This document provides an introduction to concepts and techniques for electromagnetic interference (EMI) in switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It discusses EMI and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards, types of noise signals, common noise countermeasures like shields and filters, magnetic field and flux basics, core materials and their properties, and common mode chokes. The focus is on helping designers understand and mitigate EMI in their power supply designs.
This document evaluates and compares the performance of GFDM and OFDM waveforms in an LTE-A system level study. It finds that GFDM can achieve around 6dB reduction in out-of-band radiation compared to OFDM. BER, PER and throughput are similar between the two waveforms in different channel conditions. GFDM's out-of-band radiation can be reduced further using techniques like guard symbols or windowing. The document concludes that GFDM is a promising candidate for 5G waveforms.
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a set of standards for high-speed fiber optic transmission. It defines a hierarchical structure of transmission rates and formats. SONET is predominantly used in North America, while SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is used internationally. SONET frames carry overhead information and payload. Lower rate signals can be mapped into virtual tributaries within SONET frames. SONET networks use rings and point-to-point configurations to provide redundancy and transport services.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
This document discusses testing and programming the ADF4113 frequency synthesizer chip. It shows initialization code, setting the frequency and function registers through API calls, and an example main program that initializes the chip and allows changing the output frequency and function settings through buttons. Initialization sets the frequency to 2476 MHz, and pressing button 2 changes settings like loop bandwidth and current before setting a new frequency of 2423 MHz. The API functions HalSynInit(), HalSynStart(), and halSynSetFunc() are used to control the chip.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses how optical fibers can be used to transmit light signals for communication purposes, providing advantages over existing electrical communication systems. Key points include:
- Optical fiber communication uses light signals transmitted through optical fibers. This provides enormous potential bandwidth compared to existing electrical cables.
- Optical fibers are small, lightweight, and electrically isolated, providing advantages for installation and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
- Early optical fibers had high transmission losses, but losses were reduced below 20 dB/km by 1970, allowing commercial deployment of optical communication systems.
The document provides a history of fiber-optic communications, beginning with early optical communication experiments in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then discusses key innovations in the 1950s and 1960s that led to the development of glass fiber with lower signal loss, paving the way for practical long-distance communication networks. The researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz at Corning invented the first low-loss optical fiber in 1970, enabling vast increases in data transmission capacity compared to copper wire. Their breakthrough solved the problem of high signal loss identified as a barrier to long-range fiber networks.
This document provides an overview of EMC and component solutions for EMC filtering. It discusses the basics of EMC including standards, frequency ranges, electromagnetic waves, and transmission modes. It then covers magnetic fields, permeability, core materials, and transmission line models. Filter topologies such as low-pass, pi, t, and common mode filters are examined. PCB mounted ferrites and their applications for DC, AC, and data line filtering are reviewed. Key points on using ferrites and reading datasheets are provided.
This document outlines test requirements for testing a remote radio head module. It describes test cases to verify the transmitter and receiver functionality. Transmitter tests include output power, EVM, frequency accuracy, and spectrum mask tests. Receiver tests include noise figure, blocking, and dynamic range tests. The document specifies the required test equipment, setup, and procedures to automate calibration and performance testing of the radio module.
This document evaluates and compares the performance of GFDM and OFDM waveforms in an LTE-A system level study. It finds that GFDM can achieve around 6dB reduction in out-of-band radiation compared to OFDM. BER, PER and throughput are similar between the two waveforms in different channel conditions. GFDM's out-of-band radiation can be reduced further using techniques like guard symbols or windowing. The document concludes that GFDM is a promising candidate for 5G waveforms.
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a set of standards for high-speed fiber optic transmission. It defines a hierarchical structure of transmission rates and formats. SONET is predominantly used in North America, while SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is used internationally. SONET frames carry overhead information and payload. Lower rate signals can be mapped into virtual tributaries within SONET frames. SONET networks use rings and point-to-point configurations to provide redundancy and transport services.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
This document discusses testing and programming the ADF4113 frequency synthesizer chip. It shows initialization code, setting the frequency and function registers through API calls, and an example main program that initializes the chip and allows changing the output frequency and function settings through buttons. Initialization sets the frequency to 2476 MHz, and pressing button 2 changes settings like loop bandwidth and current before setting a new frequency of 2423 MHz. The API functions HalSynInit(), HalSynStart(), and halSynSetFunc() are used to control the chip.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses how optical fibers can be used to transmit light signals for communication purposes, providing advantages over existing electrical communication systems. Key points include:
- Optical fiber communication uses light signals transmitted through optical fibers. This provides enormous potential bandwidth compared to existing electrical cables.
