In these days when environmental management has finally found its way into our minds and enterprises, the pure mechanical principle of the Rotameter regains even more momentum. For manufacturers it is important to optimize productivity, consume less energy and reduce energy costs. Using Rotameters with their comparably low pressure loss results in low pumping costs and therefore energy savings. Rotameters work without power and are therefore sustainable. The new RGC4 can be completely disassembled and consists from recyclable materials only. The RGC4 design, made from common standard components and parts being used from other Yokogawa flow products, leads to a synergy effect in production and to resource and energy conservation. This is key to sustainable future Yokogawa takes into account at every stage of the product lifecycle. Think of your carbon foot print – use Rotameters!
Design and analysis of control valve with a multi stage anti cavitation trimnaz4u
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping
and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting flow, preventing back
flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
AIChE Smart Stack Damper Design Provides Better Control of Fired HeatersAshutosh Garg
Stack dampers are one of the insignificant yet important component of fired heaters in the refining industry. Over 90% of the heaters in the USA are natural draft and are dependent upon the draft for efficient combustion of fuel gas with air. Stack dampers currently installed are highly oversized and are not able to control draft effectively. Furnace Improvements patent pending design overcomes these limitations and improves the damper control significantly by installing multiple actuators and changing the control characteristics of the dampers.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
Design and analysis of control valve with a multi stage anti cavitation trimnaz4u
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping
and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting flow, preventing back
flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
AIChE Smart Stack Damper Design Provides Better Control of Fired HeatersAshutosh Garg
Stack dampers are one of the insignificant yet important component of fired heaters in the refining industry. Over 90% of the heaters in the USA are natural draft and are dependent upon the draft for efficient combustion of fuel gas with air. Stack dampers currently installed are highly oversized and are not able to control draft effectively. Furnace Improvements patent pending design overcomes these limitations and improves the damper control significantly by installing multiple actuators and changing the control characteristics of the dampers.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This presentation describes the considerations involved in selecting the shell and tube exchanger according to TEMA Designations. Also, it helps to identify whether fluid should be sent tube side or shell side
Valves are essential components of piping systems, which regulate the flow of fluids, such as water, gas, and oil. They are used to start, stop, and control the flow of fluids in a piping system. Valves come in different types, including ball valves, gate valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, and check valves, each designed for specific applications
A valve is a mechanical device that controls the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways through a piping system.
A valve is a generic name for device with a movable feature that opens and closes the passageway in order to allow, prevent or control the flow of fluids.
This presentation was created to provide a quick refresher to single-phase fluid flow line sizing. The content of this presentation was obtained from various literature (handbooks and website).
Please provide your comments
Thermal rating of Shell & Tube Heat ExchangerVikram Sharma
This presentation file was created with the objective to provide a refresher course on the thermal rating of Shell and Tube heat exchanger for single-phase heat transfer
Control Valves types, control valves characterstics, affects on control valves due to various process fluctuations or cavitations or flashing and remidies.The model datasheets also included.
The high performance differential pressure transmitter EJX110A features single crystal silicon resonant sensor and is suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and pressure. EJX110A outputs a 4 to 20 mA DC signal corresponding to the measured differential pressure. Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or HART communications.
One of the most widely used methods of monitoring / controlling liquid level in a tank is the use of Bubble Tubes with Pressure or Differential Pressure Transmitters. A small but uninterrupted flow of air or inert gas is forced down through a dip tube which extends to near the bottom of the tank. The back pressure of the introduced gas is a function of the liquid level or head in the tank. The pressure transmitter takes the back pressure and converts it to an analog signal that is sent to the control room. The plant operator will then be able to monitor the exact level in the tank.
This presentation describes the considerations involved in selecting the shell and tube exchanger according to TEMA Designations. Also, it helps to identify whether fluid should be sent tube side or shell side
Valves are essential components of piping systems, which regulate the flow of fluids, such as water, gas, and oil. They are used to start, stop, and control the flow of fluids in a piping system. Valves come in different types, including ball valves, gate valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, and check valves, each designed for specific applications
A valve is a mechanical device that controls the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways through a piping system.
A valve is a generic name for device with a movable feature that opens and closes the passageway in order to allow, prevent or control the flow of fluids.
This presentation was created to provide a quick refresher to single-phase fluid flow line sizing. The content of this presentation was obtained from various literature (handbooks and website).
Please provide your comments
Thermal rating of Shell & Tube Heat ExchangerVikram Sharma
This presentation file was created with the objective to provide a refresher course on the thermal rating of Shell and Tube heat exchanger for single-phase heat transfer
Control Valves types, control valves characterstics, affects on control valves due to various process fluctuations or cavitations or flashing and remidies.The model datasheets also included.
