The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
2. timber as a sustainable building materialjbusse
Timber is a renewable and sustainable building material that can be harvested from managed forests and plantations. It has low embodied energy, stores carbon, and has reuse and recycling options at the end of its life. When used properly through good design, detailing, and maintenance, timber can provide durable construction with low environmental impacts over its full life cycle.
Man made boards like plywood and laminated boards provide benefits over plain wood like resistance to cracking, warping, and higher strength. Plywood is made from thin wood veneers glued together with grains alternating for strength and stability. Laminated boards are made of wood strips laminated and sandwiched between veneers. Chipboard is composed of compressed wood chips and flakes bonded with resin glue, coming in various grades including for floor panels.
Bamboo (Bambuseae) is a tribe of flowering perennial evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae; although, the forestry services and departments of many countries where bamboo is utilized as a building material consider bamboo to be a forestry product, and it is specifically harvested as a tree exclusively for the wood it produces, which in many ways is a wood superior in strength and resilience to other natural, fibrous building materials.In fact it is often referred to as a tree by cultures who harvest it as wood. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. In bamboos, the internodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, even of palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 35 inches within a 24-hour period, at a rate of 3 cm/h (a growth of approximately 1 millimeter (or 0.02 inches) every 2 minutes). Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.
The word bamboo comes from the Kannada term bambu, which was introduced to English through Malay.
Construction
Further information: Bamboo construction
Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
AAC is a lightweight, precast building material that provides structure, insulation, fire resistance, and mold resistance. It is produced using aggregates, sand, lime, cement, and water which are mixed with aluminum powder. This mixture is cast, foamed with hydrogen gas, and then steam cured in an autoclave. This makes the material strong and lightweight. AAC has advantages over other building materials like improved thermal efficiency, fire resistance, workability, environmental friendliness, and acoustic and moisture control properties. It is increasingly used in construction worldwide.
This document is a research paper on bamboo as a building material. It discusses bamboo's properties, uses, cultivation, and processing. Bamboo has high tensile strength, grows rapidly, and is widely used for construction, especially of rural housing, due to its strength, availability, and low cost. However, bamboo requires preservation techniques like smoking, whitewashing, or chemical treatments to resist insects and prolong its durability when used in construction.
This document discusses the use of bamboo as a building material. It begins with an introduction about bamboo's history as a low-cost construction material and its high strength-to-weight ratio. The objectives are to compare the strength of concrete beams and columns reinforced with bamboo and steel. The document then covers general uses of bamboo, properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, and modern construction techniques using bamboo. It describes testing done on bamboo- and steel-reinforced beams and columns, with results showing steel is 3-4 times stronger but bamboo is still a viable eco-friendly option. The conclusion is that bamboo can be used for construction due to its cost-effectiveness, renewability, and ability to bond with concrete
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
The document discusses design considerations for cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. It covers optimal CLT designs and applications, material properties, design resources, suitable projects, finishes, floor, wall and lateral designs. It also addresses vibration, fire, acoustic performance, connections, termite control, variations between manufacturers, design software, balancing strength with other factors, importation, and the CLT design and construction process when working with a supplier like SmartStruct.
This document discusses the properties, forms, uses, and advantages of aluminum. It notes that aluminum is a lightweight, non-ferrous metal commonly used today. It exists naturally in the earth as bauxite ore and can be extracted. Aluminum has high strength to weight ratio, good conductivity, and is corrosion resistant. It is used in various forms like casting, extrusion, sheets, foil and powder. Common applications include doors, windows, siding, kitchenware, cables, and vehicles where its properties allow replacement of heavier metals. Aluminum provides advantages like low weight, corrosion resistance, and ability to form useful alloys.
13 construction material from the futureMasoud Fayeq
The document summarizes 13 emerging construction materials, including translucent concrete that uses glass fibers to allow light transmission, sensiTiles with embedded fiber optics that twinkle as people walk on them, and electrified wood that incorporates wiring to power devices. It also discusses flexible honeycomb structures, paper-based countertops, self-repairing cement with microcapsules that seal cracks, strong yet lightweight carbon fiber, and bendable concrete reinforced with fibers.
This document discusses using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete instead of steel. It provides comparisons of properties between bamboo and steel, with bamboo having lower modulus of elasticity but higher strength than steel in some measures. The document outlines factors for selecting bamboo, how to protect it, placement in concrete, and advantages like strength, flexibility, cost effectiveness, and sustainability. Limitations include jointing techniques, flammability, and lack of universal design guidance. Overall, the document concludes that research shows bamboo can substitute for steel as reinforcement given proper treatment and norms are established.