- Optical fibers are small, lightweight, and electrically isolated, providing advantages for installation and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
- Early optical fibers had high transmission losses, but losses were reduced below 20 dB/km by 1970, allowing commercial deployment of optical communication systems.
The document provides a history of fiber-optic communications, beginning with early optical communication experiments in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then discusses key innovations in the 1950s and 1960s that led to the development of glass fiber with lower signal loss, paving the way for practical long-distance communication networks. The researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz at Corning invented the first low-loss optical fiber in 1970, enabling vast increases in data transmission capacity compared to copper wire. Their breakthrough solved the problem of high signal loss identified as a barrier to long-range fiber networks.
This document provides an overview of EMC and component solutions for EMC filtering. It discusses the basics of EMC including standards, frequency ranges, electromagnetic waves, and transmission modes. It then covers magnetic fields, permeability, core materials, and transmission line models. Filter topologies such as low-pass, pi, t, and common mode filters are examined. PCB mounted ferrites and their applications for DC, AC, and data line filtering are reviewed. Key points on using ferrites and reading datasheets are provided.
This document outlines test requirements for testing a remote radio head module. It describes test cases to verify the transmitter and receiver functionality. Transmitter tests include output power, EVM, frequency accuracy, and spectrum mask tests. Receiver tests include noise figure, blocking, and dynamic range tests. The document specifies the required test equipment, setup, and procedures to automate calibration and performance testing of the radio module.
Here are the key points about NMOS transistor operation in the subthreshold region:
- When 0 < Vgs < Vt, a depletion region forms in the channel due to the electric field repelling majority carriers (holes).
- This depletion region means there are no carriers to conduct current through the channel.
- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
- Some applications exploit this behavior for very low power analog/digital circuits.
So in summary, a small current flows due to weak inversion in the
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
This document provides an introduction to basic RF concepts including nonlinearity, noise, impedance transformation, gain, linearity and time variance, harmonic distortion, gain compression, cross modulation, and intermodulation. It discusses key effects like how nonlinearity can lead to harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion, and how gain compression occurs when the input power is increased. It also introduces important RF parameters for characterizing devices and circuits like the 1 dB compression point and third order intercept point.
William hyatt-7th-edition-drill-problems-solutionSalman Salman
This document contains solutions to drill problems from Chapter 2 on electrostatics. It includes calculations of electric fields, electric flux densities, and total charge for various charge distributions using Gauss's law and other concepts of electrostatics. Any errors found in the solutions should be reported to the author.
The document describes several receiver designs developed at the Analog and Mixed-Signal Center between 2000-2008, including a Bluetooth receiver, a dual-standard Bluetooth/Wi-Fi receiver ("Chameleon" receiver), and others. It provides details on the system design and individual building blocks for the Bluetooth and Chameleon receivers, such as the low-IF architecture, active complex filter, GFSK demodulator, and time-interleaved pipeline ADC. Experimental results showed the Bluetooth receiver achieved -82dBm sensitivity while the Chameleon receiver achieved -91dBm and -86.5dBm for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modes respectively.
The document discusses four topics related to transistors:
1. Threshold voltage is the minimum gate voltage needed to create a conducting path between source and drain, and depends on oxide thickness, temperature, and random dopant fluctuations.
2. Latchup refers to a short circuit formed between power and ground rails in an integrated circuit, caused by interaction between parasitic bipolar transistors.
3. Electromigration is the forced movement of metal ions due to an electric field, with atoms traveling toward the positive conductor end and vacancies toward the negative end.
4. Mobility degradation occurs due to lateral and vertical electric fields scattering carriers, reducing surface mobility as channel lengths shrink.
Amplifiers -edfa,raman & soa comparisionMapYourTech
This document compares three types of optical amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Raman amplifiers, and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA). It provides a specification comparison and characteristics comparison of the three amplifiers and discusses their WDM band capabilities. References are provided for EDFA, Raman amplifier, and SOA technologies.
The document contains MATLAB scripts for simulating different digital modulation schemes:
1) A binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK) script that generates a random bit stream and maps 0s and 1s to different amplitude levels to create a modulated signal.
2) A binary frequency-shift keying (FSK) script that maps 0s and 1s to different frequency tones and sums the tones to create the modulated signal.
