World War I had a devastating impact, as described in the poem remembering the young lives lost in battles like Passchendaele, the Somme, and Mons. New crosses were still being added, a sign that the conflict continued taking lives. The document then discusses several aspects of World War I, including the rise of nationalism in countries like Germany, key facts about the war, life and conditions in the trenches, events like the Christmas truce of 1914 and the failed Gallipoli campaign of 1915, as well as the roles of new technologies and certain individuals.

1. {
World War I: 1914-1918

3. World War I: 1914-1918
I stood there before the crosses
glowing white in row on row
Everyone a young life cut short
as the names upon them show.
The dates they died below the names
tell of wars now passed and gone
Passchendaele, the Somme, and Mons
of battles fought, and lost or won.
History remembers, as it should
these men who fought and died
Whilst for their families left behind
a dull sorrow tinged with pride.
The faces of boys held now in Sepia
who died in days long gone
yet living on in memories
and hearts, still holding on.
Yet despite the hurt and grief here
what with horror makes me fill
Is that when I look behind me
there are more new crosses growing still.

6. Rise of Nationalism
 Militaristic Germany
 “Mit Blut Und Eisen”
 Bismarck
 Alliances
 Germany with Austro-Hungary
 1882-Italy joined them
 Formed triple alliance known as the?
 Central Powers
 Anti-French
 England and American-policy of?
 Isolation
 July 1888-who became Kaiser (emperor)
of Germany?
 Wilhelm II

7. World War I-key facts
 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-
i/world-war-i-history/videos/bet-you-didnt-
know-world-war-i
 5 key points-Video Notes

8.  What did the Nazis do to the Jews during the second world war?
 Holocaust
 Exterminated them
 What did the Turks do to the Armenians in first world war?
 Exterminated them
 Which atrocity have you heard about?
 Armenia - first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th
century)
Genocide! Armenians!!

9.  http://ezproxy.bcpl.org:2048/login?url=http://avod.infobase.com/PortalPlayli
sts.aspx?wID=104125&xtid=39141&loid=64924 Between 1894-6 and in 1909
 Worst between 1915-16
 Dead: estimated two million during this 20-year period
 Religion of Turks (Ottoman Empire)?
 Islam (Muslims)
 Religion of Armenian minority?
 Christian
 Why?
 Armenians more wealthy than some Turks-jealous-envy
 Turks regarded Armenian nationalism as threat to Turkish rule
 Armenians wanted independence from Turkey
 Armenians refused to support government when it sided with Germany and
Austria-Hungary
 Scapegoats for Turkish defeat by Russians in December 1914
 1915: Taalat Pasha, Turkish interior minister, ordered “the elimination of the
Armenian element.” Ordered local leaders: “to destroy completely all Armenians
living in Turkey.”
 Hitler noted when asked about his policy against the Jews: “Who does now
remember the Armenians?”
Armenian Genocide
What was the response of the international community to
the Armenian Genocide?
They condemned the Armenian Genocide. In May 1915,
Great Britain, France, and Russia advised the Young Turk
leaders that they would be held personally responsible for
this crime against humanity. There was a strong public
outcry in the United States against the mistreatment of
the Armenians. At the end of the war, the Allied victors
demanded that the Ottoman government prosecute the
Young Turks accused of wartime crimes. Relief efforts
were also mounted to save "the starving Armenians." The
American, British, and German governments sponsored
the preparation of reports on the atrocities and numerous
accounts were published. On the other hand, despite the
moral outrage of the international community, no strong
actions were taken against the Ottoman Empire either to
sanction its brutal policies or to salvage the Armenian
people from the grip of extermination. Moreover, no steps
were taken to require the postwar Turkish governments to
make restitution to the Armenian people for their immense
material and human losses.