This project proposes redeveloping a 2,200 square meter car park site located in the Furuset area of Oslo, Norway. Furuset developed in the 1970s and faces environmental and social challenges. The redevelopment aims to create an energy positive "Urban Village" through extensive use of wood and renewable energy like solar panels. It also promotes sustainability through car-free design, green spaces, urban agriculture, and biodiversity. The project would achieve carbon neutrality and a low carbon footprint using local materials like cross-laminated timber.
This document summarizes an institutional building project in China designed by SUP Atelier. The building, called THE-Studio, serves as a demonstration of sustainable design strategies and experimental platform for sustainable architecture suited to the local climate and culture of southwest China. Key features include the use of modular and prefabricated construction methods to minimize site disruption, integrated sustainable systems within building cavities, and a unique double-skin facade that combines vernacular rattan weaving with industrial technology. Passive design strategies take advantage of natural ventilation, daylighting, underground air tunnels, and renewable materials. Field tests confirmed the design achieved effective thermal, humidity and ventilation performance suited to the local moderate climate zone.
The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
2. timber as a sustainable building materialjbusse
Timber is a renewable and sustainable building material that can be harvested from managed forests and plantations. It has low embodied energy, stores carbon, and has reuse and recycling options at the end of its life. When used properly through good design, detailing, and maintenance, timber can provide durable construction with low environmental impacts over its full life cycle.
Man made boards like plywood and laminated boards provide benefits over plain wood like resistance to cracking, warping, and higher strength. Plywood is made from thin wood veneers glued together with grains alternating for strength and stability. Laminated boards are made of wood strips laminated and sandwiched between veneers. Chipboard is composed of compressed wood chips and flakes bonded with resin glue, coming in various grades including for floor panels.
Bamboo (Bambuseae) is a tribe of flowering perennial evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae; although, the forestry services and departments of many countries where bamboo is utilized as a building material consider bamboo to be a forestry product, and it is specifically harvested as a tree exclusively for the wood it produces, which in many ways is a wood superior in strength and resilience to other natural, fibrous building materials.In fact it is often referred to as a tree by cultures who harvest it as wood. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. In bamboos, the internodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, even of palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 35 inches within a 24-hour period, at a rate of 3 cm/h (a growth of approximately 1 millimeter (or 0.02 inches) every 2 minutes). Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.
The word bamboo comes from the Kannada term bambu, which was introduced to English through Malay.
Construction
Further information: Bamboo construction
Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.
This document provides information on gypsum board (drywall), including:
1. Gypsum is a mineral used to make gypsum board, which consists of a gypsum core bonded between paper facings.
2. Gypsum board has several advantages such as ease of installation, fire resistance, sound isolation, durability and economy.
3. There are different types of gypsum board for various applications, like regular board for walls/ceilings, fire-resistant Type X board, and moisture-resistant board for tiling.
AAC is a lightweight, precast building material that provides structure, insulation, fire resistance, and mold resistance. It is produced using aggregates, sand, lime, cement, and water which are mixed with aluminum powder. This mixture is cast, foamed with hydrogen gas, and then steam cured in an autoclave. This makes the material strong and lightweight. AAC has advantages over other building materials like improved thermal efficiency, fire resistance, workability, environmental friendliness, and acoustic and moisture control properties. It is increasingly used in construction worldwide.
This document is a research paper on bamboo as a building material. It discusses bamboo's properties, uses, cultivation, and processing. Bamboo has high tensile strength, grows rapidly, and is widely used for construction, especially of rural housing, due to its strength, availability, and low cost. However, bamboo requires preservation techniques like smoking, whitewashing, or chemical treatments to resist insects and prolong its durability when used in construction.
This document discusses the use of bamboo as a building material. It begins with an introduction about bamboo's history as a low-cost construction material and its high strength-to-weight ratio. The objectives are to compare the strength of concrete beams and columns reinforced with bamboo and steel. The document then covers general uses of bamboo, properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, and modern construction techniques using bamboo. It describes testing done on bamboo- and steel-reinforced beams and columns, with results showing steel is 3-4 times stronger but bamboo is still a viable eco-friendly option. The conclusion is that bamboo can be used for construction due to its cost-effectiveness, renewability, and ability to bond with concrete
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
The document discusses design considerations for cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. It covers optimal CLT designs and applications, material properties, design resources, suitable projects, finishes, floor, wall and lateral designs. It also addresses vibration, fire, acoustic performance, connections, termite control, variations between manufacturers, design software, balancing strength with other factors, importation, and the CLT design and construction process when working with a supplier like SmartStruct.