3) A binary phase-shift keying (PSK) script that maps 0s and 1s to different phase shifts, adds noise, and calculates the bit error rate for varying signal-to-noise ratios.
The document provides an overview of VLSI (very large scale integration) and the history and evolution of integrated circuits. It discusses key concepts like Moore's Law and scaling and summarizes different IC technologies like CMOS. It also covers IC design approaches including full custom, standard cells, gate arrays, macro cells and FPGAs and how they tradeoff factors like density, performance and design time/cost.
Optimizing I/O’s and ESD protection to reduce power consumption in SOI applic...Sofics
Sofics presentation at the virtual event about FD-SOI, organized by Design&Reuse the day before DATE 2020.
Optimizing I/O’s and ESD protection to reduce power consumption in SOI applications
Sofics' CTO, Benjamin Van Camp explains the different sources for leakage by ESD devices, specifically targeted on SOI applications. He used experimental data from several SOI projects
Microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). They are mostly used at microwave frequencies.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on free space optics (FSO) presented by Kartik K Benageri at Jain Institute of Technology in Davangere, Karnataka, India. The seminar covered the introduction, key features, working principles, advantages, limitations, and conclusions of FSO technology. FSO uses lasers and photo detectors to transmit data, voice, or video at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps in a line-of-sight fashion without the need for fiber. While offering benefits like flexibility, low cost, and security compared to fiber or microwave, FSO performance can be impacted by environmental factors like fog, rain, scattering, and building sway. The seminar provided information
IRJET- Wearable Antenna for Medical ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a wearable antenna for medical applications using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass as the substrate material. PDMS is a flexible, biocompatible polymer commonly used for medical devices. Glass is added to PDMS to control its flowing properties while maintaining flexibility. A circular patch antenna with slots and strips is designed and simulated. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.8 GHz with a return loss of -19.0073 dB and VSWR of 1.2525 using the PDMS+glass substrate, meeting requirements for medical applications. The antenna is compact, flexible, and provides good performance, making it suitable for wearable medical devices.
Free-space optics (FSO) is a line-of-sight wireless optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit data between two points. It can transmit large amounts of data at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps over distances of several kilometers. Challenges include atmospheric effects such as fog, clouds, rain and building movement. Strict safety standards are in place since it uses invisible laser light. Potential applications include building-to-building networks, temporary networks, and communications between spacecraft. The future of FSO remains uncertain but prospects are increasing in space communications.
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time SignalsJayanshu Gundaniya
- Fourier introduced Fourier series in 1807 to solve the heat equation in a metal plate. The heat equation is a partial differential equation describing the distribution of heat in a body over time.
- Prior to Fourier's work, there was no known solution to the heat equation in the general case. Fourier's idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition of simple sine and cosine waves.
- This superposition or linear combination of sine and cosine waves is called the Fourier series. It allows any periodic function to be decomposed into the sum of simple oscillating functions. Although originally introduced for heat problems, Fourier series have wide applications in mathematics and physics.
Laser communication uses laser beams to transmit data through free space. It works similarly to fiber optic communication but through the atmosphere instead of cables. The system consists of a transmitter section that converts signals into a laser beam and a receiver section that receives the beam and extracts the data signals. Laser communication has advantages over radio including higher bandwidth and more secure communication. Its applications include satellite communication and tactical networks. Challenges include atmospheric effects like absorption, fog, and pollution that can disrupt the laser beam.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation technique that encodes data by changing both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It allows more data to be transmitted over a given bandwidth compared to techniques that only vary the amplitude or phase. QAM modulators use two carrier waves shifted in phase by 90 degrees that are modulated by separate data streams before being combined. Higher order QAM schemes use constellations with more points that allow more bits to be encoded per symbol. While this improves bandwidth efficiency, it also makes the system more susceptible to noise. QAM is widely used in technologies like DSL, wireless networks, cable TV, and microwave backhaul systems.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company discusses solutions to electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems caused by variable-frequency drives (VFDs). Faster switching speeds of modern VFD components produce higher frequency electromagnetic noise. This noise can interfere with control signals and communication devices. Adopting preventative measures like using shielded power cables and separating signal and power wires can minimize EMI issues. Common-mode chokes and EMI filters are also used to reduce conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances from VFDs. European Union emission standards provide limits for VFD electromagnetic emissions.
