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1. Name: ANIFE M. LANO Date: January 28, 2024
A. You have just read various statements or information concerning the right attitude, behavior or
actions expected of researchers before, during, or after the conduct of research. We call them ethical
considerations that every researcher must consciously notice and observe or comply with in relation to the
conduct of research. With these in mind, try to recall past experiences in your life as a student-researcher
when you unconsciously or unknowingly deviated from the ethical norms or expectations while doing
research. Do the following:
1. Write a narrative story of your past experience wherein you, as a student, did not conform to
the ethical norms while doing your research projects. Analyze your behavior at the time and reflect on
what you should have done as evidence of learning.
Answer:
During my undergraduate years in Political Science, I found myself deeply immersed in the world of
Political Aspect and International relationship between other States. It was a thrilling time, filled with
endless possibilities and exciting research projects. However, amidst the excitement, I made a decision that
I would later come to regret deeply. In my third year, I was tasked with a research project that required me
to develop a predictive model for one currency the Southeast Asia. The project was ambitious, and I was
determined to make a name for myself in the field. However, as the deadline loomed closer and the pressure
mounted, I found myself cutting corners and skirting ethical boundaries. As the project progressed, I began
to feel the weight of my actions bearing down on me. I couldn't shake the feeling of guilt that gnawed at
my conscience, knowing that I had compromised my principles for the sake of expediency. With each
passing day, the project became less about genuine inquiry and more about satisfying my own ego.
It wasn't until I presented my findings to my professor and peers that I realized the extent of my mistake.
As I stood before them, showcasing my meticulously crafted results, I couldn't escape the nagging sense of
shame that washed over me. Despite the outward praise and accolades, I knew that my achievements were
hollow and tainted by dishonesty. In the aftermath of the project, I found myself grappling with a profound
sense of disillusionment. I had strayed from the path of ethical conduct, sacrificing integrity in the pursuit
of success. It was a sobering realization, one that forced me to confront the true cost of my actions. In the
days and weeks that followed, I embarked on a journey of self-reflection and introspection. I delved deep
into the principles of ethical research and grappled with the implications of my behavior. I sought guidance
from mentors and peers, eager to learn from their wisdom and experience.
Through introspection and reflection, I came to understand the importance of ethical conduct in the pursuit
of knowledge. I realized that true success could only be achieved through integrity and honesty, even if it
meant sacrificing short-term gains. I vowed to uphold the highest standards of ethical conduct in all my
future endeavors, determined to redeem myself in the eyes of both myself and the academic community.
Looking back on that tumultuous period in my academic journey, I am reminded of the valuable lessons I
learned along the way. While my actions may have been misguided, they served as a catalyst for growth
and self-discovery. Today, I am committed to walking the path of ethical conduct, guided by the principles
of integrity, honesty, and humility. It is a journey fraught with challenges and obstacles, but one that
ultimately leads to true enlightenment and fulfillment.
B. Discuss you experience with your group mates and share other good practices when
doing research projects.
Answer:
Discussing my experience with my group mates was a crucial step in my journey towards self-improvement
and ethical conduct in research projects. Opening up about my struggles allowed me to seek support and