This document discusses the properties, forms, uses, and advantages of aluminum. It notes that aluminum is a lightweight, non-ferrous metal commonly used today. It exists naturally in the earth as bauxite ore and can be extracted. Aluminum has high strength to weight ratio, good conductivity, and is corrosion resistant. It is used in various forms like casting, extrusion, sheets, foil and powder. Common applications include doors, windows, siding, kitchenware, cables, and vehicles where its properties allow replacement of heavier metals. Aluminum provides advantages like low weight, corrosion resistance, and ability to form useful alloys.
13 construction material from the futureMasoud Fayeq
The document summarizes 13 emerging construction materials, including translucent concrete that uses glass fibers to allow light transmission, sensiTiles with embedded fiber optics that twinkle as people walk on them, and electrified wood that incorporates wiring to power devices. It also discusses flexible honeycomb structures, paper-based countertops, self-repairing cement with microcapsules that seal cracks, strong yet lightweight carbon fiber, and bendable concrete reinforced with fibers.
This document discusses using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete instead of steel. It provides comparisons of properties between bamboo and steel, with bamboo having lower modulus of elasticity but higher strength than steel in some measures. The document outlines factors for selecting bamboo, how to protect it, placement in concrete, and advantages like strength, flexibility, cost effectiveness, and sustainability. Limitations include jointing techniques, flammability, and lack of universal design guidance. Overall, the document concludes that research shows bamboo can substitute for steel as reinforcement given proper treatment and norms are established.
This project proposes redeveloping a 2,200 square meter car park site located in the Furuset area of Oslo, Norway. Furuset developed in the 1970s and faces environmental and social challenges. The redevelopment aims to create an energy positive "Urban Village" through extensive use of wood and renewable energy like solar panels. It also promotes sustainability through car-free design, green spaces, urban agriculture, and biodiversity. The project would achieve carbon neutrality and a low carbon footprint using local materials like cross-laminated timber.
This document summarizes an institutional building project in China designed by SUP Atelier. The building, called THE-Studio, serves as a demonstration of sustainable design strategies and experimental platform for sustainable architecture suited to the local climate and culture of southwest China. Key features include the use of modular and prefabricated construction methods to minimize site disruption, integrated sustainable systems within building cavities, and a unique double-skin facade that combines vernacular rattan weaving with industrial technology. Passive design strategies take advantage of natural ventilation, daylighting, underground air tunnels, and renewable materials. Field tests confirmed the design achieved effective thermal, humidity and ventilation performance suited to the local moderate climate zone.
The Learning Hub at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore is a new 8-storey, 38.3m tall educational building with 14,000 sqm of space. It was designed by Thomas Heatherwick to replace traditional lecture halls with spaces that encourage casual interaction between students and professors from different disciplines. The building features 12 tapering concrete towers containing flexible tutorial rooms that open onto a central atrium, with informal garden areas allowing students to collaborate or study. Its concrete construction was given an organic appearance through embedded drawings and textured surfaces to feel handcrafted.
