International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses failures of inlet and exhaust valves in diesel engines. It begins by introducing the important functions of inlet and exhaust valves and the stresses they undergo. It then summarizes several key failure modes of valves including fatigue from cyclic loading, thermal failures from high temperatures, erosion and corrosion from exhaust gases, and wear of sealing faces. The document provides examples of each failure type and discusses factors that contribute to premature valve failure like deposits, improper maintenance, and material degradation from extreme operating conditions in diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of airframe maintenance and repair. It discusses the objectives of airframe repair which are to restore damaged parts to their original condition in terms of strength, contour, weight and shape. It also describes different types of damage classification and non-destructive inspection methods. Guidelines for rivet repair design and different types of welding, joints, and inert gas arc welding are explained. Maintenance of electric resistance welding equipment, composites inspection and rigging of aircraft and helicopter flight controls are also summarized.
Design Calculation of Venting for Atmospheric & Low Pressure Storage TanksKushagra Saxena
Storage Tanks are a very important part of a petroleum Industry, This software is based on the API Std. 2000, which calculates the design of Venting and its capacity for low pressure storage & atmospheric storage tanks in case of normal venting, due to thermal changes, and in case of fire exposure.
If you are in need of this software, Kindly contact at saxena.95kushagra@gmail.com
This document summarizes the design and analysis of an exhaust manifold expansion joint for a WDP4D diesel locomotive. The existing expansion joint design cracks due to high thermal stresses from exhaust gas temperatures over 600°C. A finite element analysis is performed to investigate fatigue phenomena. The analysis identifies high stresses in gaps in the existing design that reduce heat convection. The design is modified by increasing the bellow width and curvature area to improve heat transfer and reduce stresses. Thermal analysis of the modified design shows von Mises stresses under 150MPa, lower than the material yield strength, indicating the design is safe and cracks will not occur.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a thermal evaporation system for depositing thin films of silver onto glass substrates for solar cell applications. Key elements of the system include a vacuum deposition chamber, turbomolecular pump to reach pressures of 10-5 Torr, and a custom-built high current, low voltage AC power supply. Silver pellets were successfully evaporated at temperatures over 900°C in the chamber onto glass substrates through a mask, depositing a 75nm thin film with low resistivity. The system provides a means of physically vapor depositing thin metal films for solar cell contacts in a controlled vacuum environment.
This document describes the fabrication of a vortex tube using PVC. It was created by five students as their final year project at JNTUA College of Engineering in Pulivendula, India. The vortex tube separates compressed air into hot and cold streams without any moving parts. It has various applications in areas like cooling suits, refrigeration, aviation, and more. The students' project involved designing and building a PVC vortex tube, collecting experimental data on temperature separation at different pressure levels, and analyzing the thermodynamic processes involved.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document discusses failures of inlet and exhaust valves in diesel engines. It begins by introducing the important functions of inlet and exhaust valves and the stresses they undergo. It then summarizes several key failure modes of valves including fatigue from cyclic loading, thermal failures from high temperatures, erosion and corrosion from exhaust gases, and wear of sealing faces. The document provides examples of each failure type and discusses factors that contribute to premature valve failure like deposits, improper maintenance, and material degradation from extreme operating conditions in diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of airframe maintenance and repair. It discusses the objectives of airframe repair which are to restore damaged parts to their original condition in terms of strength, contour, weight and shape. It also describes different types of damage classification and non-destructive inspection methods. Guidelines for rivet repair design and different types of welding, joints, and inert gas arc welding are explained. Maintenance of electric resistance welding equipment, composites inspection and rigging of aircraft and helicopter flight controls are also summarized.
Design Calculation of Venting for Atmospheric & Low Pressure Storage TanksKushagra Saxena
Storage Tanks are a very important part of a petroleum Industry, This software is based on the API Std. 2000, which calculates the design of Venting and its capacity for low pressure storage & atmospheric storage tanks in case of normal venting, due to thermal changes, and in case of fire exposure.
If you are in need of this software, Kindly contact at saxena.95kushagra@gmail.com
This document summarizes the design and analysis of an exhaust manifold expansion joint for a WDP4D diesel locomotive. The existing expansion joint design cracks due to high thermal stresses from exhaust gas temperatures over 600°C. A finite element analysis is performed to investigate fatigue phenomena. The analysis identifies high stresses in gaps in the existing design that reduce heat convection. The design is modified by increasing the bellow width and curvature area to improve heat transfer and reduce stresses. Thermal analysis of the modified design shows von Mises stresses under 150MPa, lower than the material yield strength, indicating the design is safe and cracks will not occur.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a thermal evaporation system for depositing thin films of silver onto glass substrates for solar cell applications. Key elements of the system include a vacuum deposition chamber, turbomolecular pump to reach pressures of 10-5 Torr, and a custom-built high current, low voltage AC power supply. Silver pellets were successfully evaporated at temperatures over 900°C in the chamber onto glass substrates through a mask, depositing a 75nm thin film with low resistivity. The system provides a means of physically vapor depositing thin metal films for solar cell contacts in a controlled vacuum environment.
This document describes the fabrication of a vortex tube using PVC. It was created by five students as their final year project at JNTUA College of Engineering in Pulivendula, India. The vortex tube separates compressed air into hot and cold streams without any moving parts. It has various applications in areas like cooling suits, refrigeration, aviation, and more. The students' project involved designing and building a PVC vortex tube, collecting experimental data on temperature separation at different pressure levels, and analyzing the thermodynamic processes involved.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
The document provides information about internal combustion engines:
- It defines IC engines as engines where combustion occurs inside the combustion chamber, and examples include cars, trucks, and motorcycles. EC engines have combustion occur separately in an external boiler.
- IC engines can be classified by fuel type, cooling system, operating cycle, number of cylinders, number of strokes, and more. Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume.
- Key components like the cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and their functions are described. The construction and working of two-stroke and four-stroke petrol engines is also explained briefly.
The document discusses temperature profiles for liquid steel in ladles and tundishes. It states that steel temperatures change over time and the goal is to order ladles with the right temperatures. Temperatures that are too low risk solidification and temperatures that are too high can adversely affect strand quality, refractory wear, and heating costs. The document also discusses misalignment strains that can occur from misaligned rolls in continuous casting, which can be tensile or compressive depending on the misalignment direction.