1) Avalanche transit time devices like IMPATT, TRAPATT, and BARITT diodes exhibit negative resistance through a delay between voltage and current caused by avalanche and carrier transit time.
2) IMPATT diodes use impact ionization avalanche to generate additional carriers, causing a 90 degree phase shift and negative resistance. TRAPATT diodes form a trapped plasma within the junction region. BARITT diodes use thermionic emission rather than avalanche.
3) These devices can generate high frequency signals from 3-100 GHz and are used in applications like radar, intrusion alarms, and microwave oscillators due to their high power capability.
Here are the key points about NMOS transistor operation in the subthreshold region:
- When 0 < Vgs < Vt, a depletion region forms in the channel due to the electric field repelling majority carriers (holes).
- This depletion region means there are no carriers to conduct current through the channel.
- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
- Some applications exploit this behavior for very low power analog/digital circuits.
So in summary, a small current flows due to weak inversion in the
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
This document provides an introduction to basic RF concepts including nonlinearity, noise, impedance transformation, gain, linearity and time variance, harmonic distortion, gain compression, cross modulation, and intermodulation. It discusses key effects like how nonlinearity can lead to harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion, and how gain compression occurs when the input power is increased. It also introduces important RF parameters for characterizing devices and circuits like the 1 dB compression point and third order intercept point.
William hyatt-7th-edition-drill-problems-solutionSalman Salman
This document contains solutions to drill problems from Chapter 2 on electrostatics. It includes calculations of electric fields, electric flux densities, and total charge for various charge distributions using Gauss's law and other concepts of electrostatics. Any errors found in the solutions should be reported to the author.
The document describes several receiver designs developed at the Analog and Mixed-Signal Center between 2000-2008, including a Bluetooth receiver, a dual-standard Bluetooth/Wi-Fi receiver ("Chameleon" receiver), and others. It provides details on the system design and individual building blocks for the Bluetooth and Chameleon receivers, such as the low-IF architecture, active complex filter, GFSK demodulator, and time-interleaved pipeline ADC. Experimental results showed the Bluetooth receiver achieved -82dBm sensitivity while the Chameleon receiver achieved -91dBm and -86.5dBm for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modes respectively.
The document discusses four topics related to transistors:
1. Threshold voltage is the minimum gate voltage needed to create a conducting path between source and drain, and depends on oxide thickness, temperature, and random dopant fluctuations.
2. Latchup refers to a short circuit formed between power and ground rails in an integrated circuit, caused by interaction between parasitic bipolar transistors.
3. Electromigration is the forced movement of metal ions due to an electric field, with atoms traveling toward the positive conductor end and vacancies toward the negative end.
4. Mobility degradation occurs due to lateral and vertical electric fields scattering carriers, reducing surface mobility as channel lengths shrink.
Amplifiers -edfa,raman & soa comparisionMapYourTech
This document compares three types of optical amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Raman amplifiers, and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA). It provides a specification comparison and characteristics comparison of the three amplifiers and discusses their WDM band capabilities. References are provided for EDFA, Raman amplifier, and SOA technologies.
The document contains MATLAB scripts for simulating different digital modulation schemes:
1) A binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK) script that generates a random bit stream and maps 0s and 1s to different amplitude levels to create a modulated signal.
2) A binary frequency-shift keying (FSK) script that maps 0s and 1s to different frequency tones and sums the tones to create the modulated signal.
3) A binary phase-shift keying (PSK) script that maps 0s and 1s to different phase shifts, adds noise, and calculates the bit error rate for varying signal-to-noise ratios.
The document provides an overview of VLSI (very large scale integration) and the history and evolution of integrated circuits. It discusses key concepts like Moore's Law and scaling and summarizes different IC technologies like CMOS. It also covers IC design approaches including full custom, standard cells, gate arrays, macro cells and FPGAs and how they tradeoff factors like density, performance and design time/cost.
Optimizing I/O’s and ESD protection to reduce power consumption in SOI applic...Sofics
Sofics presentation at the virtual event about FD-SOI, organized by Design&Reuse the day before DATE 2020.