History of Architecture- Lesson 10: From Rome to Constantinopoleİrfan Meriç
This document provides information about the evolution of building types from ancient Rome to Constantinople. It describes the layout of Roman baths from the 2nd-3rd century CE, including areas for bathing, changing, and exercise. It then discusses how after Constantine's legalization of Christianity in the 4th century, centrally planned and basilica-style buildings were adapted from Roman designs for new uses like mausoleums, baptisteries, and churches. Floor plans and images show examples of these building types from Constantinople between the 5th-12th centuries CE.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 9: Rome "Caput Mundi"İrfan Meriç
This document contains diagrams and information about Roman architecture and infrastructure. It includes a diagram labeling the parts of a typical Roman temple and an amphitheater. It also contains maps of the Imperial Forums of Rome from the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD, including the Forums of Trajan, Caesar, Augustus, and Nerva, as well as the Temple of Peace and Market of Trajan.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 8: Hellenismİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the spread of Hellenistic culture and architecture after Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BC. It mentions how Buddhism became Hellenized in Gandhara during the 2nd-3rd century, and provides examples of Hellenistic influence on art and architecture, including the Propylaia building in Athens and the cities of Pompeii, which incorporated both Hellenistic and Roman styles.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 7: Polis and Akropolisİrfan Meriç
The document summarizes several important structures from ancient Greek architecture between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. It includes the agora of Assos, a bouleuterion in Harikanda, and the theater of Epidauros. It also details some key structures on the Acropolis of Athens from this period, such as the Propylaea, the Temple of Athena Nike, and the Parthenon, including their architects and dates of construction.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 6: The Greek Templeİrfan Meriç
This document discusses Greek temples and the Persian royal palace of Persepolis. It describes the second temple of Hera on Samos from the 7th century BC and construction techniques used for Greek temples. It also provides details on the royal palace of Persepolis built between 518-460 BC, including its main staircase and hall of 100 columns.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 5: Anatolia and Greece in Bronze Ageİrfan Meriç
The Bronze Age in Anatolia and Greece saw the rise of important civilizations like the Mycenaeans and Minoans between 1700-1200 BC. Major cities included Hattusas in Anatolia, the origin of the Hittite civilization, and Troy which would later influence other societies. Notable archaeological sites from this period are the citadels and sanctuaries of Hattusas dating to 1600-1200 BC, as well as palaces uncovered at Pylos and Knossos on Crete dating to around 1300 BC and 1600 BC respectively, demonstrating the advanced urban planning of these Bronze Age peoples.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 4: Egyptİrfan Meriç
The architecture of ancient Egypt evolved over three main periods - the Archaic Period saw the unification of Egypt and early stone architecture, the Old Kingdom established absolute kingship and saw the construction of pyramids along the Nile, and the New Kingdom built large temples along the Nile connected by vast axes with Thebes emerging as the new capital city. Burial monuments were a core part of Egyptian architecture from early pyramid complexes like that of Zoser to later temples and mortuary structures built for pharaohs like Hatshepsut.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 3: Mesopotamiaİrfan Meriç
The document summarizes the rise and development of cities in Mesopotamia from 3500 BC to 600 BC. It describes the evolution from compact protected cities with temples and ziggurats as prominent structures during the Protoliterate Period, to the establishment of kingship and construction of monumental palaces during the Early Dynastic Period. In the Later Sumerian Period, empires rose with competing city-states and large ziggurats were built. Finally, during the Assyrian Period, the northern region flourished with planned cities dominated by royal palaces rather than temples.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 2:Evolution of "City" in Prehistoryİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the evolution of human settlements from ancient times to the development of cities. It describes how during the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 40,000-100,000 years ago, early humans lived in cave sanctuaries and created cave paintings expressing their beliefs. During the New Stone Age (Neolithic), around 10,000-3,000 years ago, settled communities developed and agriculture emerged as the climate changed and humans developed new relationships with nature. It then examines the rise of megalithic monuments like menhirs, dolmens, and tombs in places like France and Ireland around 3,000 BC as expressions of ritual and religion.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 1: Introİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the history of architecture through examining various buildings and structures from different time periods and cultures. It explores architecture through analyzing materials and techniques, physical contexts, cultural meanings, and representations of buildings over time. The document advocates considering all buildings as important and examining architecture through material, physical, and cultural lenses. It provides numerous examples of structures like the Parthenon, Hagia Sophia, and Pyramids of Giza to illustrate how architecture can be studied through different historical and cultural contexts.