This manual covers the basic guidelines and minimum requirements for
periodic inspection of heat exchangers used in petroleum refinery.
Locations to be inspected, inspection tools, frequency of inspection &
testing, locations prone to deterioration and causes, corrosion
mitigation, inspection and testing procedures have been specified in
the manual.
Documentation of observations & history of heat exchangers,
inspection checklist and recommended practices have also been
included.
Heat exchanging equipment is used for heating or cooling a fluid.
Individual heat transfer equipment is named as per its function.
Cooler
A cooler cools the process fluid, using water or air, with no change of
phase.
Chiller
A chiller uses a refrigerant to cool process fluid to a temperature below
that obtainable with water.
Condenser
A condenser condenses a vapour or mixture of vapours using water or
air.
Exchanger
An exchanger performs two functions in that it heats a cold process
fluid by recovering heat from a hot fluid, which it cools. None of the
transferred heat is lost.
This document provides an overview of conventional and modern heat pipes. It discusses the basic working principles of heat pipes, including how heat is transferred from the evaporator to the condenser via evaporation and condensation of a working fluid. It also describes the key components of heat pipes - the container, working fluid, and wick structure. Finally, it outlines several types of heat pipes such as thermosyphons, loop heat pipes, micro heat pipes, and variable conductance heat pipes.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their history, components, working principles, applications, and limitations. Some key points:
- Heat pipes transfer heat through a process of evaporation and condensation of a working fluid inside a sealed container.
- Components include a container, wicking structure, and working fluid like water or liquid metals. Heat is absorbed by evaporating the fluid and released by condensing it.
- They have a wide range of applications in electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers due to their high heat transfer efficiency.
- Limitations include dry-out if capillary pressure cannot return enough liquid to the evaporator section or if vapor velocities become too
Extrusion is a process that uses pressure to force a billet through a die opening to create an object with a constant cross-section. Most metals are hot extruded due to the large forces required. Extrusion can produce complex shapes, especially for more readily extrudable metals like aluminum. Common extruded products include automotive and construction parts. Factors like temperature, pressure, and lubrication affect the extrusion process and properties of the final product. Defects can occur due to non-uniform deformation or temperatures that cause cracking.
The document describes the key components and operation of an ice plant, which uses ammonia as the primary refrigerant and a brine solution of ethylene glycol and water as the secondary refrigerant. The main components are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, ice cans, cooling tower, and pumps. The plant has three separate circuits - the refrigerant circuit with ammonia, the cooling water circuit, and the brine solution circuit which transfers heat from the water to produce ice using the ammonia refrigerant in a closed loop system.
The document describes the design and construction of a small-scale cooling tower for a laboratory. It operates by pouring hot water (around 80 degrees C) into the top inlet, where a rotating plastic rotor creates wind force and distributes the water across multiple layers of wood wool inside the tower. As the hot water comes into contact with the wood wool, it soaks up the heat energy and lowers the water's temperature to 20-30 degrees C by the time it exits at the bottom. Key materials used include stainless steel, plastic, wood wool, and PVC piping. The total estimated cost is between $50-70.
Increasing efficiency of an i.c. engine using steam charging techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of a project to install an air cooler on an existing well head facility. It discusses the project scope, aims, and objectives which are to reduce costs by allowing gas transfer through carbon steel piping using an air cooler. It then describes research conducted on air coolers, the different types including shell and tube, plate, regenerative, and adiabatic wheel heat exchangers. Finally, it discusses wellheads, their main components such as the casing head, tubing head, and Christmas tree, and their functions in regulating extraction of hydrocarbons from underground formations.
The document presents on the development and testing of a heat pipe solar collector using nanofluid. It introduces heat pipes, how they work, and their applications. Heat pipes transfer solar energy absorbed by the working fluid to a storage tank via natural or forced circulation. The document then discusses the concept of nanofluids, which increase thermal conductivity at low nanoparticle concentrations. There is scope for future work innovating new heat transfer techniques using efficient and eco-friendly fluids and refrigerants, as well as developing environmentally friendly nanofluids with improved thermal and transport properties. Heat pipes provide advantages like reduced need for reheat, no required input, virtually no maintenance, and being environmentally safe.
Heat pipe is Heat transfer devices. They are Hollow cylindrical pipes, filled with a small/little amount of working fluid that evaporates to produce heat. This heat then rejected from another end for its application on various industrial processes.
1. The document describes different types of moulds used in plastic injection molding including two plate, three plate, split cavity, side core, and hot runner moulds.
2. A split cavity mould is suitable for moulding components with all-round external undercuts and uses sliding splits, angular lifts, or pins for actuation.
3. A side core or side cavity mould is used for components with local external undercuts and can be actuated via finger cams, dog leg cams, cam tracks, springs, or hydraulics.
This presentation provides an overview of hydroforming, which uses high-pressure hydraulic fluid to shape ductile metals. There are three types of hydroforming: tube hydroforming uses tubing and reshapes it within a die; sheet hydroforming forms sheets using fluid counter-pressure; and explosive hydroforming uses an explosion to rapidly form large parts. Hydroforming allows for complex, lightweight shapes with tight tolerances and fewer parts compared to conventional structures. However, it has higher costs and slower cycle times than traditional forming methods.
Factor affecting Emergence of EntrepreneurshipPavan Narkhede
This document summarizes common causes of steam leaks and methods to determine losses from steam leaks. It discusses how threaded pipe connections, standard valve packing, carbonic acid, water hammer, and erosion can lead to steam leaks. Steam leaks result in greater energy losses than compressed air leaks of the same size. Methods to prevent steam leaks include using welded or tube-type connections instead of threaded connections, maintaining valve packing, using corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel, and preventing water hammer. Steam flow through a leak can be calculated using an orifice equation based on leak diameter and inlet/outlet pressures, though determining accurate leak characteristics can be difficult.
The document discusses the process of extrusion where a billet is forced through a die to produce parts with constant cross-sections. There are three main types of extrusion processes - direct, indirect, and hydrostatic. Direct extrusion involves a ram forcing the billet through the die, indirect uses a moving die, and hydrostatic uses fluid pressure. Extrusion can be performed hot or cold, with hot extrusion reducing required forces but cold extrusion increasing strength. Process variables like temperature, speed, and lubrication affect extrusion pressure. Potential defects include surface cracking, pipe formation, and internal cracking.
