The document discusses the hobo spider, which is a European spider species that is not found in California. While it was once thought that the hobo spider could cause necrotic wounds like the brown recluse spider, research has not found evidence that the hobo spider's venom is dangerous to humans. Reports of hobo spider bites in areas where it does not live are likely misidentifications of common native funnel-weaving spiders that do not pose a threat. The document provides details on identifying spiders and explains that only an expert can reliably identify spider species.
Spiders, Are they scare you? Or do you scare them?
Actually It doesn't matter because Some spiders scare you and you scared some spider. The only difference is The venomous and power of it. Here we are going to share top 5 most venomous spiders in the word that often scared us if not kill!
Yeah, These spiders can easily kill human and domestic animals by injection venom to animal body.
Spiders, Are they scare you? Or do you scare them?
Actually It doesn't matter because Some spiders scare you and you scared some spider. The only difference is The venomous and power of it. Here we are going to share top 5 most venomous spiders in the word that often scared us if not kill!
Yeah, These spiders can easily kill human and domestic animals by injection venom to animal body.
Insects are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.
http://bit.ly/1tvBxTu
Insects are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.
http://bit.ly/1tvBxTu
In groups, start with a brainstorming session on what you know and do.pdfbermanbeancolungak45
In groups, start with a brainstorming session on what you know and don\'t know about
mosquitoes in general. The class will compare lists to see how much collective information we
can gather. Include, specifically, these questions in your brainstorming: Why were the
researchers planning to use only female mosquitoes? Why do female mosquitoes bite for a blood
\"meal\" in the first place? What do male and female mosquitoes live on as their main nutrient
source (if only females take blood meals)? Continuing in your groups, work on the following:
Based on the information above, write a plausible hypothesis that describes a possible
mechanism to explain the differences between the forest and domestic forms in terms of their
specific preferences for humans Based on your hypothesis, write one or more specific
predictions that you could experimentally test. Draw a cartoon of a specific experiment you
would want to design to test your predictions. During the lab meeting described in Part I of this
case study. Carolyn brought up the concept of \"what makes a species one species.\" The most
common way that scientists define species is called the \'biological species concept\" (BSC).
Define the BSC What are the criteria used in the BSC in define a species?
Solution
Blood-feeding as a behavioural adaptation is exceedingly rare in insects. Of the 1-10 million
insect species on earth, only ~10,000 feed on the blood of live animals. Among these, only about
100 species blood-feed preferentially on humans. When biting insects evolve to prefer humans,
they can spread diseases such as malaria and dengue fever with devastating efficiency. The
mosquito Aedes aegypti provides one of the best examples of specialization on humans. It
originated as a wild, animal-biting species in the forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa, where the
subspecies Ae. aegypti formosus is still often found living in forests and biting non-human
animals today. The derived non-African subspecies Ae. aegypti aegypti, in contrast, has evolved
to specialise in biting humans and thus has become the major worldwide vector of dengue and
yellow fevers.
The evolutionary adaptations that help subspecies aegypti exploit humans are most clearly seen
where it has been reintroduced along the coast of East Africa and is known as the ‘domestic’
form. Researchers investigating the outbreak of an unknown illness in Tanganyika in 1952
discovered homes heavily populated by brown-pigmented ‘domestic’ mosquitoes. Subsequent
work in the Rabai region of Kenya in the 1960s and 1970s showed that domestic mosquitoes
readily entered homes, preferred to lay eggs in nutrient-poor river and rain water stored in
containers indoors, were resistant to starvation as larvae, and had evolved a strong preference for
biting humans. Black-pigmented populations of the native African subspecies formosus, known
in Rabai as the ‘forest’ form, were found just hundreds of meters away avoiding homes, laying
their eggs in tree holes and ro.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Hobo Spider Integrated Pest Management
1. PEST NOTES Publication 7488
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources revised May 2006
Hobo Spider
The hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, is a European immigrant that has only been implicated as a potentially poisonous spider in the United States since the 1980s (Fig. 1). Another name commonly used for this spider is the aggressive house spider (although this spider is not aggressive). However, in seeking name stability, the American Arachnological Society has chosen “hobo spider” as the spider’s official common name. The name “hobo” is linked to the spider’s presumed spread to distant cities via the railways.
The hobo spider does not live in California and has never been documented in the state. There are many cases, however, of common related spiders being misidentified as hobo spiders by the general public and even by pest control operators. In North America, this spider lives in the Pacific Northwest from British Columbia east to Montana, Wyoming and Colorado and south through Oregon and northern Utah, so it is conceivable that its range may extend into the northernmost areas of California. However, there have been no documented verifications by a qualified arachnologist (spider specialist) to date.