The high performance differential pressure transmitter EJX110A features single crystal silicon resonant sensor and is suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and pressure. EJX110A outputs a 4 to 20 mA DC signal corresponding to the measured differential pressure. Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or HART communications.
One of the most widely used methods of monitoring / controlling liquid level in a tank is the use of Bubble Tubes with Pressure or Differential Pressure Transmitters. A small but uninterrupted flow of air or inert gas is forced down through a dip tube which extends to near the bottom of the tank. The back pressure of the introduced gas is a function of the liquid level or head in the tank. The pressure transmitter takes the back pressure and converts it to an analog signal that is sent to the control room. The plant operator will then be able to monitor the exact level in the tank.
The primary function of a utility boiler is to convert water into steam to be used by a steam turbine/ generator in producing electricity. The boiler consists of a furnace, where air and fuel are combined and burned to produce combustion gases, and a feedwater tube system, the contents of which are heated by these gases.
The BLH Nobel G5 process control instrument offers
high speed and high-performance control for industrial
weighing and force measurement. G5 units set new
performance standards geared towards your application
demands of today while meeting tomorrow’s expanding
requirements. G5 offers a highly flexible instrument for
your process automation needs.
Designing, implementing and maintaining a truly universal approach to gas detection.
Protecting your people and your physical plant, while ensuring business continuity, are the most important functions of a xed gas detection solution. Engineering a reliable, high-performance sys- tem that makes it easier and more cost effective to meet this challenge is the driving force behind a truly universal approach to gas detection.
This white paper is about the evolution and bene ts of designing, implementing and maintaining a truly universal approach to gas detection. Our intention is to help you use this information, based on “universal truths,” to evaluate your current system and project the impact of next-generation gas detection on your organization’s safety and productivity in a global economy.
The Variable Area Flowmeter is one of the oldest and mature principles in flow measurement with its simple design: a float rises inside a conically shaped glass tube as the flow increases and its position on a scale can be read off as the flow rate.
the presentation includes complete details about rotameters in a generic perspective. a sample problem is also added for a better comprehension of the topic
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Electrical Control Panels | Variable Frequency Drives | Hazardous Location Pa...Jazz Matharu
Come to the right place to buy Electrical Control Panels at Solution Control. We have a wide range of Variable Frequency Drives and Hazardous Location Panels.
Presentation of CKD Corporation in pneumatic division.
You can find those products in Brazil by Italpneumatica Automação. www.italpneumatica.com (11) 4177-1010
An indirect method of level measurement is often referred to as the bubbler method, so named because it employs a purging gas that continually vents from the bottom of a tube extending into a tank of liquid. Measuring the back pressure exerted on the purge gas by the contained liquid provides an indication of the height of the liquid column.
One of the most widely used methods of monitoring and controlling liquid level in a tank is the use of Bubble Tubes with Pressure or Differential Pressure Transmitters. A small but uninterrupted flow of air or inert gas is forced down through a dip tube which extends to near the bottom of the tank. The back pressure of the introduced gas is a function of the liquid level or head in the tank.
Measuring level of liquid in a tank or vessel can be accomplished in a number of ways, all of which require some arrangement of instrumentation to either infer the liquid level from the measurement of a related physical property, or directly deliver the liquid level visually using a scaled gauge arrangement. One indirect method of level measurement is the bubbler method, so named because it employs a purging gas that continually vents from the bottom of a tube extending into a tank of liquid. Through a simple apparatus, the level of a liquid can be inferred by the amount a back pressure exerted upon the gas flowing through the tube.
These instruments are what will be required to build a level measurement apparatus that uses the bubbler method.
A Cashco possui uma linha completa de reguladores de pressão industrial. A linha inclui: reguladores de redução de pressão e reguladores de contrapressão.
La válvula de mariposa es una válvula que puede ser utilizada para servicio ON/OFF o para regular el flujo. El mecanismo de cierre tiene forma de disco. El funcionamiento es similar al de la válvula de bola, ya que permite un cierre rápido con un giro de 90º.
The butterfly valve can be used for ON/OFF service or to regulate flow. The closing mechanism has a disk shape. Operates like a ball valve, allowing fast closing with a 90º turn.
Manufacturing, supplying, exporting Single and Double Check Valve Couplings, Ball Valves and Coupler Hoses. These are appreciated for their sturdiness and resistance to corrosion.
A study of the importance of gas composition and calibration and their effects on flow meter accuracy.
Errors associated with the calibration of flow meters for natural gas service can be costly but can also be mitigated using an advanced flow meter design that allows field-adjustment of the natural gas composition without loss of accuracy.
BLH Nobel has been recognized as a leader in weighing technology, process weighing and force measurement. They design and deliver innovative, accurate industry-leading weighing and force measurement solutions and supply both standardized and custom systems and serve customers from a wide range of industries.
The following document is an exhaustive compilation of technical terms used in process weighing, courtesy of BLH Nobel.