Extrusion, DIrect and indirect Extrusoin Hot and Cold extrusion, Application ...Muhammad Awais
This document provides an overview of the manufacturing process of extrusion. It discusses direct and indirect extrusion as well as hot and cold extrusion. Hot extrusion is performed at elevated temperatures to reduce work hardening and make the material easier to push through the die. Common applications of extrusion include automotive and construction parts. The document also compares the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold extrusion such as their costs, shape complexity, and environmental impact.
This document provides an overview of the extrusion process. It defines extrusion as forcing a block of metal through a die under high pressure to reduce its cross-section. Extrusion can be hot or cold, direct or indirect. It discusses extrusion equipment, pressures, ratios, defects, and features like its cost-effectiveness and ability to produce complex cross-sections. Hydrostatic extrusion is also introduced, where the billet is surrounded by a fluid and forced through the die.
The document discusses opportunities presented by women, baby boomers, and seniors as consumer groups. It notes the enormous spending power and influence of women in particular, who control over half of total wealth and make the majority of consumer purchases. It emphasizes that this is not just a program but a huge strategic opportunity and cultural change for companies that fail to recognize and cater to these groups.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
The document provides information about internal combustion engines:
- It defines IC engines as engines where combustion occurs inside the combustion chamber, and examples include cars, trucks, and motorcycles. EC engines have combustion occur separately in an external boiler.
- IC engines can be classified by fuel type, cooling system, operating cycle, number of cylinders, number of strokes, and more. Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume.
- Key components like the cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and their functions are described. The construction and working of two-stroke and four-stroke petrol engines is also explained briefly.
The document discusses temperature profiles for liquid steel in ladles and tundishes. It states that steel temperatures change over time and the goal is to order ladles with the right temperatures. Temperatures that are too low risk solidification and temperatures that are too high can adversely affect strand quality, refractory wear, and heating costs. The document also discusses misalignment strains that can occur from misaligned rolls in continuous casting, which can be tensile or compressive depending on the misalignment direction.
This manual covers the basic guidelines and minimum requirements for
periodic inspection of heat exchangers used in petroleum refinery.
Locations to be inspected, inspection tools, frequency of inspection &
testing, locations prone to deterioration and causes, corrosion
mitigation, inspection and testing procedures have been specified in
the manual.
Documentation of observations & history of heat exchangers,
inspection checklist and recommended practices have also been
included.
Heat exchanging equipment is used for heating or cooling a fluid.
Individual heat transfer equipment is named as per its function.
Cooler
A cooler cools the process fluid, using water or air, with no change of
phase.
Chiller
A chiller uses a refrigerant to cool process fluid to a temperature below
that obtainable with water.
Condenser
A condenser condenses a vapour or mixture of vapours using water or
air.
Exchanger
An exchanger performs two functions in that it heats a cold process
fluid by recovering heat from a hot fluid, which it cools. None of the
transferred heat is lost.
This document provides an overview of conventional and modern heat pipes. It discusses the basic working principles of heat pipes, including how heat is transferred from the evaporator to the condenser via evaporation and condensation of a working fluid. It also describes the key components of heat pipes - the container, working fluid, and wick structure. Finally, it outlines several types of heat pipes such as thermosyphons, loop heat pipes, micro heat pipes, and variable conductance heat pipes.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their history, components, working principles, applications, and limitations. Some key points:
- Heat pipes transfer heat through a process of evaporation and condensation of a working fluid inside a sealed container.
- Components include a container, wicking structure, and working fluid like water or liquid metals. Heat is absorbed by evaporating the fluid and released by condensing it.
- They have a wide range of applications in electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers due to their high heat transfer efficiency.
- Limitations include dry-out if capillary pressure cannot return enough liquid to the evaporator section or if vapor velocities become too
Extrusion is a process that uses pressure to force a billet through a die opening to create an object with a constant cross-section. Most metals are hot extruded due to the large forces required. Extrusion can produce complex shapes, especially for more readily extrudable metals like aluminum. Common extruded products include automotive and construction parts. Factors like temperature, pressure, and lubrication affect the extrusion process and properties of the final product. Defects can occur due to non-uniform deformation or temperatures that cause cracking.
The document describes the key components and operation of an ice plant, which uses ammonia as the primary refrigerant and a brine solution of ethylene glycol and water as the secondary refrigerant. The main components are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, ice cans, cooling tower, and pumps. The plant has three separate circuits - the refrigerant circuit with ammonia, the cooling water circuit, and the brine solution circuit which transfers heat from the water to produce ice using the ammonia refrigerant in a closed loop system.
The document describes the design and construction of a small-scale cooling tower for a laboratory. It operates by pouring hot water (around 80 degrees C) into the top inlet, where a rotating plastic rotor creates wind force and distributes the water across multiple layers of wood wool inside the tower. As the hot water comes into contact with the wood wool, it soaks up the heat energy and lowers the water's temperature to 20-30 degrees C by the time it exits at the bottom. Key materials used include stainless steel, plastic, wood wool, and PVC piping. The total estimated cost is between $50-70.
Increasing efficiency of an i.c. engine using steam charging techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of a project to install an air cooler on an existing well head facility. It discusses the project scope, aims, and objectives which are to reduce costs by allowing gas transfer through carbon steel piping using an air cooler. It then describes research conducted on air coolers, the different types including shell and tube, plate, regenerative, and adiabatic wheel heat exchangers. Finally, it discusses wellheads, their main components such as the casing head, tubing head, and Christmas tree, and their functions in regulating extraction of hydrocarbons from underground formations.
The document presents on the development and testing of a heat pipe solar collector using nanofluid. It introduces heat pipes, how they work, and their applications. Heat pipes transfer solar energy absorbed by the working fluid to a storage tank via natural or forced circulation. The document then discusses the concept of nanofluids, which increase thermal conductivity at low nanoparticle concentrations. There is scope for future work innovating new heat transfer techniques using efficient and eco-friendly fluids and refrigerants, as well as developing environmentally friendly nanofluids with improved thermal and transport properties. Heat pipes provide advantages like reduced need for reheat, no required input, virtually no maintenance, and being environmentally safe.