Although once common in Seattle, the hobo spider apparently is being competitively displaced by another European Tegenaria (TEJ-in-Er-ee-uh) species so that it is now difficult (but not impossible) to find hobo spiders in Seattle. Hobo spiders are more common further east and are easily found around Salt Lake City, Utah. Interest in this spider has been growing in California because it supposedly causes necrotic (rotting flesh) wounds similar to brown recluse bites, another spider that does not occur in California. (For more information on the brown recluse, see Pest Notes: Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders, listed in “Suggested Reading.”) Some
Figure 1. Funnel web of an agelenid spider between bricks in a wall. Note hole at top, where spider often waits. members of the California medical community have read about the hobo spider and the effects of its venom and have started to diagnose hobo spider bites without proof of the spider. The purpose of this Pest Note is to offer current information on the status of the hobo spider in California.
IDENTIFICATION
The hobo spider is a member of the spider family Agelenidae, a common group that has many species throughout California and the United States. Agelenid spiders can have very dense populations in certain habitats. The members of this family construct a snare referred to as a funnel web, which is a trampolinelike, horizontal web constricting back into a funnel or hole (Fig. 2). The web is typically found in a crack between bricks or under wood, stones, or vegetation. The spider waits in the mouth of the funnel for prey to fall onto the horizontal surface, and then it rushes out, grabs the prey, and takes it back to its funnel to consume. If you go outside on a dewy morning, you can often see many of these funnel webs.
The hobo spider shares traits with many of its relatives in the Agelenidae family, including coloration and web- building characteristics. It is a brown spider about 1/4 to 5/8 inch in body length and lives in a funnel web. There are dozens of similar looking spider species in California that build funnel webs, including members of the genera Agelenopsis (2 species), Calilena (13 species), Hololena (21 species), Novalena (4 species), and Rualena (8 species). There is even a unique wolf spider genus, Sosippus (1 species), in California that, unlike its free-hunting relatives, builds a funnel web. Therefore, if you see a funnel web in California, there are many other spiders you should suspect before even considering the hobo spider as a possibility. None of these species causes necrotic wounds or serious injury to humans.
To distinguish funnel-weaving spider species, the arachnid’s reproductive structures must be examined, a task that requires the skills of a qualified arachnologist. Each spider species has a distinctive “lock and key” design of the male and female reproductive organs. Through evolution, the physical features of the males and females have become unique for each species and hence are used by arachnologists for
Integrated Pest Management in and Around the Home
Figure 1. The hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, does not live in California.
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May 2006 Hobo Spider
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Figure 2. (Top) Side view of spider body. Closeups show face of (a) an agelenid spider, Agelenopsis aperta, with eyes in three rows; and (b) the hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, with eyes in two rows.
species differentiation. Until someone has examined reproductive features on dozens of hobo spiders and also related species, it is unlikely that a hobo spider would be correctly identified with the naked eye. Therefore, virtually any “hobo spider” identification by a non-arachnologist in California should be suspect.
If you have access to a magnifying device (hand lens, microscope, etc.), there is an easy way to determine if the spider you have IS NOT a hobo spider. First, the spider must be associated with a funnel web; otherwise it could easily be one of the hundreds of other non-agelenid spider species in California. All funnel-weaving spiders have eight eyes arranged in two rows. If you look at the spider head on, however, most of the agelenid spiders in California have their two rows of eyes curved so strongly that it appears that their eyes are actually in three horizontal rows with four eyes in the middle row with two eyes above and two eyes below this row (Fig. 3a). This is known as the 2-4-2 eye pattern. Exceptions are the spiders of the genus Tegenaria, which have eyes that are in the more common pattern of two rows of four (Fig. 3b). This is also the most common eye pattern for spiders in general, and unless you remove the spider from a funnel web, it will probably not be a funnel- weaving spider.
Nonetheless, it is not uncommon to find a funnel-weaving spider with two straight rows of eyes in California. There are two species of Tegenaria in the state, T. pagana and T. domestica. Neither species is native to the United States. Their coloration is similar enough to that of the hobo spider, T. agrestis, that anyone except a spider expert might confuse them with the hobo spider. Tegenaria pagana is found in coastal California regions to slightly inland. Tegenaria domestica, however, is an extremely common spider, about 1/4 to 1/2 inch in body length, found throughout California often inside homes, as is evident by the name “domestica.” In fact, T. domestica is found throughout the world, having been carried by commerce. Neither of these spiders is considered poisonous to humans even though they are closely related to the hobo spider.
MEDICAL ASPECTS
Hobo spiders have been reported to have a bite that can leave a necrotic (i.e., rotting flesh) wound that progresses over several days—similar to that caused by a brown recluse bite. Another reported characteristic symptom of hobo spider bites is a headache that persists for 2 to 7 days and does not abate with analgesics (pain relievers).
In its native European habitat, the hobo spider venom is not considered poisonous to humans. A research study (still unpublished) was undertaken to compare hobo spider venom from both Pacific Northwest and European hobo spider populations. The venom from both populations was injected into the same strain of rabbits used in the initial research that implicated hobo spiders as potentially poisonous to humans. Neither venom in the study produced necrotic wounds in the rabbits.