10.  Germany's last Kaiser
 Son of Frederick III and Victoria, daughter of
Queen Victoria, who was his grandmother
 Wilhelm and King George V of England-cousins
 Wilhelm, George, and Nicholas II of Russia cousins
 Loved show and pageantry
 Thought he was another Frederick the Great
 Delighted when his grandmother made him an
honorary officer of a British regiment-meant he could wear another uniform
 Owned many uniforms and liked to change several times a day
 Crippled left arm from birth
 WWI, he said to his troops: “Remember that you are a chosen people! The
spirit of the Lord has descended upon me, because I am Emperor of the
Germans! I am the instrument of the Most High. I am His sword, H is
representative. Woe and death to all who resist my will! Woe and death to
those who do not believe in my mission! Woe and death to the cowards! Let
them all perish-all the enemies of the German people! God demands their
destruction, God, who through my mouth, commands you to executive His
will!”
 http://youtu.be/JzbCh4c-8vA
Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941)
Two of Queen Victoria’s many grandchildren, King George V
and Kaiser Wilhelm II , pose in 1912 outside the mess of the
Prussian Foot Guards in Berlin, surrounded by officers of the
regiment. The king is on a visit to his cousin in Germany and,
as was the custom, each monarch wears the uniform of one
of the other’s regiments: George-Foot Guards; Kaiser-British
1st Royal Dragoons.
GeorgeNicholas

11. Total War-Clash of Empires
 Spark in powder keg Balkans
 June 28, 1914
 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-
history/videos/causes-of-world-war-i
 3 min.
 28 countries involved in WW I
 Fighting on land, at sea, and in the air
 TOTAL WAR!
 Industrial superpowers
 Arms race
 1906-Britian builds new type of war ship called the Dreadnought
 1914:
 Britain: 30
 Germany: 20

12. TOTAL WAR!

13. ... that involved at least 600,000 casualties in Belgium
alone…
... of which at least 550,000 occurred in the Westhoek
region (Flanders Fields)...
... where at least 300,000 of them are still buried
today…
... and more than 200,000 still remain missing...
... in a place where more than 1.5 million people were
wounded...
...and at least 1.5 million Belgian people fled from
the war...
... from a place where millions of people, from over
50 nationalities fought...
... in the ‘war to end all wars’…
… yet, since 1918, more than 130 wars have been
fought…
Red poppy from the fields of France-remembrance of
people who died in WW I
World War I: 1914-1918
Before…. During…
After…

14. Life in the Trenches
 Rats!
 “Certain unexpected problems are involved in the rat
problem…The rate serves one useful function-he consumes the
corpses on No Man’s Land, a job which the rat alone is willing to
undertake. For this reason it has been found desirable to control
rather than eliminate the rate population.”
 Fleas & Lice=Trench Fever
 Trench Foot

15. Christmas Truce 1914 http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-
christmas/videos/the-christmas-truce
 Treason-Execution
 Why?

16.  http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-
history/videos/trench-warfare
 World War I: TECHNOLOGY!
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-
history/videos/wwi-firsts
 U-Boats Sink the Lusitania in 1915 (Unterseeboot)
 Germany torpedoes a British passenger ship believed to be smuggling
arms, anger at the resulting American deaths increases pressure on
President Wilson to enter World War I.
 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-
history/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915
 What did you think about the caption of the Lusitania’s decision to slow
down?
 When did the U.S. Enter W.W.I?
 April 6, 1917
Trench Warfare & Technology

17. Advertising vs Reality
 Who was the Red Baron?
 http://www.redbaron.com/home.htm?gclid=CKTmjdCxnb0CFY6Rfg
odsD8AoQ
 Pizza maker?
 Snoopy?
 https://youtu.be/wtJ1Gnh9wPU

18.  Blue Max trailer: http://youtu.be/Efc6Y6LCuuc
 Stop 3:10
 Technology! Synchronized machine gun fires through rotating
propellers
 Manfred von Richtofen-Red Baron
 80 “kills”
 Blue Max-Pour le mérite
 Flying Circus
 Bloody April 1917-RFC lost 245 planes
 Royal Flying Corps (RFC)-Suicide Club
 Ernst Udet – 72 “kills”
 Antony Fokker-airplanes
 https://youtu.be/mKspJtIMPH0
 7:36-Werner Voss-dead at 20
Air War