Heat pipe is Heat transfer devices. They are Hollow cylindrical pipes, filled with a small/little amount of working fluid that evaporates to produce heat. This heat then rejected from another end for its application on various industrial processes.
1. The document describes different types of moulds used in plastic injection molding including two plate, three plate, split cavity, side core, and hot runner moulds.
2. A split cavity mould is suitable for moulding components with all-round external undercuts and uses sliding splits, angular lifts, or pins for actuation.
3. A side core or side cavity mould is used for components with local external undercuts and can be actuated via finger cams, dog leg cams, cam tracks, springs, or hydraulics.
This presentation provides an overview of hydroforming, which uses high-pressure hydraulic fluid to shape ductile metals. There are three types of hydroforming: tube hydroforming uses tubing and reshapes it within a die; sheet hydroforming forms sheets using fluid counter-pressure; and explosive hydroforming uses an explosion to rapidly form large parts. Hydroforming allows for complex, lightweight shapes with tight tolerances and fewer parts compared to conventional structures. However, it has higher costs and slower cycle times than traditional forming methods.
Factor affecting Emergence of EntrepreneurshipPavan Narkhede
This document summarizes common causes of steam leaks and methods to determine losses from steam leaks. It discusses how threaded pipe connections, standard valve packing, carbonic acid, water hammer, and erosion can lead to steam leaks. Steam leaks result in greater energy losses than compressed air leaks of the same size. Methods to prevent steam leaks include using welded or tube-type connections instead of threaded connections, maintaining valve packing, using corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel, and preventing water hammer. Steam flow through a leak can be calculated using an orifice equation based on leak diameter and inlet/outlet pressures, though determining accurate leak characteristics can be difficult.
The document discusses the process of extrusion where a billet is forced through a die to produce parts with constant cross-sections. There are three main types of extrusion processes - direct, indirect, and hydrostatic. Direct extrusion involves a ram forcing the billet through the die, indirect uses a moving die, and hydrostatic uses fluid pressure. Extrusion can be performed hot or cold, with hot extrusion reducing required forces but cold extrusion increasing strength. Process variables like temperature, speed, and lubrication affect extrusion pressure. Potential defects include surface cracking, pipe formation, and internal cracking.
Extrusion, DIrect and indirect Extrusoin Hot and Cold extrusion, Application ...Muhammad Awais
This document provides an overview of the manufacturing process of extrusion. It discusses direct and indirect extrusion as well as hot and cold extrusion. Hot extrusion is performed at elevated temperatures to reduce work hardening and make the material easier to push through the die. Common applications of extrusion include automotive and construction parts. The document also compares the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold extrusion such as their costs, shape complexity, and environmental impact.
This document provides an overview of the extrusion process. It defines extrusion as forcing a block of metal through a die under high pressure to reduce its cross-section. Extrusion can be hot or cold, direct or indirect. It discusses extrusion equipment, pressures, ratios, defects, and features like its cost-effectiveness and ability to produce complex cross-sections. Hydrostatic extrusion is also introduced, where the billet is surrounded by a fluid and forced through the die.
The document discusses opportunities presented by women, baby boomers, and seniors as consumer groups. It notes the enormous spending power and influence of women in particular, who control over half of total wealth and make the majority of consumer purchases. It emphasizes that this is not just a program but a huge strategic opportunity and cultural change for companies that fail to recognize and cater to these groups.
Xalacapan es una localidad en el estado de Puebla, México con aproximadamente 3,678 habitantes. La mayoría de la población es católica y el nivel promedio de escolaridad es de 4.96 años. La economía se basa principalmente en la agricultura, con el 51.77% de la población económicamente activa trabajando en el sector primario.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document contains 3 pages from a document titled JEFFREY_AND_BEVERLY from December 4th, 2012. The pages are labeled LowerLevel-MainLevel, SKETCH2-MainLevel, and SKETCH3-MainLevel, suggesting they contain sketches or drawings at different levels.
The document discusses eDiscovery best practices including litigation readiness, preservation obligations, cooperation with opposing counsel, and the importance of communication. It provides guidance on identifying relevant data sources, implementing litigation holds, conducting custodian interviews, and utilizing meet and confers to agree on discovery procedures. The document emphasizes that following best practices helps ensure ethical and competent representation while avoiding unnecessary costs and motion practice.
4 Sessions Junio 2015: Xamarin & Cortana[T]echdencias
En esta charla veras como se puede sacar partido a Xamarin en temas de innovación. Jugaremos con todas las posibilidades.
El evento que jamás has visto sobre Xamarin si te la pierdes no se la podrás contar a tus nietos.
Por Marc Rubiño (@Marc_Rubino)
Marc, es un entusiasta de la tecnología con más de 10 años de experiencia en aplicaciones web y consultoría técnica. Además de moderar el foro de ASP.NET de MSDN, es fundador del grupo de usuarios .Net LonetCamp y colaborador habitual en la comunidad. Trabaja como Key Consultant en Pasiona Consulting, es miembro de la fundación [T]echdencias y Microsoft MVP de ASP.NET.
또한 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 그의 빈자리는 KIA 타선의 전반적인 하락세로 이어지기 때문에 더욱 치명타다 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ .중견수 이대형이 kt로 옮겨간 상황에서 테이블 세터진은 김주찬과 신종길이 될 가 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 능성이 크다. 그 뒤인 클린업트리오의 자리는 필, 나지완, 이범호가 차례로 들어 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 선다. 다음이 문제다. 6번 타자부터 9번까지, 하위타선을 이끌어줄 선수가 없다.오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 중심타선은 어떻게든 타점을 뽑아낼 능력이 있는 선수들이다. 그렇기에 6번이나 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 7번 타순에서 다시 불을 붙여야 흐름이 상위타선으로 이어진다. 한 이닝에 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 많은 점수를 낼 수 있는 빅이닝의 기회는 이때 만들어진다. 하지만 중심타선과 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 하위타선을 연결시켜줄 수 있는 6번의 자리가 마땅치 않기에 타순의 흐름이 딱 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 끊긴다.KIA 역시 이러한 점을 확실히 알고 있다. 2014시즌, 안치홍은 팀 내에서 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 가장 많은 40경기를 6번에서 뛰었다. 하지만 이제는 없다. 대안을 찾아야만 한다. 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 물론 수비는 대안이 있다. 내야 전천후 백업이 가능한 박기남과 김민우가 있다. 젊오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 은 내야 자원인 강한울과 박찬호도 있고 최용규 역시 절치부심하며 기회를 오피사이트 『 Bamcafe2.net』건대오피,오룡오피,매니져실사,평촌오피,인천오피あ 노리고 있다.하지만 타격에서는 안치홍의 빈 자리를 메워줄 선수는 마땅치 않다. 중심타선인 필, 나지완, 이범호는 나란히 19개의 홈런을 기록했다.