PR Electronics 3000 Series High Performance Temperature Transmitters and Sign...Power Specialties, Inc.
The 3000 series gives you high accuracy, fast response time and low temperature drift – without compromise. All 6 mm devices can be mounted on a standard DIN rail or power rail with no air gap separation.
PR Electronics Signal Conditioning & Communication Interfaces Product CatalogPower Specialties, Inc.
Offering a wide range of analog and digital devices covering over a thousand applications in industrial and factory automation: Temperature transmitters and sensors.; I.S. Interfaces; Communication Interfaces ; Multifunctional signal conditioning devices; Isolation.
Yokogawa Model GX10/GX20/GP10/GP20 Paperless Recorder First Step GuidePower Specialties, Inc.
The GP series is an industry-first multi-point touch panel, to improve intuitive and smart operator control. Users can scroll, pan, zoom historical data, and even write freehand messages on its dust-proof and water-proof display. It delivers industry leading reliability and measurement accuracy. The GP series is ideally suited for monitoring or troubleshooting long term physical or electrical trends.
The GX series is an industry-first multi-point touch panel, to improve intuitive and smart operator control. Users can scroll, pan, zoom historical data, and even write freehand messages on its dust-proof and water-proof display. The Yokogawa GX series delivers industry leading reliability and measurement accuracy. Its custom graphics accommodates application or process-specific displays, while a wide range of communication protocols guarantee compatibility with your network architecture. It's simple for operators to view and retrieve past data with automatic email and FTP notifications.
Established in 1967, Power Specialties was founded on the concept that customer service is of primary importance. Our staff of Sales Engineers are well trained in the application and selection of instrumentation and control products. Specializing in providing instrumentation and control solutions for industry:
Ethanol / BioFuel
Agricultural and Specialty Chemical
Power
Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing
Oil and Gas Production
Combustion sources such as furnaces and red heaters play a critical role in the process industry. Unfortunately, combustion requires large amounts of fuel (gas, fuel oil). As a result, combustion efficiency directly influences the performance and operational costs of production facilities. However, efficiency is not the only concern. Compliance and safety are major challenges as well.
Read this eBook to read more on combustion and fired heater optimization and deploy an analytical approach to improving safe & efficient operations.
High-accuracy KIS load cell have several features that distinguish it from other load cells. They are easy to install and extremely accurate, even when subjected to dynamic process forces and severe environmental conditions. Due to the double cantilever design, they have a floating load point and are not affected by side forces up to 100%, making them excellent choices for applications with to thermal expansions, vibrations and side force disturbances.
Yokogawa Smartdac+ Data Acquisition & Control for Paperless Recorders Type GX...Power Specialties, Inc.
Measure, display and record process data with greater levels of clarity, intelligence and accessibility. The concept begins with the all-new GX/GP, an integrated I/O and recording system with a familiar touch operator interface. Highly adaptable, very capable and easy to operate is the new GX/GP.
Rotary and Linear Damper Drives for Control of Combustion Air and Flue GasPower Specialties, Inc.
Combustion air and flue gas damper drives fill a critical role requiring safety, accuracy and reliability above all else. It is critical to deploy the best drive technology to maximize combustion efficiency, minimize emissions and reduce installation costs.
Type K Rotary Drives for Industrial Applications by Power SpecialtiesPower Specialties, Inc.
The Type K Range offers rotary and linear pneumatic damper drives for utility power plants, refineries, powerhouse boilers, furnaces and process heaters that require precise combustion air and flue gas handling solutions. Type K damper drives have proven to increase boiler efficiency, reduce maintenance, lower fuel consumption and reduce harmful emissions.
The G5 Instruments are high performance single-channel weight indicators (PM model, panel mounted) or weight transmitters (RM model, DIN rail mounted) intended for industrial systems.
The basic function is to convert the signals from strain gauge transducers to useful weight information. Transducer excitation is included as well as parameter controlled signal processing, indication of output levels, error supervision and operation of optional external equipment.
As long as the error supervision detects no error, a signal called ‘In process’ is then present but if an error is detected, ‘In process’ will be off and a specific error message will be displayed. ‘In process’ can be set to control any digital output. Note that there are weighing channel specific and instrument specific error detection.
All functions in the G5 Instrument are controlled by set-up parameters. Setting of parameter values can be done from the PM front panel. Set-up of a RM model must be done with a web browser in a PC that is connected to the instrument via Ethernet. Maintenance functions can be accessed locally (PM) or remotely (PM and RM).
Yokogawa understands very well that reliable, high-performance field- wireless solutions are important for end-users to trust and adopt field wireless in their plants.
Excellent Airflow Measurement & Control Technical Reference: The Air Monitor ...Power Specialties, Inc.
