Do you have osteoarthritis? Learn about what to expect throughout the 4 different stages of knee osteoarthritis and the proper treatment for each stage
All you want to know about trigger finger by kids orthopedicKids Orthopedic
Dr. Soumya Paik specialist in kids Orthopaedics provide advanced treatment facilities with the help of highly experienced team member and qualified doctors. Dr. Paik showing his dedication to this field and decided to devote himself purely to Paediatric Orthopaedics.
Dr. Soumya Paik specialist in kids Orthopaedics provide advanced treatment facilities with the help of highly experienced team member and qualified doctors. Dr. Paik showing his dedication to this field and decided to devote himself purely to Paediatric Orthopaedics.
Trigger finger is a painful condition that causes your fingers or thumb to catch or lock when you bend them. It can affect any finger, or more than one. When it affects your thumb, it’s called trigger thumb.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a median entrapment neuropathy that causes paresthesia, pain and numbness in the distribution of the median nerve. The pathophysiology can be considered compression of the median nerve travelling through the carpal tunnel.
The neck - or cervical spinal column - is a collaborated network of nerves, bones, joints, as well as muscular tissues guided by the brain and also the spinal cord. It is created for toughness, stability, and nerve communication.
Groin discomfort as well as tenderness establishes from a selection of reasons including athletic and non-athletic injuries in addition to inner physiological elements.
Forgotten in the complexity of attempting to identify. Groin discomfort is tendon laxity. Damaged, torn ligaments that cause instability. Consequently, physicians experienced in ligament reference patterns should be gotten in touch with in cases of groin discomfort.
New York DNS & Physical Therapy center is the first one in the niche to practise Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization therapy method in New York. Its professional medicine employees have more than 18 years of experience.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Surat @ℂall @Girls ꧁❤8527049040❤꧂@ℂall @Girls Service Vip Top Model Safe
Wrist pain
1. Wrist pain
Definition
Wrist pain is a common complaint. It's often caused by sprains or
fractures from suddeninjuries. But wrist pain can also result from
long-term problems, such as repetitivestress, arthritis and carpal tunnel
syndrome.
Because so many factors can lead to wrist pain, diagnosing the exact
cause can sometimesbe difficult. But an accurate diagnosis is essential
for proper treatment.
Symptoms
Wrist pain may vary, depending on what's causing it. For example,
osteoarthritis pain isoften described as being similar to a dull toothache,
while carpal tunnel syndrome usuallycauses a pins-and-needles feeling,
especially at night. The precise location of your wristpain also can give
clues to what might be causing your symptoms.
When to see a doctor
2. Not all wrist pain requires medical care. Minor sprains and strains, for
instance, usuallyrespond to ice, rest and over-the-counter pain
medications. But if pain and swelling lastlonger than a few days or
become worse, see your doctor. Delays in diagnosis and treatmentcan
lead to poor healing, reduced range of motion and long-term disability.
Causes
Your wrist is a complex joint made up of eight small bones arranged in
two rows betweenthe bones in your forearm and the bones in your hand.
Tough bands of ligament connect yourwrist bones to each other and to
your forearm bones and hand bones. Tendons attach musclesto bones.
Damage to any of the parts of your wrist can cause pain and affect your
abilityto use your wrist and hand.
Injuries
● Sudden impacts. Wrist injuries often occur when you fall forward
onto your outstretchedhand. This can cause sprains, strains and
even fractures. A scaphoid fracture involves abone on the thumb
side of the wrist. This type of fracture may not show up on
X-raysimmediately following the injury.
● Repetitive stress. Any activity that involves repetitive wrist motion--
from hitting atennis ball or bowing a cello to driving cross-country--
can inflame the tissues aroundjoints or cause stress fractures,
especially when you perform the movement for hours onend
without a break. De Quervain's disease is a repetitive stress injury
that causes painat the base of the thumb.
Arthritis
● Osteoarthritis. This type of arthritis occurs when the cartilage that
cushions the ends ofyour bones deteriorates over time.
Osteoarthritis in the wrist is uncommon and usuallyoccurs only in
people who have injured that wrist in the past.
● Rheumatoid arthritis. A disorder in which the body's immune
system attacks its owntissues, rheumatoid arthritis commonly
3. involves the wrist. If one wrist is affected, theother one usually is,
too.
Other diseases and conditions
● Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome develops when
there's increased pressure onthe median nerve as it passes
through the carpal tunnel, a passageway in the palm side ofyour
wrist.
● Ganglion cysts. These soft tissue cysts occur most often on the
part of your wristopposite your palm. Smaller ganglion cysts seem
to cause more pain than larger ones do.
● Kienbock's disease. This disorder typically affects young adults
and involves theprogressive collapse of one of the small bones in
the wrist. Kienbock's disease occurswhen the blood supply to this
bone is compromised.
Risk factors
Wrist pain can happen to anyone-- whether you're very sedentary, very
active or somewherein between. But your risk may be increased by:
● Sports participation. Wrist injuries are common in many sports,
including bowling, golf,gymnastics, snowboarding and tennis.
● Repetitive work. Almost any activity that involves your hands and
wrists-- even knittingand cutting hair-- if performed forcefully
enough and often enough can lead to disablingwrist pain.