This document provides guidelines for organizing XAML projects. It recommends overall project structure such as placing resources like images and fonts in their own directories. It discusses naming conventions for elements within scenes and templates. It also provides tips for organizing resources within scenes, resource dictionaries, and generic.xaml such as ordering and grouping resources. The document emphasizes logical organization of resources over physical grouping and provides examples of merging resource dictionaries.
A design of FPGA based intelligent data handling interfacing card.IJERA Editor
With the increasing demand in the custom built logic for avionics systems, FPGA is used in this proposed interfacing card design. This FPGA based intelligent data handling card (IDHC) for the IVHM system, will interface the data from aircraft subsystems to the aircraft digital data bus. This IDHC interfacing card is based on the Virtex-5 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), which provides flexibility by re-programming, so that it can be configured to the required functionality. Fault detection can be done within the FPGA and only the anomalies passed to the computer, so that the bus bandwidth can be utilized effectively and also excessive wiring can be eliminated, that would have been required for multiple individual systems. The work concentrates on designing the schematic using OrCAD.
1) The document discusses the motion of a model train T travelling around a circular track with radius a and constant speed u. It derives an expression for the rate of change of the angle θ between the train and a point N distance x from the track, in terms of a, u, x, and the angle φ between NT and the track.
2) It shows that when the line NT is tangent to the track, the rate of change of φ is 0.
3) The overall document solves various kinematic problems related to the motion of the train T around the circular track.
NEC Commercial monitors are now available from Dukane.
I am an authorized Consultant for Dukane
Bill McIntosh
Phone : 843-442-8888
Email : WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
X2wave product demo_2014_patented technologiesKatherine Du
The document proposes a low-cost healthcare platform called HealthSync that uses mobile cloud computing and synchronization technology. It aims to address issues with healthcare like limited facilities, high costs, and inefficient transfer of medical information. The platform would connect healthcare providers and patients globally, allowing doctors to treat patients remotely. Real-time access to unified electronic health records on any device could improve diagnosis and healthcare delivery while reducing costs.
Diesel engine consists of number of vital components, which perform various functions and are subjected to different forces, thermal loadings and stresses. Inlet & Exhaust valves are most
important components of the diesel engine. The function of Inlet valve is to provide path for desired air flow to combustion chamber. Function of Exhaust valve is to provide opening, to pass burnt gases through the cylinder. The opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valve is controlled by valve
mechanism during the engine operation.
Intake and exhaust valves are very important engine components that are used to control the flow of intake and exhaust
gases in internal combustion engines. They are used to seal the working space inside the cylinder against the manifolds;
and are opened and closed by means of what is known as the valve train mechanism.. These valves are loaded by spring
forces and subjected to thermal loading due to high temperature and pressure inside the cylinder.
This document summarizes the results of a finite element analysis of vibration effects on an internal combustion engine exhaust valve. The analysis sought to determine the natural frequency of the valve at which resonance might occur. A 3D CAD model of the valve was created and meshed before applying boundary conditions and material properties in ANSYS finite element software. Vibration analysis identified 5 modes of vibration with increasing frequencies up to a maximum of 1511.3 Hz, deemed the natural frequency. While deformations were largest at intermediate frequencies, the analysis concluded that vibrations near the natural frequency could damage the valve. Therefore, reducing deformation through constraints and maintaining operation below the natural frequency were recommended.
This document summarizes a study that used atomic force microscopy to analyze the microstructure of inlet and exhaust valves used in LPG-fueled engines. Samples of worn and new valves were examined. Images showed cracks, material deformation, and inclusion particles in worn valves compared to new valves. Statistical analysis found that worn exhaust valves had higher surface roughness and peak-to-peak values than new valves, indicating more mechanical damage due to higher operating temperatures. Worn inlet valves also had higher roughness, showing deformation from thermal and cyclic stresses. The microstructure analysis provided insight into failure mechanisms like wear, corrosion and cracking in the valves.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of IC Engine with Introduction of HTC MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses coating engine components with highly thermal conducting (HTC) materials to improve heat transfer and reduce operating temperatures. It analyzes coating the exhaust valve, inlet valve, cylinder head, and valve seats with sintered copper. Thermal analysis using FEM software shows coating can reduce maximum temperatures from 451°C to 373°C on the valve and 435°C on the valve seat. This allows engines to operate at higher RPMs within safe temperature ranges and reduces harmful emissions produced at high temperatures. The document concludes coating high heat areas improves heat transfer and dissipation, enhancing engine performance and efficiency.
The document provides an update on the development of a hydrogen fuel cell booster unit. Work completed includes circuit designs for water refilling, overheating protection, and overcurrent protection. Testing is in progress on gas production and shock resistance. Future work includes finalizing frequency settings for maximum efficiency and testing solution resistance to set self-adjusting modulation. The project is on track to be completed by September 21, 2009.
This document analyzes the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of flue gases over a valve spindle with rotor wings in 2-stroke marine diesel engines. It aims to increase the time between overhauling (TBO) of the engines by modifying the rotor wing design parameters. The study models the spindle-rotor assembly and analyzes temperature, pressure and rotational effects of exhaust gases on the spindle using ANSYS. Modifying the rotor wing inclination angle is found to give more uniform corrosion and increase spindle rotation angle, potentially extending its lifeline. Validation shows the CFD results match published engine data, demonstrating the methodology can help optimize spindle design for reduced maintenance costs.