Optimizing I/O’s and ESD protection to reduce power consumption in SOI applications
Sofics' CTO, Benjamin Van Camp explains the different sources for leakage by ESD devices, specifically targeted on SOI applications. He used experimental data from several SOI projects
Microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). They are mostly used at microwave frequencies.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on free space optics (FSO) presented by Kartik K Benageri at Jain Institute of Technology in Davangere, Karnataka, India. The seminar covered the introduction, key features, working principles, advantages, limitations, and conclusions of FSO technology. FSO uses lasers and photo detectors to transmit data, voice, or video at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps in a line-of-sight fashion without the need for fiber. While offering benefits like flexibility, low cost, and security compared to fiber or microwave, FSO performance can be impacted by environmental factors like fog, rain, scattering, and building sway. The seminar provided information
IRJET- Wearable Antenna for Medical ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a wearable antenna for medical applications using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass as the substrate material. PDMS is a flexible, biocompatible polymer commonly used for medical devices. Glass is added to PDMS to control its flowing properties while maintaining flexibility. A circular patch antenna with slots and strips is designed and simulated. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.8 GHz with a return loss of -19.0073 dB and VSWR of 1.2525 using the PDMS+glass substrate, meeting requirements for medical applications. The antenna is compact, flexible, and provides good performance, making it suitable for wearable medical devices.
Free-space optics (FSO) is a line-of-sight wireless optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit data between two points. It can transmit large amounts of data at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps over distances of several kilometers. Challenges include atmospheric effects such as fog, clouds, rain and building movement. Strict safety standards are in place since it uses invisible laser light. Potential applications include building-to-building networks, temporary networks, and communications between spacecraft. The future of FSO remains uncertain but prospects are increasing in space communications.
Fourier Series for Continuous Time & Discrete Time SignalsJayanshu Gundaniya
- Fourier introduced Fourier series in 1807 to solve the heat equation in a metal plate. The heat equation is a partial differential equation describing the distribution of heat in a body over time.
- Prior to Fourier's work, there was no known solution to the heat equation in the general case. Fourier's idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition of simple sine and cosine waves.
- This superposition or linear combination of sine and cosine waves is called the Fourier series. It allows any periodic function to be decomposed into the sum of simple oscillating functions. Although originally introduced for heat problems, Fourier series have wide applications in mathematics and physics.
Laser communication uses laser beams to transmit data through free space. It works similarly to fiber optic communication but through the atmosphere instead of cables. The system consists of a transmitter section that converts signals into a laser beam and a receiver section that receives the beam and extracts the data signals. Laser communication has advantages over radio including higher bandwidth and more secure communication. Its applications include satellite communication and tactical networks. Challenges include atmospheric effects like absorption, fog, and pollution that can disrupt the laser beam.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation technique that encodes data by changing both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It allows more data to be transmitted over a given bandwidth compared to techniques that only vary the amplitude or phase. QAM modulators use two carrier waves shifted in phase by 90 degrees that are modulated by separate data streams before being combined. Higher order QAM schemes use constellations with more points that allow more bits to be encoded per symbol. While this improves bandwidth efficiency, it also makes the system more susceptible to noise. QAM is widely used in technologies like DSL, wireless networks, cable TV, and microwave backhaul systems.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company discusses solutions to electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems caused by variable-frequency drives (VFDs). Faster switching speeds of modern VFD components produce higher frequency electromagnetic noise. This noise can interfere with control signals and communication devices. Adopting preventative measures like using shielded power cables and separating signal and power wires can minimize EMI issues. Common-mode chokes and EMI filters are also used to reduce conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances from VFDs. European Union emission standards provide limits for VFD electromagnetic emissions.
1) Avalanche transit time devices like IMPATT, TRAPATT, and BARITT diodes exhibit negative resistance through a delay between voltage and current caused by avalanche and carrier transit time.
2) IMPATT diodes use impact ionization avalanche to generate additional carriers, causing a 90 degree phase shift and negative resistance. TRAPATT diodes form a trapped plasma within the junction region. BARITT diodes use thermionic emission rather than avalanche.
3) These devices can generate high frequency signals from 3-100 GHz and are used in applications like radar, intrusion alarms, and microwave oscillators due to their high power capability.
This document discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation. It defines amplitude modulation as varying the amplitude of a carrier wave linearly with a message signal while keeping frequency and phase constant. Modulation is used to transmit signals over long distances and allow multiple signals over the same channel. Demodulation recovers the signal intelligence by reversing the modulation process through rectification and filtering. The document describes amplitude modulation and different types of AM demodulation techniques.