Negative Effects of Stress on Human Healthİrfan Meriç
This document discusses the biological and psychological effects of stress on the human body. It describes how stress causes the body to produce hormones like cortisol that trigger a fight or flight response. When the body is in a constant stressed state, this can lead to negative health impacts. Biologically, prolonged stress can damage the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, immune and metabolic systems. Psychologically, stress is linked to increased anxiety, lack of focus, eating disorders and addictions. The document emphasizes that while stress responses evolved to deal with threats, modern lifestyles expose people to constant stress that the body is not adapted to cope with long-term. This prolonged stress takes a serious toll on both physical and mental health.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VIII - Mass housing İrfan Meriç
This document discusses key planning issues in mass housing development. It outlines factors like building density, quality, sustainability, and preventing neighborhood degradation over time. Maintaining acceptable standards, limiting illegal increases in density, and preventing problems like crime are important. The document also examines design considerations like access to units, ventilation, lighting, common spaces, and outdoor living areas. Different mass housing typologies are presented, like using a central core, horizontal blocks, and point blocks. The challenges of unusable outdoor space in some approaches are noted.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VII - Rest-recuperationİrfan Meriç
Sleeping requires rest and recuperation in a secure, quiet, and dim environment. Ideal sleeping conditions include a private, ventilated space with a bed and limited distractions. However, sleeping arrangements vary greatly between environments and cultures. Some sleep on mats, in crowded homes, on ships or trains, or in defensive "boxes" within a space. Contemporary bedrooms usually contain a bed positioned along a wall, with additional furniture like storage, tables, and chairs. Proper sleeping arrangements consider privacy, relationships, and space needed for other daily activities.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VI - Living room and tradİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the living room as a multi-functional space in the home where family and guests spend time together in social activities. It describes different terminology for living rooms across cultures and lists common activities that can take place, including socializing, entertainment, eating, studying, and child play. The living room requires flexible furniture arrangement to accommodate different uses and activities through defining zones, with proper clearances and distances between seating and circulation areas. Traditional homes integrated different functions like living, dining, and sleeping into one room, while modern living rooms feature various specialized furniture types to suit different purposes.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - V - Circulationİrfan Meriç
The document discusses circulation spaces such as halls, corridors, and staircases in buildings. It notes that circulation spaces are especially important in public buildings where they serve as monumental entrance halls, fluid corridors, and impressive staircases. However, in domestic settings, circulation spaces are minimized for economic reasons while still aiming for quality through ample dimensions and natural light. Corridors in particular can be boring spaces but there are ways to overcome this, such as overlapping circulation with activity spaces or including cupboards, doors, and other elements to determine the minimum required size. Staircases are important circulation areas that create space and allow different views of areas.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - IV - Interiorsİrfan Meriç
This document discusses the design considerations for human dwellings. It notes that dwellings should accommodate various human activities, including social interaction, rest, hygiene, nutrition, work and spiritual fulfillment. These activities require appropriate space, lighting, sensory conditions, furnishings and equipment defined by human bodily limitations. It also discusses territorial behaviors and privacy needs that influence dwelling design, such as intimate, personal, social and public zones. Architects must organize spaces to relate activities appropriately while addressing structure, access, dimensions, lighting and other predetermined or controllable conditions based on the context. Windows, doors and pathways also impact spatial relationships and characteristics.
Theory of Buildings ARCH 243 - III - Outdoorsİrfan Meriç
The document discusses different types of outdoor spaces around homes and factors that influence their design. It notes that outdoor spaces need to accommodate lifestyle needs like agriculture or provide breathing room in dense urban areas. The size and uses of outdoor space helps determine population density. Housing developers aim to maximize building density while planners try to control it. The document also discusses designing outdoor spaces for different family activities and how natural site conditions like slopes and winds can influence space design.
2. Ahşap
Her çağda ve her toplumda yaygın olarak kullanılan ahşap, her amaca
yanıt veren, doğal bir yapı malzemesidir. Özellikle cam, tuğla, taş ve
metale kıyasla, kolay şekil verilebilirliği işlenebilirliği ile en kullanışlı yapı
malzemesidir.
3. Ahşabın Tarihçesi
Ahşabın yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmaya başlaması tarihi, beton ve çeliğe
oranla çok daha eskidir. Ahşap,ilkçağ insanının barınma gereksinimlerini
karşılamak amacıyla kullandığı doğal bir yapı malzemesi olmuştur.
Ağaç kavuklarında başlayan barınma macerası daha sonra saz, kamış gibi
malzemelerle destek bulmuş, en sonunda da ahşap yığma ve karkas sistemine
geçilmiştir. Ahşap, zaman içinde kullanım biçimleri ve tekniğinde ciddi boyutlarda
değişim göstermemesiyle de ilginç bir malzeme olarak diğerlerinden ayrılır.
Örneğin ahşap çatı kuruluşunda ilk defa “Frigya'da”kullanılmış olan teknikler ile
bu günkü geleneksel teknikler birbirine çok benzer.
4. Ahşabın Anadolu'daki ilk örnekleri deyince akla ilk gelen Ege
Bölgesi'ndeki Dorik tapınaklarıyla, İÖ. 600-200 yıları arsında kayalara
oyulan basit odalardan oluşan Güneybatı Anadolu'daki “Likaya
Mezarları” olur.
Ahşabın yapılarda taşıyıcı iskelet malzemesi olarak kullanılmasındaki
en temel gelişme, 20.yüzyılın başlarına rastlar.I. Dünya Savaşı öncesi
ve savaş yıllarında değerli bir silah hammaddesi olan çeliğin yapı
alanından çekilmesi, ahşap malzemenin farklı fonksiyonlardaki
yapılarda ve daha rasyonel olarak kullanılması zorunluluğunu
beraberinde getirir.