While this is Air Monitor's industrial product catalog, it is also EXCELLENT TECHNICAL REFERENCE manual for a wide variety of airflow technical data.
Air Monitor has been delivering airflow measurement solutions since 1970 and is the premier solutions provider for Industrial Process and Power Generation markets with expertise in differential pressure and thermal dispersion measurement technologies.
This modular hardware and software is unique in the world and has world leading specifications and software development for false positive minimization and maximum flexibility for specific in-situ customer needs.
The systems can be for above ground and buried pipelines, with sensitivity and performance appropriate for each type or combined above and below ground installations.
In the digital world, state of the art transmitters are required to
communicate with other eld devices in order to deliver the full potential of advanced diagnostics. An example being the PST (Partial Stroke Testing) of Valves, where the downstream D/P transmitter must communicate the change in owrate to the control valve to verify that it is still fully functional.
DPharp Pressure transmitters provide an extensive choice of open industrial protocols such as HART, BRAIN, Foundation Fieldbus, Pro bus PA, EDDL and FDT/DTM. This enables the most ef cient con guration of your instrumentation using the protocol of your choice.
DPharp for the digital world meets the present and future demands of the process automation industry, by providing a best in class, reliable, interoperable series of pressure transmitters.
Resistance thermometer sensors (RTSs) and thermocouples are the temperature sensors most widely used in industrial
temperature measurement. They have the advantages of simple construction and ease of use, making for convenience in
measurement.
However, if correct application methods based on the proper standards are not followed, highly accurate measurements
cannot be expected.
This document is a compendium of the basic data relating to resistance thermometer sensors and thermocouples. *This
second edition reflects IEC and JIS revisions (thermocouples) of July 1995. We hope that this document will aid you in
comparing the various underlying standards from an international viewpoint, and in deciding which standards to follow.
This document also provides information on vital parameters such as operating temperature ranges and tolerances.
This BLH handbook is intended to educate the user regarding the proper selection ofelectronic weighing systems used in hazardous locations. This document does not cover the installation of equipment as this is typically the responsibility of the installing electrician and/ or engineering design rm. Information contained herein has been compiled from a number of published sources and condensed to cover the subject as related to electronic weighing equipment only.
The DX2000 is a DAQSTATION that displays real-time
measured data on a color LCD and saves data on a
CompactFlash memory card (CF card). It can be hooked
up to network via Ethernet, which enables to inform by Email
and to monitor on Web site as well as to transfer files by using FTP. Also, it can communicate with Modbus/RTU or Modbus/TCP
Safety is an important consideration in process design. Safety integrity level (or SIL) is often used to describe process safety requirements. However, there are often misconceptions or misunder- standings surrounding SIL. While the general subject, functional safety and SIL, can be highly technical, the general ideas can be distilled down to a few readily understandable concepts. In this paper, we will discuss what SIL is, why it is important, what certification means, and the implications and benefits of that certification to the end user.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Yokogawa Variable Area Flowmeter
1. The clear path to operational excellence
Yokogawa´s
Rotameter Catalogue
Variable Area Flowmeter
Rotameter – The Original
BU01A08A08-E-E
2. The clear path to operational excellence
Page 2
Table of Contents
1 Foreword 3
2 Principle of Operation 4
3 Rotameter Overview 5
4 Rotameters Selection Table 7
RGC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve 8
RGC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve 10
RGC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve 12
RGC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve 14
RGC2 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve 16
RGC2 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve 18
RGC4 MODEL 20
RQC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve 22
RQC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve 24
6 Customer Standards 26
7 Best Practises for Installation of Rotameters 27
8 Introduction of Metal Rotameters 28
9 Yokogawa Flow-Solutions Overview 30
10 Applications 31
11 Yokogawa European Sales Offices 32
3. Page 3
Welcome to the 2nd edition of Yokogawa’s Glass Rotameter Catalogue.
With this edition we introduce the new RGC4 Rotameter which replaces the RGC3 model. The RGC4
model will now complete the porfolio of our proven selection of Glass and Plastic Rotameters. These
simple and affordable flowmeters have a very broad application range, smart design and decades of
reliable performance.
In these days when environmental management has finally found its way into our minds and
enterprises, the pure mechanical principle of the Rotameter regains even more momentum. For
manufacturers it is important to optimize productivity, consume less energy and reduce energy
costs. Using Rotameters with their comparably low pressure loss results in low pumping costs and
therefore energy savings. Rotameters work without power and are therefore sustainable. The new
RGC4 can be completely disassembled and consists from recyclable materials only. The RGC4
design, made from common standard components and parts being used from other Yokogawa flow
products, leads to a synergy effect in production and to resource and energy conservation. This is
key to sustainable future Yokogawa takes into account at every stage of the product lifecycle. Think
of your carbon foot print – use Rotameters!
