synthesis of specific proteins which carry out different
functions in the cell. The characters are expressed through proteins.
DNA is packed into chromosomes. In gametes, the chromosome number is halved. The fusion of
gametes in zygotes restores the chromosome number.
2. Segments of DNA called genes carry traits in encoded form. The genes undergo transcription
(transfer of information from DNA to RNA). This is followed by translation which is the transfer
of information from the RNA to the protein. The characters are expressed through proteins which
are specific in function.
3. Various antimicrobial drugs interfere with the process of protein synthesis at the ribosome
level. The information encoded in the nucleotides of DNA are expressed through proteins which
carry out specific functions in the cell. Disruption of protein synthesis prevents the biochemical
pathways and specific functions of proteins.
4. Enzymes are responsible for controlling various vital activities in the cell. They synthesize,
deliver and eliminate various chemicals. Enzymes undergo slow depletion which reduces overall
strength and viatality of the human body..
Scope is much less complicated if functions cannot contain other func.pdfarshin9
Scope is much less complicated if functions cannot contain other function definitions (C++,
Java: cannot; Ada, Pascal, Ada, Python, Ruby, Lisp: can). Give one good reason why functions
should not contain other function definitions. Give one good reason why it should be allowed.
Solution
A function is the smallest block of code to perform a specific task. Which can be independently
invoked.
The variable defined in a function are available only to that block not to the whole program
which gives abstraction.
the scope and life of variable defined in the funciton are available only when it is invoked, which
saves memory as well.
b.
To keep a function isolated. It\'s only used inside the function which is invoked i.e. one place.
when it\'s locally used why define globally.It\'s just another way of breaking down a big function
into smaller pieces without affecting the global namespace with another function name. Quite
often the inner function isn\'t a stand-alone so doesn\'t rightfully belong in the global namespace..
Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous c.pdfarshin9
Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might
appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions
(28). Which diagram represents chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis? I II III IV V VI
Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis? I III IV V
Solution
26) IV
Explanation: During prophase I of meiosis, synapsed homologous chromosomes are observed as
tetrads.
27) II
Explanation: There is separation of centromeres. As a result, chromatids separate and they are
now called independent chromosomes..
Prions are viruses that cause proteins to misfold. Select one True.pdfarshin9
Prions are viruses that cause proteins to misfold. Select one: True False
Solution
12). FALSE
Prion is an infectious agent completely made of a protein known as PrP, they are not viruses.
Prions can fold in multiple ways to form different 3-D structures (means tertiary structure),
which makes them resistant to many of the sterilization processes such as heat, UV light,
formaldehyde and also resistant to proteases. Priones do not contain genetic material or capsid..
2.(Sorted list array implementation)This sorted list ADT discussed .pdfarshin9
2.(Sorted list: array implementation)This sorted list ADT discussed in class should be extended
by the addition of two new methods:
//Interface: ArrayListADT
//works for int
public interface ArrayListADT {
public boolean isEmpty(); //Method to determine whether the list is empty.
public boolean isFull(); //Method to determine whether the list is full.
public int listSize(); //Method to return the number of elements in the list.
public int maxListSize(); //Method to return the maximum size of the list.
public void print(); //Method to output the elements of the list.
public boolean isItemAtEqual(int location, int item); //Method to determine whether item is
the same as the item in the list at location.
public void insertAt(int location, int insertItem); //Method to insert insertItem in the list at
the position
public void insertEnd(int insertItem); //Method to insert insertItem at the end of the list.
public void removeAt(int location); //Method to remove the item from the list at location.
public int retrieveAt(int location); //Method to retrieve the element from the list at location.
public void replaceAt(int location, int repItem); //Method to replace the element in the list at
location with repItem.
public void clearList(); //Method to remove all the elements from the list.
public int search(int searchItem); //Method to determine whether searchItem is in the list.
public void remove(int removeItem); //Method to remove an item from the list.
}
//Class: ArrayListClass implements
//Interface: ArrayListADT
public abstract class ArrayListClass implements ArrayListADT {
protected int length; //to store the length of the list
protected int maxSize; //to store the maximum size of the list
protected int[] list; //array to hold the list elements
//Default constructor
public ArrayListClass() {
maxSize = 100;
length = 0;
list = new int[maxSize];
}
//Alternate Constructor
public ArrayListClass(int size) {
if(size <= 0) {
System.err.println(\"The array size must be positive. Creating an array of size 100.\");
maxSize = 100;
}
else
maxSize = size;
length = 0;
list = new int[maxSize];
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return (length == 0);
}
public boolean isFull() {
return (length == maxSize);
}
public int listSize() {
return length;
}
public int maxListSize() {
return maxSize;
}
public void print() {
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
System.out.print(list[i] + \" \");
System.out.println();
}
public boolean isItemAtEqual(int location, int item) {
if (location < 0 || location >= length) {
System.err.println(\"The location of the item to be compared is out of range.\");
return false;
}
return list[location]== item;
}
public void clearList() {
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
list[i] = 0;
length = 0;
System.gc(); //invoke the Java garbage collector
}
public void removeAt(int location) {
if (location < 0 || location >= length)
System.err.println(\"The location of the item to be removed is out of range.\");
else {
for(int i = location; i < length - 1; i++)
list[i] .
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
You have decided to go to graduate school for Molecular Biology (yay!.pdf
1. You have decided to go to graduate school for Molecular Biology (yay!). Your first project
involves investigating the regulation of expression of a gene suspected to be involved in the
immune response to Zika Virus (we'll call this gene ZV1). You have found that this gene is
expressed when someone is infected by Zika, but is not expressed in uninfected people. You
believe that this is due to a change in a histone modification. Come up with a hypothesis for
what type of change in histone modification may be responsible for the expression of this gene
upon infection with Zika. Describe, in detail, an experiment to test your hypothesis. Include any
necessary controls. Assuming your hypothesis is correct (of course it is), draw the results of the
experiment (it doesn't have to be perfect, do the best you can). One of your friends in graduate
school is super interested in your project. She thinks that there may be an epigenetic component
to the expression of this gene in response to Zika Virus other than that of histone modifications.
Describe a non-chromatin based mechanism for this and briefly describe how you might test this.
Solution
Thanks for the question.
a. A hypothesis for the mechanism of expression of gene following infection with zika virus is
follows
the zika virus upon entering the body produces a translation whereby a RNA genome is produced
which enters the endosomal membrane of the host cell causing the symptoms of zika virus fever
etc
b. an elisa test (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) which could test either the zika virus or its
translated RNA could be a good way of assessing the infection of zika virus.
c. A standard can be set up on the number of zika virus or its replicated RNA which is necessary
to be present in the body of the infected patient to call him to be actively infected with the virus.
This will decide for subsequent patients if they are infected with the virus and also if they are
actively carrying the infection.
d. the original hypothesis stated above is already having an epigenetic component. Hence its
detection and other procedures are already mentioned above.
Regards