Endüstri Devrimi sonrasında malzeme teknolojisindeki gelişmelere
paralel olarak mimari anlayış belirli ölçüde özgürlük kazanır. Gelişen
ekonominin ve teknik imkanların etkisiyle doğal ahşap yeniden
yorumlanarak, ahşaptan yeni kompozit ürünler elde edilmeye başlanır.
Endüstrinin gelişimiyle yeni boyutlar kazanan ahşap malzemenin
kullanım alanı genişlemiş ve esneklik kazanmıştır
5.
6.
7. Ahşabın yapı malzemesi olarak kullanımındaki ikinci büyük
aşama, II. Dünya Savaşı ve onu izleyen yıllarda olmuş. Savaş
sanayi kollarında geliştirilmiş olan sıcağa ve rutubete dayanıklı
yapay reçine tutkalları ahşap yapılarda da uygulanmaya
başlanmış. Varılan sonuçlar o kadar dikkat çekicidir ki,
gelişmeler, o dönemin pek çok yazarı tarafından yeni bir
Rönesans olarak nitelendirilir. Plastik esaslı tutkalların
geliştirilmesi ile tutkallı lamine konstrüksiyonları ortaya çıkmış,
bu da mimaride ahşap kullanımın çok değişik boyutlara
ulaşmasını sağlamıştır.
11. Neden Ahşap(Ahşabın Özellikleri)
Ahşap sağlıklıdır:toz çekmez, mekandaki rutubeti emip, salarak bir tür nem
düzenleyici görevi görür.
Ahşap ısının transferini engelleyen, havayla dolu hücreleri sayesinde
alternatifi olan malzemelerden daha yüksek ısı yalıtımı sağlar.
Ahşap ekonomiktir: İnşaat malzemesi olarak ahşabın ömrü 80 ila 100 yıl
olarak öngörülmekle birlikte ortaçağdan kalan birçok ahşap bina bu
sürelerin çok üzerine çıkılabildiğini göstermektedir.
Ahşap rakipsiz teknik özelliklere sahiptir: Malzemeler, sıcaklığın artmasıyla
genleşirler. Genişleme malzemelerin gücünde azalmaya neden olur. Çelik
binalarda kullanıldığında, ısıdaki artmanın bir sonucu olarak genleşir ve
göçer. Ahşap ısıya karşı neredeyse hiç genleşmez. Tam tersine;ısının
etkisiyle, kurur ve güç kazanır.
Ahşap ses izolasyonunda üstündür.
12. Ahşap çevre dostudur: Ahşap, üretiminde atık gaz olarak saf Oksijen
salınan tek yapı malzemesidir.
Ahşap kaynağı yenilenebilen tek yapı malzemesidir
Depremde zarar görmez. Yıkılsa bile içinde yaşayanlara zarar vermez.
Ahşabın yangına karşı direnci yüksektir
İşçiliği kolaydır, önemli alet ve makinelere ihtiyaç göstermez. Sonuç olarak
imalat çabuk yapılır.
Kimyasal maddelerin bir çoğundan zarar görmez.
Temizliği çok kolaydır. Yüzey kir tutmaz, yağmur yağdıkça kendini temizler.
Ahşap yüksek bir taşıma gücüne sahiptir;1 kilogram ahşap, 1 kilogram
beton ya da çelikten fazla yük taşır. Ahşap ile 250 metrelik açıklar kolonsuz
geçilebilmektedir.
14. 1-Yapılacak işin durumuna göre ahşap cinsinin belirlenmesi.
2-İş bitikten sonra ahşap bakımının yapılması.Bu genel kuralları
örneklendirelim : çürütme riski taşıyan yerlere (dış cephe ) kayın ,meşe
,kestane gibi doğal dayanımı yüksek ahşap tercih edilmeli.