2. guidance from those who shared similar academic aspirations and values. Here are some other good
practices that emerged from our discussions and subsequent reflections:
Transparency and Communication: Open and honest communication within the research group is essential.
It fosters trust and collaboration, enabling team members to share ideas, concerns, and challenges freely.
By maintaining transparent communication channels, we can address ethical dilemmas and resolve conflicts
constructively.
Ethical Guidelines and Institutional Policies: Familiarizing ourselves with ethical guidelines and
institutional policies is paramount. These guidelines provide a framework for responsible conduct and help
us navigate complex ethical issues effectively. By adhering to established ethical standards, we can uphold
the integrity of our research and protect the rights and welfare of participants. Critical Thinking and
Integrity: Cultivating a culture of critical thinking and integrity is fundamental to ethical research practices.
We must approach our work with intellectual honesty and rigor, acknowledging the limitations of our
methods and findings. By challenging assumptions and biases, we can mitigate the risk of ethical lapses
and ensure the validity and reliability of our research outcomes. Informed Consent and Respect for
Participants: Respecting the autonomy and dignity of research participants is paramount. Obtaining
informed consent and ensuring confidentiality are central tenets of ethical research conduct. By prioritizing
the welfare and rights of participants, we can mitigate potential harm and foster trust in the research process.
Peer Review and Accountability: Engaging in peer review and accountability mechanisms enhances the
credibility and robustness of our research. Soliciting feedback from peers and mentors helps identify blind
spots and areas for improvement. By embracing constructive criticism and accountability, we can uphold
the highest standards of scholarly integrity and contribute meaningfully to our respective fields. Continual
Learning and Professional Development: Committing to continual learning and professional development
is essential for ethical researchers. Staying abreast of emerging ethical issues and best practices enables us
to adapt and evolve in an ever-changing research landscape. By engaging in ongoing education and
reflection, we can refine our ethical compass and make informed decisions in our research endeavors. By
embracing these good practices and fostering a culture of ethical conduct, we can uphold the integrity of
our research and contribute positively to the advancement of knowledge. Our collective commitment to
ethical principles serves as a beacon of integrity and excellence, inspiring others to uphold the highest
standards of scholarly conduct.
B. After reading and analyzing the given research topics below, make an outline of the ethical norms
that you will observe and comply with in all of the project research projects.
Research # 1:
“Required Participation of Grade 8 Girls in the School’s Varsity Team”
Answer:
I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of the research project: "Required Participation of Grade 8 Girls in the School’s
Varsity Team"
B. Importance of ethical norms in research involving participants, especially minors
C. Purpose of outlining ethical norms for the project
II. Ethical Norms
A. Informed Consent
1. Explanation of the research purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits to participants
and their guardians
2. Assurance of voluntary participation without coercion or undue influence
3. Consent forms provided and signed by both participants and their legal guardians

3. B. Privacy and Confidentiality
1. Protection of participants' identities and personal information
2. Secure storage and handling of data to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure
3. Use of anonymized data for analysis and reporting to maintain confidentiality
C. Respect for Autonomy and Dignity
1. Recognition of participants' right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty
2. Respect for participants' cultural beliefs, values, and preferences
3. Avoidance of stigmatization or discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, or other
characteristics
D. Minimization of Harm and Risk
1. Mitigation of physical, emotional, or psychological harm to participants
2. Implementation of appropriate measures to ensure the safety and well-being of participants
during research activities
3. Access to support services and resources for participants experiencing distress or adverse effects
E. Transparency and Full Disclosure
1. Clear communication of the research objectives, methods, and potential implications to
participants and their guardians
2. Disclosure of any conflicts of interest or external influences that may impact the integrity of the
research
3. Availability of research findings to participants and the broader community upon request
III. Implementation and Oversight
A. Appointment of an Ethics Review Board or Institutional Review Board to evaluate and approve the
research protocol
B. Designation of a qualified researcher or research team responsible for overseeing the ethical conduct of
the study
C. Regular monitoring and review of research activities to ensure compliance with ethical norms and
regulatory requirements
D. Establishment of procedures for reporting and addressing ethical concerns or violations in a timely and
transparent manner
IV. Conclusion
A. Recap of the ethical norms outlined for the research project
B. Commitment to upholding the highest standards of ethical conduct in research involving Grade 8 girls
C. Emphasis on the importance of ethical reflection, accountability, and continuous improvement in
research practices
Research #2:
“Study Habits of Selected Special Children in Relation to their Academic Performance”
Answer:

