Yarn is the backbone of the textile industry and is defined as a continuous strand made of filament or material suitable for weaving, knitting, or other fabric construction methods. Yarns can be classified as simple, textured, or complex/novelty yarns. Simple yarns have equally distributed twists along their length making them smooth and uniform, while complex yarns have irregular non-uniform parts. Examples of complex yarns include ratine, spiral, knot, snarl or spike yarns which introduce variations in size and twist. The document concludes with definitions of key weaving terms such as warp, weft, and percales or percale weaves.

1. YARN
THE BACKBONE OF A TEXTILE AND A FABRIC
From: Deepak Kumar To: Mrs. Roopali Dame

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. EXPLAINATION
4. KEY TERMS
5. CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
YARN is the backbone of the textile industry. Without it,
it is impossible to make fabrics. Several techniques,
methods and numerous weaving and knitting styles are
used to make yarns into fabrics.
Yarns can be defined as ‘a continuous strand made of
textile filament or material, in form of suitable for
weaving, knitting, and other method of fabric
construction’.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF YARNS
COMPLEX YARNSSIMPLE YARNS TEXTURED YARNS
SINGLE STRAND YARN
PLY YARN
CORD YARNS
RATINE
SPIRAL YARN
KNOT YARN
SNARL OR SPIKE YARN
STRETCH YARNS
HIGH BULK YARNS
LOOP-BULK YARNS
CURL OR LOOP YARN
FLAKE

5. SIMPLE YARNS
These are the yarns where the number of twists is
equally distributed along the length of the yarn.
They are smooth and uniform in diameter. Simple
yarn can be described as spun or filament yarns
based on the length of the fiber use to make them.
They are suitable for fabrics in which absorbency,
warmth, and a cotton like texture are required.

6. 3 CLASSES OF SIMPLE YARN

7. NOVELTY/COMPLEX
YARNS
This yarns have non-uniform parts and are irregular
at regular intervals. The irregularities are in size and
twist. This yarns are also called ‘fancy yarn’ or
‘novelty yarns’ because of their appearance and
effects they produce in the fabrics. Various type of
complex yarns are ratine, spiral yarn, knot yarn,
snarl or spike yarn, curl or loop yarn and flake yarn.

8. RATINE & LOOP, CURL, BOUCLE YARN
Bouclé, curl, gimp or looped yarns are created by loosely looping an
effect yarn around a base yarn.
Ratiné is a form of boucle with evenly spaced loops.
FIGURE 1. STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY OF
COMPLEX YARNS

9. BOUCLE/ CURL/ LOOP YARN STRUCTURE & FABRICS

10. FLECK/ FLOCK/ FLAKE/TWEED YARNS
Flake, flock or tweed yarns are distinguished from other yarns by
the tufts of fiber held to the base yarn. The binder holds the tufts
in place

11. SLUB YARN
A slub or thick spot in a yarn is created by varying the tightness of
the twist of the yarn at various intervals

12. SPIKE/SNARL YARN
Snarl yarn is a novelty yarn in which, the effect ply forms
alternating open loops along both sides of the yarn. Snarl
yarns are also known as spike yarns

13. KNOT/SPOT/NUB/KNOP YARNS
A nub or knot is created by tightly twisting an effect fiber around
the base fiber. The nub is most easily identified when the effect
and base yarns are of different colours.

14. SPIRAL YARN
Spiral yarns which has a gathered surface in the form of spirals,
commonly achieved by the twisting of one or two fine base
yarn.

15. TEXTURED YARNS
Highly twisted yarn generally with 1200 to 4000 TPM (twists
per meter) used for producing crepe effect in woven or knit
fabrics.

16. KEY TERMS
1.PERCALE OR PERCALOS
- The term describes the weave has a thread count of about 200 or higher and is noticeably
tighter than the standard.
- It is another term for linen, used for household purposes such as table linen.
2. WARP
Warp is the set of length (vertical) wise yarns.
3. WEFT
Weft or woof is the term for the (horizontal) yarn which is drawn through the warp yarn to
create yarns.
4. WEAVING
Weaving is the method of fabric production in which 2 sets of yarns or threads are
interlaced at right angles to form fabric or cloth

17. CONCLUSION
We have come to an end of yet another presentation. I hope the
terms, definitions, basic of yarns was clear and concise. Most
humble thanks to the audience throughout the session. Any
advices and suggestion to make the presentation more effective
will be appreciated.
And all thanks to Mrs. Roopali Dame for entrusting me with this
topic. Thank you for listening everyone. Have an amazing day,
ahead.