Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and rising average temperatures. The document discusses several effects of climate change including impacts on wildlife, polar areas, oceans, forests, water sources, and weather. It provides examples of how climate change causes species extinction, melting ice caps, rising sea levels, drought, and more extreme weather. The document then outlines how to write a cause-and-effect essay addressing an introduction with a thesis, body paragraphs on individual causes and effects, and a conclusion summarizing the main ideas.

1. UNIT 8
Topic: CLIMATE CHANGE
Writing genre: A cause-effect essay

3. CLIMATE CHANGE
• What is it?
“Climate change refers to a large-scale, long-
term shift in the planet's weather patterns and
average temperatures.” <metoffice.gov.uk>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4H1N_y
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4. BRAINSTORM
What are some effects of climate change?

5. Effects of climate change
• On wildlife:
+ species become extinct -> biodiversity is lost, ecosystem is imbalanced
• On polar areas (The Arctic and The Antarctica)
+ ice melting -> rise in the sea level -> flood -> many areas are underwater -> homeless
+ polar animals lose their habitats -> become extinct
• On oceans and marine life
+ warmer seas and oceans -> affect sea animals -> the quantity of sea foods is reduced -> affect
human
• On forests
+ forest animals become extinct -> affect biodiversity
+ deforestation -> decrease the forest areas -> flood / soil erosion / greenhouse effects
• On water source
+ droughts -> water scarcity -> affect agricultural production / human lack of fresh water to use
• On the weather
+ more extreme weather occurs -> cause huge damages -> affect human life

6. A cause-effect essay
• Introduction:
- Generally introduce about the issue
- State that the essay will focus on explaining causes and/or
effects of the issue
• Body:
- Each body paragraph explains each cause or effect one-by-
one
- Use a variety of expressions to show causes / effects
• Conclusion:
- Summarize the main ideas that have been discussed

7. Example 1
Thesis statement: There are two main reasons why these
and other cities are becoming so crowded; one economic,
the other socio-cultural.
+ 1st body: economic reasons
- cities are engines of development.
+ 2 nd body: socio-cultural reasons
- education
- urbanization

8. Example 2
Thesis statement: The two main areas in which computers
have brought about a profound change in our lives are in the
economic field and in the field of communications.
+ 1st body: economic effects
- computers in business
- computers and national economies
+ 2nd body: effects on communication
- e-mail
- globalization

9. Expressions of causes and effects
Types of expressions Causes Effects
Words / phrases Derive from … / result from …
Come from ….
Be caused by …
The reason for … is …
The cause of … is …
Cause … / lead to … / result in …
Provoke sth / wreak sth
Affect / Impact / Influence sth
Have an effect/impact/influence on sth
Subordinate conjunctions
-> connect clauses in a compound
sentence
because, as, since
Coordinate conjunctions
-> connect clauses in a compound
sentence
For So
Prepositional phrases Because of / Due to / Owning to … /
Thanks to …
A result of … / A consequence of ….
Transitions
-> connect a sentence with
another
Thus / therefore
As a result / As a consequence
Consequently

10. Exercise
1. Schools for girls were built ……………………………. girls had a chance to learn about health and life skills.
2. …………………………………. girls learned about health skills, they improved the sanitation of their villages.
3. Girls were given school uniforms ……………………………….they needed to feel that they were a valued part
of the school.
4. The girls felt proud to have a uniform…………………………………… they were more likely to attend school
everyday.
5. The family members of the girls walked them to school ………………………………….. they didn't want other
males in the village to taunt the girls.
6. The family members of the girls walked them to school ………………………………… the girls avoided
abduction and pregnancy.
7. After graduation, the girls were more likely to start small businesses ……………………………. their
mathematical and accounting skills.
8. Some graduates became valued business owners………………………they were invited to serve on business
councils.
9. …………………………….their community status, they were able to vote on improving water and sanitation.
10. Health conditions improved in villages …………………………………. more babies and children survived.

11. WRITING TASK FOR UNIT 8
Climate change is said to be a global threat
which can have a dramatic impact on all
countries in the world. In Vietnam, the
evidence of climate change impacts has been
obvious recently. What are the most
important effects of climate change in
Vietnam?

12. Essay outline
• Introduction:
- Generally introduce about climate change around the world, then in Vietnam
- Thesis statement: effects of climate change in Vietnam
• Body:
+ Effect 1: ……………………………………………………………………………..….
- ……………………………………………………………………………..…………….
- ……………………………………………………………………………….…………..
+ Effect 2: …………………………………………….…………………………………..
- ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
- ……………………………………………………………………………….……………..
+ Effect 3: ………………………………………………………………………………….
- ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….
- …………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Conclusion:
- Summarize the main effects of climate change
- Suggest what needs to be done to tackle the problem

13. Essay outline
• Introduction:
- Generally introduce about global warming and climate change around the
world, then in Vietnam
- Say that climate change can have many effects on different aspects of
Vietnamese lives
• Body:
+ Effect 1: cause extreme weather
- intense heat waves
- frequent strong storms
+ Effect 2: soil erosion in coastal areas
- sea level rise -> frequent tides
• Conclusion:
- Summarize the main effects of climate change
- Suggest what needs to be done to tackle the problem

14. Essay checklist
 Does the essay express the writer’s opinion about the effects of climate
change in Vietnam?
 Does the writer have a clear layout of the essay with an introductory
paragraph, two or three body paragraphs and a concluding paragraph?
 Does the writer write a funnel-shaped introduction with a clear and
specific thesis statement at the end?
 Does each body paragraph include a clear topic sentence?
 Is each supporting idea well-developed in each body paragraph? (T-E-E-E)
 Does the concluding paragraph restate and summarize the main ideas?
 Does the writer use a range of causes-effects expressions?
 Are all the ideas well linked by cohesive devices?