19.  Allies Launch Disastrous Attack at Gallipoli
 Wanted to connect with Russian allies
 Winston Churchill-First Lord of Armiralty
 Poor leadership/Bad planning
 Dardanelles-loaded with mines, guns, and forts
 Navy unsuccessful-shelling from forts and mines
 April 25th: 35,000 Allied troops landed
 17,000 from Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps (Anzacs)
 Turks opened fire from trenches
 Many never made it to shore-Sea turned red with blood
 Allies continued to push forward
 Trenched in!
 http://youtu.be/d-kVrdc9g_s
 Spring to summer-intense heat-drinking water scarce-corpses rotting in no-
man’s land buzzed with flies and reeked
 Flies contaminated soldiers’ food, infected wounds, spread diseases
 Then winter came-frostbit and pneumonia
 November-Allies withdrew
 50,000 allied men lost-87,000 Turks
Gallipoli-1915

20.  http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-
history/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme
 1916 Battle of the Somme
 After two years of trench warfare, the Allies
attempt to break through German lines on
the Western Front. The ensuing battle will
last for months and result in more than
one million casualties.
Summer 1916-The Somme

21.  http://youtu.be/zmr1iSG3RTA
 Thomas Edward Lawrence, 1888-1935
 British Army officer
 Liaison during the Sinai and Palestine
Campaign and the Arab Revolt against
Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18
 Lawrence fought alongside Arab irregular troops
under the command of Emir Faisal, a son of Sherif Hussein of Mecca
 Extended guerrilla operations against the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire
 Lawrence's major contribution to the revolt was convincing the Arab leaders
(Faisal and Abdullah) to co-ordinate their actions in support of British strategy
 He persuaded the Arabs not to make a frontal assault on the Ottoman stronghold
in Medina but allow the Turkish army to tie up troops in the city garrison. The
Arabs were then free to direct most of their attention to the Turks' weak point,
the Hejaz railway that supplied the garrison. This vastly expanded the battlefield
and tied up even more Ottoman troops, who were then forced to protect the
railway and repair the constant damage. Lawrence developed a close relationship
with Faisal, whose Arab Northern Army was to become the main beneficiary of
British aid.
http://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/flash/emerging_fla.html
http://avod.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=12187&xtid=43124&loid=99427
Lawrence of Arabia

22.  Volunteers in hospitals, nursing sick and wounded soldiers
 Navy reserve
 Ambulance drivers and stretcher bearers on front lines
 Provided immediate medical care on front lines
 Nurses under fire!
 Most hospitals safe behind front lines-still subject to shell fire
 Nurses had to cope daily with sight of dead and mauled bodies
 Gave traumatized patients comfort and reassurance
 British nurse Edith Louise Cavell (1865-1915)-Red Cross hospital
in German-occupied Brussels
 Treated refugees and soldiers of all nationalities
 Secretly helped hundreds of Allied soldier to escape
 Germans executed her by firing squad
 “But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity, I realize that
patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness toward any one.”
Women in the War

23.  Battalion of Death-mid-1917 Russia
 Maria Bochkareva (b. 1889) persuaded government to let
her set up a woman’s unit
 Executed in 1920 by the Russian Cheka by firing squad
 Partly to shame men into fighting again
 2,000 strong battalion involved in heavy fighting
 Within three months, only 250 still alive
Women in Uniform

24.  Margareta Zelle known as Mata Hari (1876 – 15
October 1917)
 Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan
 Convicted of being a spy
 Executed by French firing squad in France under
charges of espionage for Germany
 Basically a double agent for France and Germany
 Tactics
 Writing in invisible ink
 Concealing notes in hollowed–out coat buttons and
glass eyes
 Germany-merchant seamen and a few tourists taken
prison
 Britain-all Germans and Austro-Hungarians,
including those who had lived there most of their
lives, classified as “enemy aliens” and sent to
internment camps for duration of war
 British royal family changed name from German-
sounding Saxe-Coburg to Windsor
Spies and Secrets

25.  Piano Concerto for the Left Hand in D major
 Composed by Maurice Ravel between 1929 and 1930
 Commissioned by the Austrian pianist Paul Wittgenstein (1887 –
1961), who lost his right arm during World War I
 http://youtu.be/KJTUUKAdZDU
 Start at 2:20
Waste!

27.  http://youtu.be/Gx7WAu_jAnQ
 http://youtu.be/cc7ehb8agWY
You are in the trenches