3-Ahşabı sudan ve ahşabı tahrip eden canlılara karşı koruma önlemleri
alınması . (ahşap koruyucu kullanılması, ahşabın boyaması yapılması )
Ahşabın cinslerine göre doğal ömürleri vardır .Bu doğal dayanım ömürleri
iyi tercih yapmalı.(ahşabı seçerken)
15. 4- Ahşap kuru tutulmalı.Ahşap da nem oranı % 20 altında tutulmalı bu oran
artması veya azalması ile doğru orantılı çürüme olur.Nem artıkça ahşap şişer ve
kullanırken zorluklara neden olabilir.Ahşap ne kadar kuru ise ömrü o kadar uzun
olur. Örneğin ; Mısır piramitlerinde akça ağaçtan yapılmış tabutlar kullanılmış,
oysa akça ağaç dayanıklı üstün bir ahşap değildir. Ama Mısır da iklimin sıcak ve
rutubetsiz olması ahşabı korumuş ve günümüze kadar getirmiştir. Ahşabı kuru
tutma faaliyetinde en önemli şey boyamadır.Fakat boyama işleminde dikkat
etmemiz gereken etmen kullanılan boyanın su buharını geçirgen özelliğe sahip
olmasıdır. Biraz daha açarsak ahşap dış cephede yağmur v.s. etmenle ıslandığını
ve bu suyun ahşap çatlağından özüne işlediğinde , bu suyun güneşli havada
buharlaşıp çıkması gerekir .Eğer kullandığımız boya bu buharı salmazsa; ahşabın
içinde böceklerin, mantarların gelişmesine fırsat doğuracak , ahşabın
bozulmasını hızlandıracaktır. Sonuç : nefes alan boya ve macun kullanmalıyız. )
Ahşabı kuru tutmak için de geniş saçaklar, su basman seviyesine kadar
duvarların taştan yapılması gibi önlemler alınmıştır.
5- Teknoloji olağan üstü gelişti , çok üstün özelliklere sahip boyalar , vernikler
,ahşap koruyucuları geliştirilmiş … önemli olan doğru malzemeyi seçmek örnek:
parke zemine seçerken aşınmaya karşı dayanıklılığı artıran ürünü kullanmalı. Dış
cepheye seçerken ise güneşe dayanan ürün özelliği aranacaktır.
16. 6- Ahşap da sıva duvar gibi bakıma muhtaçtır. Nasıl evimizin duvarı 3-5 yılda
bir tekrar , tekrar boyayarak hem güzelleştiriyoruz hem de yeniliyorsak .
Ahşabımızı da gerektirdiği aralıklarda tekrar , tekrar bakımının yapılması
şarttır . Sonuç : işimize göre uygun ahşabın seçilmesi. Uygun malzeme ile
korunması .Su ,nem ve rutubetten korunması için önlemler alınması.
Periyodik aralıklarla bakımının sağlanması. Ahşabımızın yüz yıllar boyunca
sağlam kalmasına yeter.
17. Kullanıldığı Alanlar:
Ahşap Doğrama: Ahşap doğramalar genellikle yapı malzemesi
olarak kullanılır. Bunlar; kapı, pencere, yer döşemesi, dolap ve raf
olabilir.Kapı doğramaları: Bir yapıya girişi ve bölmeler arası geçişi
sağlayan yapı türüdür. Hareket biçimine göre kapılar, tek kanatlı, çift
kanatlı, sürme kapılar, döner kapılar ve akordeon kapı olarak çeşitlere
ayrılır..
18. Osb, Türkçe'de "Yönlendirilmiş Yongalevha" anlamına gelmektedir.
Osb, Yüksek Mukavemetli Neme Dayanıklı Levha'dır.(Yonga:ağaç
parçacıkları) Yüksek yük taşıma kabiliyeti, ortam koşullarına bağlı
olarak, boyut ve şeklinde değişiklik olmaması ve temiz bitişlerin
etkileyici görünümü OSB levhayı inşaat endüstrisinde ve dekoratif
amaçlı kullanımlarda ideal bir ahşap malzeme yapmıştır.
Çatı kaplamaları,, yer döşemesi, kombine ve tek uygulamalarda.
,her türlü iç dekorasyon işinde ve ambalaj sanayinde.
Mağaza, dükkan yapımı ve dekorasyonunda. Baraka ve prefabrik
yapıların iç bölmelerinde.
Depo, sahne, spor salonu, okul gibi mekanlarda. Sıra, masa yapımı gibi
marangozluk uygulamalarında.
Neme dayanıklı, düz ve izoleli satıhların yapımında. Taşıyıcı zeminler,
duvar ve ara bölme yapılarında. Duvar kaplamalarında.