1 Foreword
4. The clear path to operational excellence
Page 4
A Rotameter measures the flow of liquids, gases and steam by using a float inside a tapered tube.
The medium passes through the metering tube from bottom to top and consequently rises the
float until there is an annular gap between the inside surface of the metering tube and the float and
equilibrium of the following forces has been achieved.
Buoyancy / Gravity / Friction force
ROTA developed the form of the rotating float which provides self stabilization. In case of glass and
plastic tubes you can simply view the float position to get a reliable reading of the flow rate from the
top of the float.
The Rotameter principle is one of the oldest and mature principles in flow measurement. This
mechanical principle is as simple as it is reliable.
2 Principle of Operation
Gravity
Flow
5. Page 5
Trust your own eyes: Rotameter RGC & RQC Series
The flow tube is transparent giving you full insight into process and position of the float – a scale
located on the tube indicates the true flow rate.
The Rotameter gets its name from the rotating float which was developed by ROTA to provide self
stabilization.
A Rotameter is truly modular flowmeter. The variety in cones, floats and scales combine to make the
Yokogawa Rotameter suitable for a very wide range of Applications.
RGC1 series
Glass Rotameter
RGC2 series
Glass Rotameter
RQC1 series
Plastic Rotameter
RGC4 series
Glass Rotameter
Page 5
3 Rotameter Overview
6. The clear path to operational excellence
Step 1: Use the table below to find the correct model based on accuracy, fluid type and flow rate.
Step 2: Detailed specification, drawing and ordering information can be found in the relevant page in
the Model Description section.
Page 6
RGC1 series RGC2 series
4 Rotameters Selection Table
Rotameter Type Process Connection Additional
Model Size Material Features
Glass
1
/4
” NPT
None
RGC1
Polypropylene
Glass
Female
None
Glass
1
/4
” NPT
Flow adjustment valve
RGC1
Polypropylene
Glass
Female
Flow adjustment valve
Glass
1
/4
” Rp
Easy tube replacement design
RGC2
Stainless Steel
with flow adjustment valve
Glass
Female
Easy tube replacement design
with flow adjustment valve
1
/2
” G
RGC4 Glass 1” G Stainless Steel None
2” G
1
/4
” Rp
RQC1
Plastic
Polyamide None
Female
1
/4
” Rp
RQC1
Plastic
Polyamide Flow adjustment valve
Female
*Acc. to Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2 (qG=50%)
7. RGC4 series RQC1 series Customer Standards Metal Rotameters
Permitted Operating Maximum Flow Accuracy* Page
Conditions Water (20ºC) Air (20ºC, 1 bar abs.)
max. 16 bar
1l/h … 110 l/h 16 l/h … 1600 l/h
4% 10
max. 80ºC 25 ml/h … 63 l/h 1,9 l/h … 2400 l/h 2.5% 14
max. 16 bar
1l/h … 110 l/h 16 l/h … 1600 l/h
4% 12
max. 80ºC 25 ml/h … 63 l/h 1,9 l/h … 2400 l/h
2.5% 16
max. 16 bar 25 ml/h … 63 l/h 1,9 l/h … 2400 l/h 2.5% 18
max. 80ºC 25 ml/h … 63 l/h 1,9 l/h … 2400 l/h 1.6% 20
max. 16 bar
100 l/h … 10.000 l/h 1600l/h … 160 m³/h 1.6% 22
max. 100ºC
max. 10 bar
/
180 l/h … 1600 l/h
4% 24
max. 60ºC
max. 10 bar
/
180 l/h … 1600 l/h
4% 26
max. 60ºC
Step 3: If necessary Contact your local sales representation for additional informations or visit our
website at www.rotameter.eu
For further information visit our website at www.yokogawa.com/eu
Page 7
8. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC1
RGC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve
Metering tube: 75mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for
measurement of low liquid and gas flows.
Benefits
• Cost-effective solution
• Space-saving design
• Negligible pressure loss
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Flow / No-flow indication
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” NPT female
Material: Polypropylene
Metering tube Length: 75 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid: Stainless Steel
for gas: Glass ball
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C),
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
4% (qG
=50%)
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
Page 8
9. RGC1
Flow Tables
Water (20°C)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
1 RGC1000
2,5 RGC1001
4 RGC1002
6 RGC1003
10 RGC1004
15 RGC1005
26 RGC1006
40 RGC1007
63 RGC1008
110 RGC1009
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
16 RGC1020
40 RGC1021
65 RGC1022
100 RGC1023
160 RGC1024
250 RGC1025
400 RGC1026
630 RGC1027
1000 RGC1028
1600 RGC1029
Dimensions [mm]
RGC1 without valve
Process connection: ¼’’ NPT Female
Page 9
10. RGC1
The clear path to operational excellence
RGC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve
Metering tube: 75mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for
measurement of low liquid and gas flows.