Review Paper on Experimental Analysis of Vortex TubeIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the experimental analysis of vortex tubes. It discusses several studies that examined how the geometric parameters and operating conditions of vortex tubes, such as nozzle diameter, tube length, inlet pressure, and cold fraction, influence the temperature separation and energy separation efficiency. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to study the internal flow phenomena and energy separation mechanisms. The studies found that there is an optimal tube length and nozzle diameter that maximize energy separation. Increasing the inlet pressure or decreasing the cold fraction also increases the temperature difference between the cold and hot outlets.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis for Thermal Performance of Muffler Guard Hero Xt...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of the thermal performance of a muffler guard for a Hero XTREME 200R motorcycle. The study designs and models a basic and modified muffler guard using CAD software. Temperature measurements are taken at points on the basic and modified guards under idling and running engine conditions using an infrared thermometer. Graphs of the temperature data show the modified guard with vertical and horizontal holes cut into the big end reduced temperatures compared to the basic guard design. The modifications aim to improve heat transfer and lower muffler guard temperatures for enhanced performance and component life.
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling with al2 o3 water nanofluideSAT Journals
Abstract Boiling is an important phase change phenomena as it plays a crucial role in the design of high heat flux system like boilers, heat exchangers, microscopic heat transfer devices. However boiling phenomenon is limited by critical heat flux. At critical heat flux material of heated surface suffers physical damage due to lower heat transfer resulting from thin film formed over the surface. Now a days Nanofluid which is colloidal suspension of nanoparticle in base fluid is highlighted as innovative techniques to enhance critical heat flux. In the present study Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by using SEM and XRD analysis. From SEM images it was seen that nanoparticle has spherical morphology, and from XRD analysis average nanoparticle size determined was 29.48 nm. Five different nanofluids of concentration range from 3 gram/liter to 15 gram/liter were prepared. Critical heat flux (CHF) of each Al2O3-water nanofluid in pool boiling is determined on NiCr wire of SWG 28. The minimum critical heat flux enhancement is 30.53% at 3 gram/liter nanofluid compared to critical heat flux of distilled water. The highest critical heat flux enhancement is 72.70 % at 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Critical heat flux of nanofluid increases with increase in concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in distilled water up to 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Surface roughness of bare wire was 0.126 μm. Surface roughness of wire sample used in pool boiling of 3 gram/liter nanofluid is 0.299μm and highest surface roughness was 0.715 μm of heater used in pool boiling of 12 gram/liter nanofluid. The Surface roughness measurement results show the evidence of nanoparticle deposition on wire surface and its effect on Critical Heat Flux enhancement. Keywords: Critical heat flux, Nanoparticle, Nanofluid, Concentration, Surface roughness.
IRJET - Thermostat Valve Thermal Comfort Analysis using F.E.AIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the thermal performance of thermostat valves using finite element analysis. Thermostat valves play an important role in automobile cooling systems by regulating engine temperature. The study models and simulates the thermal changes in thermostat valves made of two different materials, copper and brass. The results show that using brass instead of copper improves valve performance by opening at a lower temperature, increases valve life, and reduces costs.
Iaetsd significance of stator winding insulation systems of low-voltage induc...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses various testing and monitoring methods for assessing the condition of stator winding insulation in low-voltage electric motors, with a focus on turn-to-turn insulation. It reviews offline and online testing methods, categorizing them based on their operating principles. The key methods examined diagnose issues like turn-to-turn shorts, phase-to-ground faults, and phase-to-phase faults. Maintaining reliable stator insulation is important for motor performance and lifetime. Proper testing and monitoring can improve motor maintenance by enabling predictive maintenance approaches.
Hot Erosion Experiment on the Blade Material of Dust Contained Gas TurbineIJRES Journal
This document describes a study that conducted hot erosion experiments on three blade materials - 1Cr12Mo, X20Cr13, and 2Cr12NiMo1W1V - at different temperatures and angles of attack. Quartz sand particles were used to erode circular test specimens made of the blade materials at 200°C and 300°C. The mass loss of each specimen was measured before and after erosion tests to calculate the erosion rate. Test results showed that the erosion rate varied with angle of attack and was highest between 15-25°, and that 2Cr12NiMo1W1V had a higher erosion rate than the other materials, indicating poorer erosion resistance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses failure mechanisms in turbine blades of gas turbine engines. It begins by providing background on gas turbine engines and noting that turbine blade failures account for 42% of failures in some studies. The main failure mechanisms discussed are fatigue, creep, and corrosion. Fatigue can be low-cycle or high-cycle depending on the number of stress cycles and can initiate from cracks. Creep is stress-related deformation that increases with temperature and time. It can cause blade tips to rub casing. Corrosion can occur when blade coatings are removed from tip contact exposing the alloy.
This document discusses failure mechanisms in turbine blades of gas turbine engines. It begins by providing background on gas turbine engines and noting that turbine blade failures account for 42% of failures in some studies. The main failure mechanisms discussed are fatigue (low cycle and high cycle), creep, and thermo-mechanical fatigue. Low cycle fatigue is driven by starting and stopping and results from thermal stresses from rapid temperature changes. High cycle fatigue is caused by smaller vibrational stresses over many cycles. Creep results from long-term exposure to high stresses and temperatures and causes blades to deform over time. Thermo-mechanical fatigue is caused by thermal gradients across blades that induce cyclic stresses during operation. Case studies are provided to illustrate how these failure mechanisms impact
IRJET- Experimental Analysis on Performance of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pip...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a closed loop pulsating heat pipe (CLPHP) using aluminum oxide nanofluid (Al2O3/water) as the working fluid. An experimental setup is described that includes a CLPHP with evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser sections. Nanofluids with 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% Al2O3 nanoparticle concentrations by weight were tested, along with pure water. Testing was conducted by varying the heat input and measuring temperatures. Results showed that thermal resistance decreased with increasing heat load and nanofluid concentration, indicating nanofluids improved heat transfer performance over pure water. The 1% nanofluid provided the lowest thermal resistance
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GATE VALVE BODY AND SEAT RINGIAEME Publication
Gate valves are used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. Gate valves are so named because the part that either stops or allows flow of fluid through the valve acts somewhat like the opening or closing of a gate and is called, appropriately, the gate. This gate valve is widely used in various industries like
refineries, petrochemical complexes, fertilizer plants, power generation plants (hydro
- electric, thermal and nuclear) steel plants and allied industries etc. for a various
process. The objective of this project is to perform a stress analysis and temperature distribution of valve body of the Gate Valve. The seat ring is welded with the valve body by using gas tungsten arc welding. A model of body and seat ring of Gate Valve
is developed in SOLID WORKS 2014, and analyzed in ANSYS 15. Gate valve stress
analysis and temperature distribution is done by Finite Element Method using ANSYS15. The main purpose is to create a model of the gate valve body and analysis the loaddeformation, stress concentration, temperature distribution and directional heat flowin the valve body at the place where the seat ring is welded.
Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer of Cylindrical Oblique Fin Micro-...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation into the heat transfer performance of cylindrical oblique fin micro-channel heat exchangers for automotive engine cooling systems. The study compares a straight fin micro-channel heat exchanger to one with 12 degree oblique fins. Experiments were conducted on a test rig to determine the heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, and pressure drop of the two designs under various air and water flow rates. The results showed that the oblique fin micro-channel heat exchanger achieved higher heat transfer efficiency and a smaller size than the straight fin design, demonstrating its potential to improve engine cooling system performance and reduce radiator size in automobiles.
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS IN A HELICAL COILIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study of convective heat transfer in a helical coil. The study involves fabricating a setup using a copper coil submerged in a water bath inside a cylindrical tank. Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures at different positions along the coil. Experiments are conducted for different heat input levels and fluid flow rates both with and without agitation. The results are used to calculate heat transfer coefficients, Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and overall heat transfer coefficient. The aim is to better understand the heat transfer process in helical coils and determine the fluid providing maximum heat transfer.
This document describes an automatic pneumatically operated lemon cutting machine. The machine uses pneumatic cylinders powered by an air compressor to cut lemons. Lemon pieces are fed into the machine on an inclined plate and pressed by an upper cylinder. When the upper cylinder retracts, a lower cylinder extends to cut the lemon into pieces, which fall into a collection plate. The cylinders are controlled by a programmable timer circuit and solenoid valves to operate the cylinders sequentially. The machine is designed to continuously cut lemons in a safe, uniform manner without manual labor, reducing costs and improving efficiency over manual cutting.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining
X4301122126
1. Ajay Pandey, et al, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3 (Version 1), March 2014, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 122 | P a g e
Effects of High Temperature on the Microstructure of Automotive
Engine Valves
Ajay Pandey1
, R. K. Mandloi2
1, 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. A. National Institute of Technology, Bhopal – 462051
ABSTRACT
In this paper, failures of automobile valves are considered and discussed. The changes in microstructures of
valves were studied and analyzed with the aid of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Specimens were
prepared out of failed engine valves whereas new valves were also analyzed for the sake of comparison. This
was done by image analysis of specimens of failed and new valves at adequate magnification. The
benchmarking of microstructures of failed valves v/s new valves revealed that the size of grains, grain
boundaries, and distribution of carbide particles across the material matrix is affected by high temperature
conditions and the effects are more severe for exhaust valves. The microstructure of valve material shows
discernible changes after operating at high temperatures. The grain size of the material also changes at high
temperature, thus resulting in a reduction in the hardness of the valve material which, in turn, causes more wear.
Key Words: Exhaust Valves, Intake Valves, Hardness, Erosion, Corrosion, Wear, Fatigue, Microstructure.
I. INTRODUCTION
Valves of automobile engines are subjected
to significantly high temperatures and pressures,
impact loading, thermal stresses, and exhibit a
pronounced effect of fatigue loading too, when
analyzed for failure. There are four distinct types of
failure mechanisms for a valve or valve component:
brittle failure, ductile failure, wear, and corrosion [1].
Wear failure of valves is a commonly encountered
phenomenon and the fatigue crack growth has its
own role to play in contributing to the failure. The
wear mechanism in exhaust valves of heavy duty
engines has been found to be a combination of
oxidation and adhesive wear [2]. Valves also fail due
to surface erosion and corrosion. The erosion -
corrosion of exhaust valves (“valve guttering”) is a
recognized failure mode in internal combustion
engines [3]. Valve failure may occur due to valve
recession caused by loss of material from the seat of
the valve and increases with increasing engine load
[4] .Valve recession occurs when wear of the valve or
seat inserts in an automotive engine cause the valve
to sink or recede into the seat insert. Excessive
recession leads to valves not seating correctly and
cylinder pressure loss. Leaking hot combustion gases
can also cause valve guttering or torching which
accelerates valve failure [5]. Available research
literature pertaining to valve failures indicates that
valve design is a truly complicated task because the
valve is subjected to multiple loads at any point of
time that are characteristically different. Some factors
that are important and worth considering are - reverse
loading at a high temperature, stress concentration at
the keeper groove area, and under carbon deposits at
exhaust valves. Otto and Diesel engines, when in
operation, result in generation of temperatures that
are 600ºC (or there about) inside the intake valve; the
corresponding value for the exhaust valves being
700°C to 800°C, respectively. However, the exhaust
valve temperatures can shoot up to 950°C. Since the
exhaust valves operate at relatively higher
temperatures, they are exposed to thermal load and
chemical corrosion. The intake valves, which are not
subjected to such extreme thermal loading, are cooled
by incoming gases, thermal transmission at the seat,
and by other means.
This analysis had its focus on investigation
of valve failures by observing and analyzing the
changes in microstructure of valves as reflected by
images taken through a Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). For this purpose, a number of
specimens were prepared out of engine valves that
failed in service and the changes were benchmarked
against the new valves.
1.1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VALVES
Internal combustion engine valves are
precision engine components. They are located at the
cylinder head of the motor and control the flow of the
air–fuel mixture (intake valves) and the burned gases
(exhaust valves) during the Otto or Diesel cycle [6].
Fresh charge (air - fuel mixture in Spark Ignition
Engines, and air alone in Compression Ignition
Engines) is induced through the intake (inlet) valves
whereas the products of combustion are emitted to
the atmosphere through exhaust valves. Valves are
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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used to seal the working space of the combustion
chamber, they are opened and closed by means of
what is known as a valve train mechanism, and are
subjected to high pressure and thermal loading due to
high temperature. Material change of valve train parts
can change the dynamic behavior of the valve and
cause deformation [7]. Poppet Valves (Figure - 1) are
the most frequently used valves because of their
efficient design and ease of operation.