● Certain diseases or conditions. Pregnancy, diabetes, obesity,
rheumatoid arthritis andgout may increase your risk of developing
carpal tunnel syndrome.
Preparing for your appointment
Although you may initially consult your family physician, he or she may
refer you to adoctor who specializes in joint disorders (rheumatologist),
sports medicine or even anorthopedic surgeon.
4. What you can do
You may want to write a list that includes:
● Detailed descriptions of your symptoms
● Information about medical problems you've had or have
● Information about the medical problems of your parents or siblings
● All the medications and dietary supplements you take
● Questions you want to ask the doctor
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor may ask some of the following questions:
● When did your symptoms begin?
● Do they seem to be connected to a recent injury?
● Does any particular wrist motion trigger your pain?
● Is there any numbness or tingling in your hand?
● Are you right-handed or left-handed?
● What is your occupation? Does it require a lot of wrist motion?
● Do you participate in any sports or hobbies that put stress on your
wrist?
Tests and diagnosis
During the physical exam, your doctor may:
● Check your wrist for tenderness, swelling or deformity
● Ask you to move your wrist to see if your range of motion has been
decreased
● Assess your grip strength and forearm strength
In some cases, your doctor may suggest imaging tests, arthroscopy or
nerve tests
Imaging tests.
● X-rays. This is the most commonly used test for wrist pain. Using a
small amount ofradiation, X-rays can reveal bone fractures, as well
as signs of osteoarthritis.
5. ● CT. This scan can provide more-detailed views of the bones in
your wrist and may help findfractures that don't show up on X-rays.
● MRI. This test uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to
produce detailed images ofyour bones and soft tissues. For a wrist
MRI, you may be able to insert your arm into asmaller device
instead of whole-body MRI machine.
● Ultrasound. This simple, noninvasive test can help visualize
tendons, ligaments and cysts.
Arthroscopy
If imaging test results are inconclusive, your doctor may perform an
arthroscopy, aprocedure in which a pencil-sized instrument called an
arthroscope is inserted into yourwrist through a small incision in your
skin. The instrument contains a light and a tinycamera. Images are
projected onto a television monitor. Arthroscopy is now considered
thegold standard for evaluating long-term wrist pain. In some cases, your
doctor may repairwrist problems through the arthroscope.
Nerve tests
If your doctor thinks you have carpal tunnel syndrome, he or she might
order anelectromyogram (EMG). This test measures the tiny electrical
discharges produced in yourmuscles. A needle-thin electrode is inserted
into the muscle, and its electrical activityis recorded when the muscle is
at rest and when it's contracted. Nerve conduction studiesalso are
performed as part of an EMG to assess if the electrical impulses are
slowed inthe region of the carpal tunnel.
Treatments and drugs
Treatments for wrist problems vary greatly, depending on the type,
location and severityof the injury, as well as on your age and overall
health.
Medications
6. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others)
andacetaminophen (Tylenol, others), may help reduce wrist pain.
Stronger pain relievers areavailable by prescription.
Therapy
A physical therapist can recommend specific treatments and exercises
for wrist injuriesand tendon problems. If you need surgery, your physical
therapist can also help withrehabilitation after the operation. You may
also benefit from having an ergonomicevaluation that addresses
workplace factors that may be injuring your wrist.
If you have a broken bone in your wrist, the pieces will need to be
aligned so that it canheal properly. A cast or splint can help hold the
bone fragments together while they heal.
If you have sprained or strained your wrist, you may need to wear a
splint to protect theinjured tendon or ligament while it heals. Splints are
particularly helpful with overuseinjuries caused by repetitive motions.
Surgery
In some cases, surgery may be necessary. Examples include:
● Severely broken bones. A surgeon may connect the fragments of
bone together with metalhardware.
● Carpal tunnel syndrome. If your symptoms are severe, you may
need to have the tunnel cutopen to relieve the pressure on the
nerve.
● Tendon or ligament repair. Surgery is sometimes necessary to
repair tendons or ligamentsthat have ruptured.
Lifestyle and home remedies
Not every cause of wrist pain requires medical treatment. For a minor
wrist injury, youmay want to try putting ice on it and wrapping your wrist
with an elastic bandage.
7. Prevention
It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause wrist
injuries, butthese basic tips may offer some protection:
● Build bone strength. Getting adequate amounts of calcium-- at
least 1,200 milligrams a dayfor women over age 50, or 1,000
milligrams a day for most adults-- can help preventfractures.
● Prevent falls. Falling forward onto an outstretched hand is the
main cause of most wristinjuries. To help prevent falls, wear
sensible shoes. Remove home hazards. Light up yourliving space.
And install grab bars in your bathroom and handrails on your
stairways, ifnecessary.
● Use protective gear for athletic activities. Wear wrist guards for
high-risk activities,such as football, snowboarding and
rollerblading.
● Pay attention to ergonomics. If you spend long periods at a
keyboard, take regular breaks.When you type, keep your wrist in a
relaxed, neutral position. An ergonomic keyboard andfoam or gel
wrist support may help.
https://nydnrehab.com/what-we-treat/wrist-pain/