19. Ahşap Taşıyıcı Elemanlar: Yapıya açıklık geçmek için kullanılan kirişler,
kafes kiriş, kutu kesitli veya tutkallı lamine kiriş elemanları ve
kabukları bu guruptadır. Ahşap günümüzde taşıyıcı eleman olarak
karkas duvar ve çatı kuruluşunda geleneksel yapı sistemlerine benzer
yöntemlerle uygulanmaktadır. Kullanılan ağaç türleri genellikle çam,
köknar, ladin, kayın, meşe ve kestanedir.Yapıdaki uygulaması geçme,
çivi, bulon veya tutkal gibi elemanlar kullanılarak yapılır.
Ahşap Pano Elemanları: Hazır duvar, döşeme ve çatı panoları şeklinde
yapıya giren bu tür elemanlarda genellikle suni ahşap kullanılmaktadır.
Dolu, boşluklu ve petek sistem adı bilinen ahşap pano sistemler, yapı
fiziği açısından her türlü gereksinmeyi karşılayan, günümüzün gelişmiş
yapı malzemeleridir
23. Masif parke
ahşabın kimyasal yapısına herhangi bir müdahalede bulunulmadan
doğal yapısı korunan ahşap yer kaplama malzemesidir. (örneğin: dolma bahçe
sarayı, topkapı sarayında hala ozaman döşenen parkeler yerinde tarihe meydan
okuyor.
Lamine parke,
genellikle iki ya da üç katman olarak üretilen parke çeşididir.
Alt katmanlarda genellikle düşük değerdeki herhangi bir ağaç ya da kontrplak
kullanılmaktadır.
Laminat parkede arada MDF kullanılır,doğal parke değildir. Lamine parkede
ise aradaki malzeme % 100 ağaçtır. Lamine parke, laminat parkeden bu yüzden
daha pahalıdır.
Laminat “sıkıştırılmış talaş üzerine reçine emdirilmiş kağıt baskıdır”. Parke
olarak değil, parke alt başlığında kullanılan güzel görünüşlü bir kaplama
malzemesidir.
24. AĞACIN (KERESTENİN) KURUTULMASI
Ağaçlar, ormanından kesildikten sonra veya kereste haline
getirildikten sonra kurutulmalıdır. Eğer ağaç kurutulmazsa iki
sakıncası vardır. Biri ağacın çürümesi diğeri ise çalışmasıdır.
Kurutma işlemi, ağaç bünyesindeki suyu uzaklaştırma işlemidir. Bu
işlem mutlaka kontrollü yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde kerestede
çarpılmalara, bozulmalara, çatlamalara neden olabilir. Kurutma iki
türlü yapılır; 1. Tabi Kurutma 2. Suni Kurutma
1. Tabii Kurutma; Genellikle iki şekilde yapılır.
a. Tabii hava şartlarında üstü kapalı alanlarda kurutma
b. Vantilatörlerle kurutma
Tabii kurutmanın sakıncaları
· Kurutma süresi uzundur.
· İstenilen rutubet derecesine kadar kurutulamaması.
· Kurutmanın uzun süre olmasından dolayı mantar ve böcek
zararlarına uğraması.
· Kurutmanın uzun süre almasından dolayı sermayenin bağlı
kalması, ticari açıdan ekonomik olmaması .
Tabii kurutmanın yararları
· Büyük bir tesise ihtiyaç göstermez,
· Ağaç tabii rengini muhafaza eder,
· Kullanım alanında rutubet alışverişi yapmamasından dolayı,
eşyada veya elemanda deformasyon olmaması.
25. Kurutma odasında kurutma
Kurutma kanalında kurutma
Yüksek frekansla kurutma
Radyasyonla kurutma
Vakumla kurutma
Kimyasal kurutma
Çözücü buharla kurutma
Bunlardan en yaygın
kurutma metodları, kurutma
odası ve kurutma kanalıdır.
Basit ve kullanılabilir
olması yönünden tercih
edilmektedir.
Suni Kurutma Metotları2-Suni Kurutma; Suni kurutma, kereste istifi çevresinden sıcak
hava dolaştırılmasıyla kereste bünyesindeki suyun sıcak hava yardımıyla uzaklaştırılması
işlemidir. Değişik metotlarla yapılır.
Suni Kurutmanın Faydaları
Kurutma süresi çok kısadır.
Bu nedenle mantar ve böcek zararlarına uğramaz.
.Daha kuru kereste elde edilir.
Suni kurutmanın sakıncaları
Ayrı bir tesis gerektirir.
Kerestede renk değişikliği görülebilir.
Kullanıldığı yerde ortam nemine yakın rutubet olacaktır. Bu da eşyanın ve elemanın rahat
çalışmasını engelleyecektir.