1.2 INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES
Valves working under different loads and
temperatures are the most forced engine elements.
This is because they are tensile and work under quick
variations of temperature and load, and different
accelerations, which vary suddenly and periodically
during engine operation. In an internal combustion
engine, pressures and temperatures affecting the
valves vary with fuel type and the combustion
characteristics of the fuel. Consequently, valves are
exposed to different dynamic and thermal stress [8].
Being in the combustion chamber, valves are
constantly exposed to hot gases. Due to inadequate
cooling, they attain higher temperatures. The exhaust
valves are subject to a much higher temperature than
the intake valves. The exhaust valve opens and
permits the hot gases to go out between the valve
head and engine head, at high velocity. During the
exhaust process, the exhaust valve comes in direct
contact with the hot gases. The exhaust valves are
exposed to thermal overstress more than the intake
valves because the incoming fresh charge / air at
atmospheric temperature cools the intake valves [9].
When the engine works on higher loads, the exhaust
valve may become red hot and this is primarily the
reason why it is made up of a heat resistant material.
Some common situations that contribute to valve
failure are - valve seat / face being too narrow, worn
valve guide and / or valve stem, weak valve spring,
sticking valve stem, incorrect tappet clearance, loose
valve seat insert, valve guide being / becoming loose
in the block, valve head / stem breakage, valve head
burning, deposits on the valve, etc.
1.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
Valves operate at very high temperatures
and are subjected to cyclic loading. The failure of the
contact conical surface is mainly caused due to
elastic and plastic deformation, the fatigue micro-
crack, and spalling [10]. Exhaust valve stem
generally fails by overheating which manifests itself
in terms of significant hardness loss and extensive
surface oxidation and fretting / galling on the valve
stem [11]. The temperature the exhaust valve is
subjected to is about 750ºC to 950ºC. The fractured
surface of the valves is covered with a black oxide
scale formation whereas the fractured surface in the
fatigue area is smooth and is covered with thick oxide
or deposits that cannot be removed easily. On the
other hand, the middle portion of the stem exhibits a
longitudinal fretting damage. High temperatures
result in reducing the hardness of the valve material
and also affect its fatigue properties. Some small
cracks get initiated and propagated across the section.
With high loading, multiple cracks are initiated as the
valves are subjected to high temperatures.
Overheating is largely responsible for surface
oxidation and fretting / galling on the valve stem.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Specimens of standard dimensions for
microstructure analysis on Scanning Electron
microscope (SEM) are prepared using used and new
exhaust and inlet valves. The preparation involves
cutting and surface finishing with different grades of
emery papers, clothing, and finally etching by an
etching solution with 2% HNO3 and 98% methanol.
Each specimen is etched for 3 to 5 minutes and then
dried completely in oven. Each specimen now passes
through a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
which is an electronic microscope that produces
images of a sample by scanning it with a focused
beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms
in the sample and generate various signals that can be
detected. These signals contain decipherable
information about the sample's surface topography
and composition. The electron beam is generally
scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the beam's
position is combined with the detected signal to
produce an image. The images, taken at adequate
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resolution, provide the desired information about
microstructure of the specimen.
III. Observations and Related Discussion
Images depicting the microstructure of failed exhaust
valves are shown in Figure - 2 at X5000
magnification. The white colour spots in the images
indicate the presence of carbides in the valve
material. If the distribution of the carbide is fine, it
increases the hardness of the material but a coarse
distribution of the carbides makes them shift towards
the grain boundaries with an accompanying reduction
in the hardness and weakening of the material. The
grain boundaries shown in the SEM image shows that
they are broken and grains are not uniformly
distributed. The size of grains increases after working
at high temperatures. The size of grains indicates the
strength of the material; big size grains indicate lower
strength whereas small size of grains (or finer grain
sizes) indicates higher material strength. This means
that an increase in the size of the grains, or elongated
grains, in SEM images of failed exhaust valves
material indicates that the valve material strength has
come down after being subjected to high
temperatures for considerable periods. The
microstructure of steel used for manufacturing the
internal combustion engine valves is a combination
of ferrite matrix and carbide distributed all through.
The process heading towards the equilibrium state
continues and the microstructure changes to a ferrite -
carbide mixture. Selective electron microscope
diffraction identifies the complex and larger carbide
particles in the matrix; the first identification
happening at grain boundaries. Inside the grains and
in the grain boundaries, carbide particles precipitate.
At many locations, they form a network or grid like
shape at the grain boundaries.
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IV. CONCLUSION
SEM images, taken at adequate resolution,
are compared with the corresponding ones for new
valves. The carbide distribution is expectedly regular
with no observed shift towards grain boundaries,
small sized grains are observed and no black holes
are seen for the new valves. The images obtained for
used valves indicate that the carbides present in the
material get shifted to grain boundaries and
distributed there, whereas the grain boundaries are
also distorted and broken. Distorted / broken grain
boundaries are also observed in the failed exhaust
valves at X5000 resolution but carbides are absent
here. The grain sizes as shown in the SEM images
indicate that grain sizes vary from very small to very
big, and are distorted too. This means that at high
temperature the grain sizes of austenitic steel are
changed with an accompanying distortion that is
usually present. The study of microstructures of
failed valves and its comparison with the new valves
clearly indicates that the size of grains, grain
boundaries and distribution of carbide particles is
affected by high temperature.
Some of the results that were observed in the
SEM images of failed engine valves and new engine
valves are as following:
1. A definite coarse distribution of carbide particles
was observed in the SEM images of all failed
exhaust valves.
2. In case of failed inlet valves, coarse distribution
of carbide particles was observed in some
whereas fine distribution of carbide particles was
observed in few others.
3. New valves were always characterised by fine
distribution of carbide particles.
4. In both failed exhaust and inlet valves, a clear
shift of carbide particles was observed towards
the grain boudaries.
5. Broken and distorted grain boundaries were also
observed in failed valves.
A comparison of the microstructure of failed
valves and new valves reveals that the size of grains,
grain boundaries, and distribution of carbide particles
is affected by high temperature operating conditions
and has a serious impact on the useful life of the
valves by not only adding to crack initiation and its
propagation but by influencing the wear pattern also.
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