A needle valve is integrated on the inlet of the
Rotameter for flow adjustment.
Benefits
• Cost-effective solution
• Space-saving design
• Negligible pressure loss
• Fine adjustment of flow
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Flow / No-flow indication
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” NPT female
Material: Polypropylene
Metering tube Length: 75 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid: Stainless Steel
for gas: Glass ball
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Valve material Silver seat; Buna gasket
Stainless steel spindle
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
4% (qG
=50%)
Page 10
11. RGC1
Flow Tables
Water (20°C)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
1 RGC1040
2,5 RGC1041
4 RGC1042
6 RGC1043
10 RGC1044
15 RGC1045
26 RGC1046
40 RGC1047
63 RGC1048
110 RGC1049
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
16 RGC1060
40 RGC1061
63 RGC1062
100 RGC1063
160 RGC1064
250 RGC1065
400 RGC1066
630 RGC1067
1000 RGC1068
1600 RGC1069
Dimensions [mm]
RGC1 with valve
Process connection: ¼’’ NPT Female
Page 11
12. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC1
RGC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve
Metering tube: 150mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for
measurement of low liquid and gas flows.
Benefits
• Cost-effective solution
• Negligible pressure loss
• Better accuracy readability due to
longer metering tube
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Laboratory process
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” NPT female
Material: Polypropylene
Metering tube Length: 150 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid gas : Titanium
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
2.5% (qG
=50%)
Page 12
14. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC1
RGC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve
Metering tube: 150mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for measurement
of low liquid and gas flows.
A needle valve is integrated on the inlet of the
Rotameter for flow adjustment.
Benefits
• Cost-effective solution
• Negligible pressure loss
• Better accuracy readability due to longer
metering tube
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Laboratory process
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” NPT female
Material: Polypropylene
Metering tube Length: 150 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid gas : Titanium
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Valve material Silver seat; Buna gasket
Stainless steel spindle
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
2.5% (qG
=50%)
Page 14
16. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC2
RGC2 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve
Metering tube: 150mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for measurement
of low liquid and gas flows.
A needle valve is integrated on the inlet of the
Rotameter for flow adjustment.
Benefits
• Easy assembly disassembly of the metering
tube without disconnecting Rotameter
• Designed for aggressive applications
• Negligible pressure loss
Applications
• Laboratory processes
• Chemical processes
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” Rp female
Material: Stainless Steel
Metering tube Length: 150 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid gas : Titanium
Gasket material PTFE/Viton (FPM)
Valve material Silver seat; Viton gasket
Stainless steel spindle
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
2.5% (qG=50%)
Page 16
17. RGC2
Flow Tables
Water (20°C)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
25 (ml/h) RGC2200
63 (ml/h) RGC2201
160 (ml/h) RGC2202
400 (ml/h) RGC2203
1 RGC2204
1,6 RGC2205
2,5 RGC2206
4 RGC2207
6,3 RGC2208
10 RGC2209
16 RGC2210
25 RGC2211
40 RGC2212
63 RGC2213
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
1,9 RGC2220
4,4 RGC2221
10 RGC2222
23 RGC2223
50 RGC2224
70 RGC2225
100 RGC2226
180 RGC2227
250 RGC2228
400 RGC2229
630 RGC2230
1000 RGC2231
1600 RGC2232
2400 RGC2233
Dimensions [mm]
RGC2 without valve
Process connection: ¼’’ Rp Female
Page 17
18. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC2
RGC2 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve
Metering tube: 300mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for measurement
of low liquid and gas flows.
A needle valve is integrated on the inlet of the
Rotameter for flow adjustment.
Benefits
• Easy assembly disassembly of the metering
tube without disconnecting Rotameter
• Designed for aggressive applications
• Negligible pressure loss
Applications
• Laboratory processes
• Chemical processes
• Gas analysis
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” Rp female
Material: Stainless Steel
Metering tube Length: 300 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid gas : Titanium
Gasket material PTFE/Viton (FPM)
Valve material Silver seat; Viton(FPM) gasket
Stainless steel spindle
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 80°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
1.6% (qG
=50%)
Page 18
19. RGC2
Flow Tables
Water (20°C)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
25 (ml/h) RGC2400
63 (ml/h) RGC2401
160 (ml/h) RGC2402
400 (ml/h) RGC2403
1 RGC2404
1,6 RGC2405
2,5 RGC2406
4 RGC2407
6,3 RGC2408
10 RGC2409
16 RGC2410
25 RGC2411
40 RGC2412
63 RGC2413
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
1,9 RGC2420
4,4 RGC2421
10 RGC2422
23 RGC2423
50 RGC2424
70 RGC2425
100 RGC2426
180 RGC2427
250 RGC2428
400 RGC2429
630 RGC2430
1000 RGC2431
1600 RGC2432
2400 RGC2433
Dimensions [mm]
RGC2 without valve
Process connection: ¼’’ Rp Female
Page 19
20. The clear path to operational excellence
RGC4
RGC4 MODEL
Description
This type of Rotameter is designed for a wide
measuring range of liquid and gas flows.