4. I. Introduction
A. Overview of the research project: "Study Habits of Selected Special Children in Relation to their
Academic Performance"
B. Importance of ethical norms in research involving vulnerable populations, such as special children
C. Purpose of outlining ethical norms for the project
II. Ethical Norms
A. Informed Consent
1. Explanation of the research purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits to participants and their
guardians
2. Assurance of voluntary participation without coercion or undue influence
3. Consent forms provided and signed by both participants (if capable) and their legal guardians or
caregivers
B. Privacy and Confidentiality
1. Protection of participants' identities and personal information
2. Secure storage and handling of data to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure
3. Use of anonymized data for analysis and reporting to maintain confidentiality
C. Respect for Autonomy and Dignity
1. Recognition of participants' right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty
2. Respect for participants' autonomy and decision-making capacity, considering their cognitive and
developmental abilities
3. Avoidance of stigmatization or discrimination based on disability or special needs
D. Minimization of Harm and Risk
1. Mitigation of physical, emotional, or psychological harm to participants
2. Adaptation of research protocols and materials to accommodate participants' needs and preferences
3. Access to support services and resources for participants and their families in case of distress or adverse
effects
E. Transparency and Full Disclosure
1. Clear communication of the research objectives, methods, and potential implications to participants and
their guardians or caregivers
2. Disclosure of any conflicts of interest or external influences that may impact the integrity of the research
3. Availability of research findings to participants and the broader community in accessible formats and
languages
III. Implementation and Oversight
A. Appointment of an Ethics Review Board or Institutional Review Board to evaluate and approve the
research protocol, particularly regarding research involving vulnerable populations
B. Designation of a qualified researcher or research team with expertise in special education and ethical
considerations
C. Establishment of procedures for obtaining ongoing consent and assent from participants and their
guardians throughout the research process
D. Regular monitoring and review of research activities to ensure compliance with ethical norms and
regulatory requirements
IV. Conclusion
A. Recap of the ethical norms outlined for the research project involving special children

5. B. Commitment to upholding the highest standards of ethical conduct and sensitivity in research practices
C. Emphasis on the importance of ethical reflection, cultural competence, and inclusivity in research
involving vulnerable populations
Reseach #3:
“The Learning Behaviors of Kindergarten Pupils inside their Classroom”
Answer:
I. Introduction
A. Overview of the research project: "The Learning Behaviors of Kindergarten Pupils inside their
Classroom"
B. Significance of ethical norms in research involving young children and educational settings
C. Purpose of outlining ethical norms for the project
II. Ethical Norms
A. Informed Consent
1. Explanation of the research purpose, procedures, and potential impact on participants to parents or legal
guardians
2. Assurance of voluntary participation without coercion or undue influence
3. Consent forms provided and signed by parents or legal guardians, and assent obtained from children,
where applicable
B. Privacy and Confidentiality
1. Protection of children's identities and personal information
2. Secure storage and handling of data to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure
3. Use of anonymized data for analysis and reporting to maintain confidentiality
C. Respect for Autonomy and Dignity
1. Recognition of children's developing autonomy and decision-making capacity
2. Use of age-appropriate language and explanations to ensure understanding and respect for children's
choices
3. Respect for cultural diversity and individual differences among children and families
D. Minimization of Harm and Risk
1. Mitigation of physical, emotional, or psychological harm to children
2. Consideration of potential stressors or disruptions to children's routines and well-being
3. Adoption of non-invasive and developmentally appropriate research methods and procedures
E. Transparency and Full Disclosure
1. Clear communication of the research objectives, methods, and potential implications to parents or legal
guardians, teachers, and school administrators
2. Disclosure of any conflicts of interest or external influences that may impact the integrity of the research
3. Availability of research findings to participants and the educational community in accessible formats and
languages
III. Implementation and Oversight
A. Establishment of a collaborative partnership with teachers and school staff to ensure ethical research
practices

6. B. Designation of a qualified researcher or research team with expertise in early childhood education and
ethical considerations
C. Development of protocols for obtaining ongoing consent and assent from parents or legal guardians and
children throughout the research process
D. Regular monitoring and review of research activities to ensure compliance with ethical norms and
regulatory requirements
IV. Conclusion
A. Recap of the ethical norms outlined for the research project involving kindergarten pupils
B. Commitment to upholding the highest standards of ethical conduct and sensitivity in research practices
C. Emphasis on the importance of ethical reflection, child advocacy, and inclusivity in research involving
young children and educational settings.

