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Gene Delivery to the Spinal Cord Pierre Zwiegers ` Pierre Zwiegers28th-January-2009
Presentation Outline: ,[object Object]
 Overview of axonal retrograde transport
 Types of Viral Vectors:	- Retroviruses (incl. Lentiviruses) 	- Adenoviruses 	- Adeno-associated viruses ,[object Object]
 Mechanistic considerations for the intracellular up regulation of gene products
 Suggested experimental workflow,[object Object]
2007: In Vitro assessment of PGRN’s neuroprotective properties ii) 24 hr PGRN pre-incubation +       24hr MPTP co-incubation i) 24 hr PGRN pre-incubation ,[object Object],   in response to a toxic MPTP insult  ,[object Object],- Increased proliferation results in increased MPTP susceptibility 	- Degradation of PGRN following 48 hrs in solution results in gain of                        toxic function  Turned out that the contradictory results were abrogated when a “fresh” batch of        PGRN was used
2008: Will upregulated PGRN mediate a neuroprotective effect         against BSSG as mediated by lentiviral gene delivery?   ,[object Object],	- Experimental Male CD-1 animals were unilaterally injected  in the right   gastrocnemius muscle with a PGRN- expressing lentiviral vector 	- Feeding of 2mg BSSG /day for 15 weeks followed by a 5 week wash-out 	- 4 goups in total : PGRN-BSSG; PGRN-control; control-BSSG; control-control  ,[object Object],	- Ethovision              - Rotorod - DigiGait	                 - Leg Extension Histochemical Assays: Neuronal Numbers: 	- Cresyl Violet		 	- anti-ChAT Stress Markers: 	- HSP70 	- ATF3 Kaspar  B.K.  et al
Histological Results
Prgn-BSSG Prgn-Chow Saline-BSSG Saline-Chow Histology: Neuronal Number Cresyl Violet ,[object Object],[object Object]
Histology: Stress Markers HSP70     HSP70 Positive Cell Counts in Lumbar Spinal Cord Saline-Chow Saline-BSSG PGRN-Chow PGRN-BSSG Left Right ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
  PGRN did not mediate the expected neuroprotective effects
 Inability to demonstrate viral presence and/or PGRN upregulation:
 The majority of the animals were  transfected with a vector      that did NOT contain a GFP construct  ,[object Object],     GFP-vector (autofluoresence)  ,[object Object],     Northern/Southern/Western blots or PCR ,[object Object],     the CNS (there is evidence that the protein is localized in specified            neuronal cell populations within the brain)   	- Would we really expect a DRASTIC difference compared to               endogenous  PGRN levels?
Retrograde Axonal Transport
Retrograde Transport: Spinal Cord Muscle Kaspar  B.K.  et al Wikipedia.
Viral Vectors 		ADENOVIRUS 		ADEN|O-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 		RETROVIRUS 		LENTIVIRUS
Adenovirus ,[object Object]
Expression: Transient
Immunogenecity: High
Host Range: Broad
  Since the DNA is not integrated into the genome of the host,  these genes    STOP replicating prior to cell division and subsequently are lost to the daughter     cells 	 Will require re-administration so that descendant cells will express  	     gene of interest CELL VECTOR NUCLEUS http://www.virobathe.org/M055250-Adenovirus-SPL.jpg
Adeno-associated virus ,[object Object]
Expression: Long Term
Immunogenecity: Low/none
Host Range: Broad
 AAV can infect non-dividing cells and thus can be useful in delivering genes to    neurons ,[object Object],   virulence genes have been removed ,[object Object],CELL EPISOME VECTOR NUCLEUS http://junghokingdompropatel.com/images/virusadn.jpg
Retrovirus ,[object Object]
Expression: Long Term
Immunogenecity: Low/none
Host Range: Limited
 Can be replication-competent/deficient depending on whether the genes for  virion replication are present/absent		 ,[object Object],tumourgenesis ,[object Object],   problematic CELL RT INTEGRASE VECTOR NUCLEUS http://www.memeticians.com/2007/11/28/retrovirus/retrovirus.jpg
Lentivirus ,[object Object]
Expression: Long Term
Immunogenecity: Low/none
Host Range: Limited
 Integrate into the genome of non-dividing cells (e.g. neurons) at a random     position	 ,[object Object]
 A murine cancer model did not show an increase in tumorogenic  prevalenceCELL RT VECTOR INTEGRASE NUCLEUS http://www.uiowa.edu/~gene/protocols.htm
Viralpseudotyping
Pseudotyping ,[object Object],    proteins and host cell surface receptors/molecules ,[object Object],  engineer the vehicle so as remove the endogenous protein coat and express   other viral/chimeric proteins   Stay tuned, some of the papers that will shortly be discussed utilized   pseudotyped vectors/chimeric proteins  A B B’ ,[object Object],[object Object]
Abdellatifet al. ,[object Object],intraspinal injection ,[object Object]
 D15A exhibits both NT3 and BDNF activities and thus have implications for SCI’s ,[object Object]
Abdellatifet al. Summary of Results : ,[object Object],   are more suitable for long-term transgene delivery ,[object Object]
 Protein levels are dependent upon viral titer

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Vector delivery

Editor's Notes

  1. NT-3 = neurotrophin 3BDNF= brain-derived neurotrophic factortrk = tyrosine kinase receptor
  2. Doxycycline = tetracycline type antibioticTetracycline inducible systemTheoretically it should be possible to switch the expression on/off depending on the presence of doxycyclineMethod:Transfect cells (e.g. schwann cells) with gene of interest, add factor required for “on”
  3. nACHR = nicotinic acetylcholine receptorNCAM = neuronal cell adhesion moleculep75NTR = p75 neurotrophin receptor
  4. EYFP = Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent ProteinIpsilateral = on the same sideContralateral = on the opposite side
  5. ~ 300- 400 neurons that correspond to the area and since 32- 43 neurons were found to be EYFP + ~10% of motor neurons can be transducedths way using the titer levels as outlined by thegroupUsing a higher concentration of virus may not be the best mechanism as the immune system may have a more pronounced effect
  6. + EYFP staining only seen in a subset of neurons since these are the once that are innervating the muscle of the injected site!!!!