Additionally, an editorial in the Annals of Emergency Medicine in 2004 examined the medical literature on hobo spider bites and found that there is only one case of a verified bite by a hobo spider that resulted in a necrotic skin lesion and this was in a person who had a pre-existing medical condition that also leads to necrotic skin lesions. Most of the basis for blaming the hobo spider is based on extrapolation from venom experiments with rabbits. As important as these experiments are, one must keep in mind that there are differences in animal response to spider venoms. As an example, brown recluse spider venom causes skin lesions in humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not mice or rats; Australian funnel web spiders are highly toxic to primates but not other mammals. Therefore, until a study is done with a series of verified bites of hobo spiders in humans resulting in skin lesions, it is more sensible to question the potential of hobo spider to cause skin lesions rather than to make the mistake of emphatically stating that it is a dangerous spider. The definitive proof is still lacking.
If you do get a necrotic wound in California, you and your medical professional should consider many other common causes to be much more prob
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May 2006 Hobo Spider
able than a bite from a hobo or brown recluse spider. If an arthropod is involved at all, one should first consider all those creatures that seek out mammals for blood meals and may cause necrotic-type wounds. These include mites, fleas, bed bugs, soft ticks, hard ticks, conenose bugs, and kissing bugs (see Pest Notes on Fleas, Bed Bugs, Conenose Bugs, and Lyme Disease in California listed in the “Suggested Reading”). In addition there is a long list of medical conditions and diseases that exhibit necrotic-type wounds. A few of these are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacterial infections; lymphomatoid papulosis (a non-Hodgkin’s disease lymphoma); diabetic ulcer; pyoderma gangrenosum; infected herpes simplex; herpes zoster (“shingles”); and Lyme disease. Any and all of these situations are more likely than the bite of a hobo spider in California.
MANAGEMENT
Because the hobo spider is not known to live in California, there is no need for control. However, reducing trash and rubble around the house and sealing windows and door jams will help to reduce the numbers of most spiders and other arthropods that can gain access into the home. In the garage (a well- known haven for spiders), use plastic bags tightly closed to store all gardening apparel (gloves, old shirts, boots) and sports gear (baseball mitts, roller skates) that is used only sporadically. Remember that this will minimize encounters with spiders, but not eliminate them completely.
Typically, pesticide control of spiders is difficult unless you actually see the spider and are able to spray it. There are various insecticides available in retail outlets labeled for spider control. It is just as easy and much less toxic to crush the spider with a rolled up newspaper or your shoe. Sticky traps placed along floorboards out of the reach of pets and young children offer a noninsecticidal way to trap spiders as well as provide an idea of population levels in the structure. You can also remove a spider from your home by placing a jar over it and slipping a piece of paper under the jar that then seals off the opening of the jar when it is lifted up. If you plan to send the spider to an expert for identification, try to keep it in an undamaged condition because a crushed specimen may be difficult to identify.
Suggested Reading
Binford, G. J. 2001. An analysis of geographic and intersexual chemical variation in venoms of the spider Tegenaria agrestis (Agelenidae).
Toxicon. 39:955-968.
Crawford, R., and D. K. Vest. 1989. The hobo spider and other European house spiders. Burke Museum Educ. Bulletin No. 1.
Greenberg, L., and J. H. Klotz. Sept 2002. Pest Notes: Bed Bugs. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7454. Also available online, http://www.ipm. ucdavis.edu.
Greenberg, L., and J. H. Klotz. Nov 2002. Pest Notes: Conenose Bugs. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7455. Also available online, http:// www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
Lane, R. S. Dec 2000. Pest Notes: Lyme Disease in California. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7485. Also available online, http://www.ipm. ucdavis.edu.
UC Statewide IPM Program. Nov 2000. Pest Notes: Fleas. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7419. Also available online, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
Vetter, R. S. In press 2006. Pest Notes: Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7468. Also available online, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
Vetter, R. S. 2000. Myth: Idiopathic wounds are often due to brown recluse or other spider bites throughout the United States. Western Journal of Medicine 173:357-358. Also available online, http://spiders.ucr.edu.
Vetter, R. and A. Antonelli. 2002. How to identify (and misidentify) a hobo spider. Washington State University Cooperative Extension Pest Leaflet Series #116. Also available online, http://pep.wsu. edu/pdf/PLS116_1.pdf.
Vetter, R. S. and G. K. Isbister. 2004. Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries? Ann. Emerg. Medicine 44:605-607.
Vetter, R. S., A. H. Roe, R. G. Bennett, C. R. Baird, L. A. Royce, W. T. Lanier, A. L. Antonelli and P. E. Cushing. 2003. Distribution of the medically-implicated hobo spider (Araneae: Agelenidae) and its harmless congener, Tegenaria duellica, in the United States and Canada. J. Med. Entomol. 40:159-164. v