7. Name: Anife M. Lano Date: January 28, 2024
Answer the given problems. Use a separate sheet if necessary.
1. Why should Researchers consider ethics in the conduct of research?
Answer:
considering ethics in the conduct of research is essential for upholding the principles of integrity, respect,
and responsibility in scientific inquiry. Ethical research practices not only safeguard the rights and well-
being of participants but also enhance the credibility, relevance, and impact of research outcomes on
individuals, communities, and society as a whole.
2. Describe a researcher who possesses integrity.
Answer:
A researcher who possesses integrity embodies several key characteristics that reflect their
commitment to honesty, transparency, and ethical conduct in their work:
Commitment to Truthfulness: A researcher with integrity is dedicated to the pursuit of truth and
accuracy in their research endeavors. They prioritize the integrity of their data collection, analysis,
and reporting processes, ensuring that findings are presented honestly and without distortion.
Adherence to Ethical Guidelines: Integrity-driven researchers adhere rigorously to ethical principles
and guidelines governing research conduct. They prioritize the well-being and rights of research
participants, uphold confidentiality and privacy standards, and maintain transparency in their
research practices.
Consistency and Accountability: Researchers with integrity demonstrate consistency in their actions
and decisions, aligning their behaviors with ethical standards and professional codes of conduct. They
hold themselves accountable for their actions, acknowledging mistakes and rectifying errors in a
transparent and responsible manner.
Respect for Intellectual Property: Integrity-driven researchers respect the intellectual property
rights of others and uphold standards of academic integrity in their scholarly activities. They
attribute credit appropriately, cite sources accurately, and refrain from plagiarism or unauthorized
use of others' work.
Transparency and Openness: Integrity-driven researchers value transparency and openness in their
research practices, sharing their methods, data, and findings openly with the scientific community
and broader public. They welcome scrutiny and constructive feedback, fostering a culture of
accountability and continuous improvement.
Commitment to the Public Good: Researchers with integrity prioritize the broader societal impact
and ethical implications of their research. They consider the potential consequences of their work on
individuals, communities, and the environment, striving to contribute positively to the advancement
of knowledge and the betterment of society.
Humility and Self-Reflection: Integrity-driven researchers approach their work with humility and
self-reflection, recognizing the limitations of their expertise and acknowledging the diverse

8. perspectives and contributions of others. They remain open to alternative viewpoints and actively
seek opportunities for growth and learning.
Overall, a researcher who possesses integrity embodies a steadfast commitment to ethical principles,
honesty, and accountability in their research practices. Their unwavering dedication to truthfulness,
ethical conduct, and the public good serves as a model for aspiring researchers and contributes to the
advancement of knowledge and the promotion of societal well-being.
3. Explain the concept of “Informed Consent” and cite an example.
Answer:
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research and healthcare that ensures individuals are
fully informed about the nature, purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives of a proposed intervention or
research study before they voluntarily agree to participate or undergo treatment. Informed consent requires
that individuals possess the capacity to understand the information provided and make autonomous
decisions about their involvement based on that understanding.
Key elements of informed consent include:
Disclosure: Researchers or healthcare providers must provide comprehensive information about the nature
of the study or treatment, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, anticipated
duration, and any alternatives available.
Comprehension: Individuals must be able to understand the information provided to them. This may
involve using plain language, visual aids, or interpreters to facilitate comprehension, especially for
individuals with limited literacy or cognitive abilities.
Voluntariness: Participation or consent must be given freely and without coercion or undue influence.
Individuals should not feel compelled or pressured to participate against their will, and they must
understand that they can withdraw their consent at any time without penalty.
Capacity: Individuals must have the cognitive capacity to make informed decisions about their
participation or treatment. This involves understanding the relevant information, appreciating the
consequences of their decision, and communicating their decision in a meaningful way.
Documentation: Informed consent is typically documented through a written consent form signed by the
individual or their legally authorized representative. The consent form serves as a record of the individual's
agreement to participate or undergo treatment and includes details about the information provided, the
voluntariness of consent, and contact information for questions or concerns.
Example of Informed Consent:
In a clinical trial testing a new medication for a specific medical condition, researchers would provide
potential participants with detailed information about the study, including the purpose of the trial, the
experimental treatment being tested, potential risks and side effects, potential benefits, the duration of the
study, and any alternative treatment options available.
Participants would be given ample time to review the information, ask questions, and discuss the decision
with their healthcare provider or family members. If they agree to participate, they would then sign an
informed consent form indicating their understanding of the study and their voluntary agreement to
participate.