Benefits
Robust and sturdy construction
High measuring accuracy
High readability
Applications
• Industrial processes
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Water circuits
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ½” up to 2” G female
Material: Stainless Steel
Housing Material: Stainless Steel
Metering tube Length: 300 mm
Material: Borosilicate (Duran 50)
Float material for liquid : Stainless Steel
for gas : PTFE
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Permitted operating conditions Max. 16 bar (@20°C)
Max. 100°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
1.6% (qG
=50%)
Page 20
21. 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
L
øD
RGC4
Flow Tables
Water (20°C)
Max. Flow Connection Part number
[l/h] Size
100 ½“ RGC4700
160 ½“ RGC4701
250 1“ RGC4702
400 1“ RGC4703
630 1“ RGC4704
1000 1“ RGC4705
1600 1“ RGC4706
2500 1“ RGC4707
4000 2“ RGC4708
6300 2“ RGC4709
10000 2“ RGC4710
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow Connection Part number
[l/h] Size
1600 ½“ RGC4720
2500 ½“ RGC4721
4000 1“ RGC4722
6300 1“ RGC4723
10 [m³/h] 1“ RGC4724
16 [m³/h] 1“ RGC4725
25 [m³/h] 1“ RGC4726
40 [m³/h] 1“ RGC4727
63 [m³/h] 2“ RGC4728
100 [m³/h] 2“ RGC4729
160 [m³/h] 2“ RGC4730
Dimensions [mm]
RGC4 all tubes
Process Connection Dimension L
Diameter ØD [mm]
½“ 375
1“ 375
2“ 375
Process connection: ½” up to 2” G female
Page 21
22. The clear path to operational excellence
RQC1
RQC1 MODEL Without adjustment valve
Metering tube: 75mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is especially designed for
measurement of gas flows.
Benefits
• Low cost solution
• Space-saving design
• Negligible pressure loss
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Control panels
• Flow / No-flow indication
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” Rp female
Material: Polyamide
Metering tube Length: 75 mm
Material: Polyamide
Float material Niro Ball
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Permitted operating conditions Max. 10 bar (@20°C)
Max. 60°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
4% (qG
=50%)
Page 22
23.
RQC1
Flow Table
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
180 RQC1000
250 RQC1001
400 RQC1002
630 RQC1003
1000 RQC1004
1600 RQC1005
Dimensions [mm]
RQC1 without valve
Process connection: ¼’’ Rp Female
Page 23
24. The clear path to operational excellence
RQC1
RQC1 MODEL With built-in adjustment valve
Metering tube: 75mm
Description
This type of Rotameter is especially designed for
measurement of gas flows.
A needle valve is integrated on the inlet of the
Rotameter for flow adjustment.
Benefits
• Low cost solution
• Space-saving design
• Negligible pressure loss
Applications
• Visual fluid monitoring
• Control panels
• Flow / No-flow indication
• …
Technical data
Process Connection Size: ¼” Rp female
Material: Polyamide
Metering tube Length: 75 mm
Material: Polyamide
Float material Niro Ball
Gasket material Buna (NBR)
Valve material Polyamide seat; Buna gasket
Stainless steel spindle
Permitted operating conditions Max. 10 bar (@20°C)
Max. 60°C
Measuring span 10:1
Measuring accuracy
Acc. Directive VDI/VDE 3513, sheet 2
4% (qG
=50%)
Page 24
25.
RQC1
Flow Table
Air (20°C, 1 bar abs.)
Max. Flow [l/h] Part number
180 RQC1200
250 RQC1201
400 RQC1202
630 RQC1203
1000 RQC1204
1600 RQC1205
Dimensions [mm]
RQC1 with valve
Process connection: ¼’’Rp Female
Page 25
26. The clear path to operational excellence
6 Customer Standards
No limitation:
Rotameter customized solutions
The Rotameter is known all over the world
as a reliable measurement instrument and
nowadays is synonymous with the variable
area flowmeter principle. We built this
reputation on customer oriented solutions.
We have the ability to design and manufacture
customer specific solutions made of glass or
plastic.
Most custom-made Rotameters contain
different sizes, special materials and scales or
individual flow ranges.
Once the standard is created it leads to short
response time and high quality.
Customer standards are suited for a
continuous supply of a larger amount of
custom-made Rotameters.
All you need to do is tell us what is necessary
to fulfil your requirements and we will provide
the solution.
Our customers have the opportunity to
develop with us a specific solution for their
application and take advantage of our 100
years experience.