The document discusses a vehicle-mounted jamming system called the TSJ1390LT-H that is designed to block remote-controlled improvised explosive devices. It has a very high output power of 1530 watts and uses state-of-the-art technology for maximum jamming performance across a wide frequency range. The system has multiple modules that can be operated separately and uses an external omnidirectional antenna array for 360-degree protection. It is intended for applications like VIP protection, bomb disposal, and convoy security.
Wireless charging of mobile phones using microwavesNaveen Kumar
The document proposes a method for wirelessly charging mobile phones using microwaves. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and why the microwave region was selected. The system would include a microwave transmitter that sends power to a rectenna array attached to the phone via a slotted waveguide antenna. This would allow phones to charge without wired connections. However, concerns include potential health effects of the radiation and high costs to implement such a system.
The document summarizes Aurora UNO inverters, including the PVI-5000-TL-OUTD and PVI-6000-TL-OUTD models. Key features include dual MPPT inputs, wide input voltage range, high efficiency up to 97%, and an outdoor enclosure. The inverters are designed for residential and small commercial PV systems between 5-20kW. They have transformerless design, independent MPPT tracking, and high speed algorithms to optimize energy harvesting.
This document provides an overview of radio communication. It covers topics such as radio and microwave communication, spectrum management, digital microwave systems, fading countermeasures, modulation methods, broadband wireless access, radio frequency identification, intelligent transportation systems, and amateur radio. The key points covered include definitions of radio frequency bands, common applications that use radio frequencies, and concepts related to radio wave propagation, spectrum allocation, and digital microwave link performance.
The document describes the ABB UNO-DM-6.0-TL-PLUS single-phase solar inverter. It is a 6 kW inverter that features high power density in a compact design, easy installation and commissioning, and smart monitoring capabilities. It allows remote monitoring and control through wireless connectivity.
How can variables be measured in environments that are too hot, too cold, or moving too fast for traditional circuit-based sensors? A new technology for obtaining multiple, real-time measurements under extreme environmental conditions is being developed under Phase 1 and 2 funding contracts from NASA's Kennedy Space Center’s Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. Opportunities for early deployment licensing and Phase 3 STTR contracts are now being accepted.
Passive, remote measuring systems can be created using new Orthogonal Frequency Code (OFC) multiplexing techniques and specially developed, next-generation SAW sensors. As a result, very cost-effective applications such as spaceflight sensing (for instance, temperature, pressure, or acceleration monitoring), remote cryogenic fluid level sensing, or an almost limitless number of other rigorous monitoring applications are possible.
Many common electronic devices rely on antennas to communicate
wirelessly. Antennas are transducers that convert electromagnetic waves
to electric current or vice versa. Antennas can be used in outer space,
underwater, rock, or soil. Most common applications use air as the typical
propagation medium.
While it takes many years to become an expert antenna designer, several
basic antenna specifications are described to enable a starting point for
antenna selection. Standard antenna solutions are also presented for several
common applications.
The document describes the UNO-2.0-I-OUTD and UNO-2.5-I-OUTD single phase string inverters from Aurora. The inverters feature high efficiency of up to 96.3%, wide input voltage ranges, outdoor enclosures, communication interfaces, and MPPT for improved energy harvesting. They are designed for average rooftop solar installations and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.
The document provides an overview of Hitesh Mittal's six-week industrial training at Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in Ghaziabad, India. It describes BEL's role in electronics manufacturing for defense and civil sectors. Mittal's training included rotations in various departments like test equipment support, automation testing, PCB fabrication, and quality control. The document also provides details on Mittal's project focusing on radar transmitters, including introductions to radar technology and the transmitter's block diagram, mechanical description, and general operating description.
This document provides a circuit description of the iC-v82 radio. It describes the receiver circuits including the antenna switching circuit, RF circuits, 1st mixer/IF amplifier, 2nd IF/demodulator circuits, and AF circuits. It also describes the transmitter circuits including the modulator circuit and transmit amplifiers. Adjustment procedures and parts lists are provided in other sections.
This paper descriibes the performance of the Wavelet based Filtered Multitone(WFMT) modulation. The novel WFMT modulation was proposed in 2003 for improving characteristic of Wireless and DSL multicarrier systems.
The document describes ABB's UNO-2.0-I and UNO-2.5-I string inverters for residential solar installations. The inverters have a power output range of 2-2.5 kW, feature high maximum efficiency of up to 96.3%, and include an MPPT algorithm for improved energy harvesting. They are designed for outdoor use with an IP65 rating and include monitoring capabilities. The document provides detailed technical specifications for the inverters, including electrical characteristics, communications options, and compliance certifications.