9. Throughout the trial, participants would be regularly informed about any changes to the study protocol,
new information about the medication or its effects, and their rights to withdraw from the study at any time
without repercussion. Informed consent ensures that participants are empowered to make informed
decisions about their involvement in research while upholding their rights, autonomy, and well-being.
4. Why should the information revealed to the informants be made confidential?
Answer:
The information revealed to informants in research should be made confidential for several important
reasons:
Trust and Respect: Maintaining confidentiality demonstrates respect for the privacy and autonomy of
research participants. It fosters trust between researchers and participants, encouraging open and honest
communication throughout the research process.
Protection of Privacy: Confidentiality protects participants' sensitive information from unauthorized
access, disclosure, or misuse. Many research topics involve personal, sensitive, or potentially stigmatizing
information that participants may be hesitant to disclose without assurances of confidentiality.
Minimization of Risks: Confidentiality helps minimize the risks of harm or adverse consequences that
participants may face as a result of their participation in research. Participants may be more willing to share
personal experiences, opinions, or behaviors if they feel confident that their information will remain
confidential.
Ethical Considerations: Ensuring confidentiality is an ethical imperative in research, as outlined in various
professional codes of conduct and ethical guidelines. Researchers have a moral obligation to protect the
privacy and confidentiality of participants and to uphold the trust placed in them by participants and the
broader research community.
Legal and Regulatory Requirements: Many research institutions and regulatory bodies require
researchers to maintain confidentiality as part of their research protocols. Compliance with legal and
institutional requirements helps safeguard participants' rights and ensures that research activities are
conducted ethically and responsibly.
Data Security and Integrity: Confidentiality measures also help maintain the security and integrity of
research data. Researchers must take precautions to safeguard participants' information against breaches,
unauthorized access, or data loss, which could compromise the validity and reliability of the research
findings.
Participant Well-being: Protecting confidentiality contributes to the overall well-being and psychological
safety of research participants. Participants may feel more comfortable and secure knowing that their
information will not be shared or used in a way that could harm them or others.
In summary, maintaining confidentiality in research is essential for upholding ethical principles, protecting
participant privacy, and fostering trust and respect between researchers and participants. By prioritizing
confidentiality, researchers can create a safe and supportive environment for participants to share their
experiences and contribute to the advancement of knowledge without fear of repercussion or harm.

10. 5. Cite an example of a situation wherein the researcher can disclose information as part of
his/her legal duty to protect the common good.
Answer:
One example of a situation where a researcher may have a legal duty to disclose information to protect the
common good is in cases involving imminent threats to public safety or welfare. For instance, if a researcher
conducting a study on community health interventions becomes aware of an outbreak of a highly contagious
and potentially life-threatening disease within the population under study, they may have a legal obligation
to report this information to public health authorities.
In this scenario, the researcher's duty to protect the common good outweighs the duty to maintain
confidentiality. Disclosing information about the outbreak allows public health officials to take swift and
effective action to contain the spread of the disease, implement necessary quarantine measures, provide
medical treatment to affected individuals, and inform the broader community about potential risks and
preventive measures.
While the researcher must still adhere to ethical principles and respect participants' privacy to the greatest
extent possible, the urgency and severity of the public health threat may necessitate limited disclosure of
confidential information for the greater good of the community. Additionally, researchers should be aware
of relevant laws and regulations governing public health reporting requirements in their jurisdiction and
consult legal counsel as needed to ensure compliance with legal obligations while upholding ethical
standards in research conduct.