Please contact our Technical Sales Team for
your customized Rotameters.
Page 26
27. 7 Best Practises for Installation of Rotameters
Extract from VDI/VDE 3513 - Part 3
• Rotameters must be vertically oriented (flow direction: bottom to top).
• It is absolutely imperative to avoid stress resulting from the connecting pipeline.
• Rotameters must be shielded from pipeline vibration by taking suitable installation measures.
Rotameters must be safeguarded from pulsations in the measured medium.
• Disturbance-free inlet and outlet sections are generally not required. However, in case of gases
measurement a straight, undisturbed length of approx. 5 times the internal pipe diameter is
recommended.
• For gases, in order to avoid measuring errors, it is advisable to select the arrangement such that the
pressure in the Rotameter is as constant as possible and corresponds to the calibration pressure.
Page 27
28. The clear path to operational excellence
What makes this Rotameter different from other
brands is known by many users, who value the
ease of installation and trouble-free operation.
At first glance the instrument looks impressive
with its all stainless steel design. A closer
look reveals a unique patented “blocked float
indication system”. If you value flexibility in a
flowmeter – from the measurement of air to
highly aggressive liquids – in situ replacement
of the indicator without degradation of
performance – the interchangeability of floats –
then the RAMC is for you.
The RAMC combines all the advantages of
the variable area principle with robust design,
reliable measurement, with or without power,
HART®
or Profibus PA, culminating in a truly
universal flowmeter for gases, liquids and steam
applications.
Operational safety is of the utmost importance
in any flowmeter, and the RAMC is no exception
– wetted parts are available in a variety of
materials, and intrinsically safe outputs or an
explosion proof housing are available as an
option.
Already in 2005 the well-known independent
organisation Exida®
made a hardware
assessment according to the relevant
functional safety standards like IEC 61508.
The assessment consists of a Failure Modes,
Effects and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA).
From the FMEDA failure rates are determined
and consequently the Safe Failure Fraction
(SFF) is calculated for the device. The result
of the FMEDA must be considered in order to
determine suitability for a specific Safety Integrity
Level (SIL).
The RAMC with 4…20 mA output or HART®
protocol is suitable for the use in safety-
instrumented systems according to IEC 61508-2
with SIL 1 level due to its unique and patented
blocked float indication system.
The RAMC with local indicator and either
standard or fail-safe limit switches can be used
up to SIL 2 level applications.
8 Introduction of Metal Rotameters
Robust and universal: Metal Rotameter Series RAMC
Page 28
Patented blocked float indication system
Retrofitable damping system for gas
applications
Extension for high/low temperature applications
Explosion proof housing available
HART®
protocol
Profibus PA
Suitable for SIL 2 applications
Special material like Monel or Hastelloy on
request
29. Small in size, big in performance: Metal Rotameter RAKD
The RAKD is the smaller brother of the RAMC
– is robust in design – for low flows and high
pressure applications.
The RAKD differentiates itself from other
comparable variable area meters by means of
light and guided float design. This feature avoids
oscillations caused by gas compressibility,
leading to very stable measurement. Further
the RAKD offers a wide range of process
connections.
With the FMEDA for the RAKD Yokogawa
is the first supplier to become complete to
provide safety excellence to all Metal Rotameter
applications.
The RAKD with either standard or fail safe limit
switches is suitable for safety applications up to
SIL Level 2. The RAKD configuration with valve
and flow controller reaches SIL Level 1.
Page 29
Easy to read display
All stainless steel design
Adjustment valve and flow controller available
Fast connection technique using Quickon
connector
Suitable for SIL 2 applications
30. Magnetic
Flowmeter
The clear path to operational excellence
Logo Type Message
January 17I, 2007
DESIGN PLANNING CENTER
DESIGN Campaign - Take up full digital merit for dp harp
Yokogawa’s six Flow Technologies provide a solution
for many flow applications:
• Variable area flowmeters
• Coriolis mass flowmeters
• Vortex flowmeters
• Magnetic flowmeters
• Ultrasonic flowmeters
• DP flow with multivariable transmitter
Please do not hesitate to contact your local sales
representation for further information or visit our
website at www.yokogawa.com/eu.
Glass Rotameters
Variable Area Flowmeters
Metal Rotameters
Variable Area Flowmeters
9 Yokogawa Flow-Solutions Overview
(See bulletin 01A05A05-E-E)
Page 30
ROTAMASS
Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
Admag
Magnetic Flowmeters
DPharp
DP ‘Multivariable’ Flowmeter
US300
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
digitalYEWFLO
Vortex Flowmeters
31. Page 31
Gas analyser station
Control Panel
10 Applications
Over the last
hundred years
we have built up
a reputation for
Quality
Reliability
Safety.
Sampling Systems
Portable skid for gas measurement
Page 31