Best abdulmajeed extended_abstract-libreNavin Mishra
This document describes the design and construction of a mobile phone jammer that uses extrinsic noise. It operates by transmitting noise signals at the same frequencies used for mobile communication, blocking signals between phones and towers. The jammer extracts noise from the environment using a microphone and mixes it with a tuning signal to cover GSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz bands. Testing showed the jammer decreased phone signal bars and caused phones to display "no network" within a 10m radius, demonstrating its ability to disrupt mobile networks through noise interference. The document discusses applications of jammers for improving security, education, and discipline by blocking phone signals in places like classrooms, meetings and military zones.
Tranzeo TR – 6000 Series (quantumwimax.com)Ari Zoldan
The TR-6000f series are 2.4 GHz wireless devices that can be configured as an access point, point-to-point bridge, or client adapter. They have dual Ethernet ports, support for tunneling protocols, low power requirements of 7 watts, and wireless distribution system support. As an access point it includes WPA encryption, WEP/WPA status LEDs, and alignment LEDs for clients. Output power is adjustable from +23dBm with various antenna options.
LM Ericsson is a leading telecommunications equipment manufacturer, providing mobile systems solutions and end-to-end network solutions to operators. The author completed an internship at Ericsson where they learned about technical and corporate skills while helping to upgrade the software on 2000 network nodes in Bangladesh. They gained experience in fields maintenance and saw first-hand how Ericsson maintains high quality networks for its customers.
IRJET- Design & Analysis of Microstrip Antenna in Spiral Structure for Me...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a spiral microstrip patch antenna for potential medical applications. Key points:
- The antenna is designed to operate in the 2.4-2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency band for applications like telemedicine.
- Electromagnetic simulations show the antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz with a return loss of -25 dB, bandwidth of 0.83%, and directivity of 1.95 dB.
- The antenna has a compact size of 29mm x 21mm x 1.63mm, omni-directional radiation pattern suitable for on-body and off-body use, and narrow bandwidth required for medical applications.
- Future work involves
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
42. Transformers and EMI
• Center leg gap only
– Windings shield
• No gaps in outer legs
– Nothing to shield
No Gaps here
Gap here
No external gaps
43. Inductors and EMI
Drum core style
Very large gap
Much radiation
Not a good solution!
44. Transformers for EMI – Gap issues
• Gap must be perpendicular to flux lines
• Uneven gaps are inefficient. => Why?
– Core saturates at minimum gap
– Requires a larger gap
• Also larger gap – More potential EMI
45. Transformers and EMI – Internal shields
• Shield both conducted and radiated noise
• Copper foil or wound magnet wire?
• Copper foil shields – Expensive, => Why?
– Must build shield
– Must be covered with tape
– Winding machine stopped to apply
• All shields take away from winding area
Internal
shield
46. Transformers and EMI
Y-Cap termination
Noise couples through the transformer via
CParasitic
• Noise seeks path to primary circuit
• Without path, noise may become conducted
emissions
• Y-Cap across transformer reduces noise
• Tune the capacitor for optimum loss vs. noise
reduction
• Capacitor usually in the 470pF to 4.7nF range
• Place as close to transformer as possible
47. Transformers for EMI – Power Supply
Current CompensatedSnubber Y-Cap
Choke WE-FC Transformer
Output filter
WE-TI
Switch IC
48. Transformers for EMC – Schematic
Current Compensated Snubber Transformer Y-Cap Output filter
Choke WE-FC WE-TI
Switch IC
49. Transformers for EMC – Example 1
• With adjusted Snubber
• Without common mode choke
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
QPeak
Avg.
Peak
Avg.
EMC- Test Failed
50. Transformers for EMC – Example 2
• With adjusted Snubber
• With common mode choke
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
QPeak
Avg.
Peak
Avg.
EMC- Test Failed
51. Transformers for EMC – Example 3
• With adjusted Snubber
• With common mode choke
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
QPeak
Avg.
Peak
Avg.
EMC- Passed
52. Transformers for EMC – Example 4
• Without adjusted Snubber
• With common mode choke
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
QPeak
Avg.
Peak
Avg.
EMC- Passed
53. Transformer for EMC – Conclusion for this power supply
• Necessary to pass EMI:
– Current compensated Choke
(CMC)
– Y-Caps
• Not necessary to pass EMI
– Optimized Snubber