World War I, known as the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved over 30 countries and resulted in over 15 million deaths. The war began as a result of tensions between European powers that had been building for decades, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and a system of alliances that pulled countries into the war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 triggered a series of events that led key European powers to declare war on each other. The war was primarily fought in trenches along the Western Front. Major battles included Verdun and the Somme, which involved over 1 million casualties each. The

1. World War I
“The Great War”
--the war to end all wars--
1914-1918
Ch. 14.3 & 16.1-3
Unit 4
#19

2. Unit 4 - Study Guide & Important Dates
+25 points added on to Unit 4 Test
Honors Classes --- +20pts on Test
Unit 4 Quiz – Wed, Nov. 26th
Major Unit Homework – regular & honors
WWI Posters – Tues, Nov. 25th
‘All Quiet’ – Mon, Dec. 1st
Unit 4 WWI Test – Dec. 3 & 4

3. All Quiet on the Western Front
-US History Honors-
Erich Maria Remarque – Author
(Remark) Motion Pictures 1930/1977/NOW
Book – 1929
Banned & Burned in NAZI Germany
Chapters -- 11 – Remember your #

4. War Is HELL !!

5. German Soldier at Verdun

6. WW I – More people died in one battle
than in our entire Civil War

7. Four Main Causes of WW I
1) Nationalism – Strong feelings people have for
their own country
Americans feeling when watching Olympics:
Michael Phelps wins Gold
“Extreme Pride for your own country”
Europe was a small place
with many Developed
& Competing Countries

8. Aggressive Nationalism

9. 2) Imperialism – The struggle or competition
for colonies around the world

10. 3) International Rivalries
The nations of Europe wanted to weaken their rivals
and strengthen alliances
• Many countries in a small location
• Build Armies for Defense & Strength
• This leads to a great “Arms Race”
Example
1) Germany’s new navy challenged
Britain's long standing naval supremacy
2) Germany’s disciplined army scared its
neighbors France & Russia

11. The Dreadnought Battleship
-the most powerful war machine on earth
• Br. Started building & Gr.
quickly followed
• Started the “Arms Race”

12. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger.,
A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%

14. 4) System of Alliances
• Attempt by each country to gain security through
alliances
tried to find – “Balance of Power”
• Many Alliances were done in secrecy
- other countries didn’t know what side you were on
“entangling alliances”
Two Main Alliances
1) Triple Entente – GB,FR,Russia (Allies)
2) Central Powers – GR, Aust.-Hun.
Ottoman Empire

15. The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Central Powers:
Wilhelm II [Ger]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Enver Pasha
[O.E/Turkey]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]

16. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
Russia
A-H
Ottomans
All wanted
control

18. The “Spark”
That Starts the
Great War

19. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His
Family – Heir to throne in A-H

20. The Assassination/ Sarajevo

21. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip
Serbian Nationalist
Wanted to free the
Slavic people in A-H
-Liberate the Balkans

22. Who’s To Blame?

23. Chain of Events Take Place
Canvas-overview of the war
• A-H declares war on Serbia/ July 28, 1914
• Russia comes to the aid of Serbia
• Germany declares war on Russia & Fr.
• Britain stays neutral until Gr. Attacks Belgium/Fr.
• Italy is drawn in by Allies – land from A-H
The USA – Neutral
until 1917

24. European Countries Mobilize
for War
German Women Factory Workers

25. French Women Factory Workers

26. 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
France Germany Russia Britain
Millions
Soldiers Mobilized

27. New French Recruits

28. The Schlieffen Plan
GR. Attacks Fr. Through Belgium
August 4, 1914

29. Two Front War Develops
in Europe
1) Eastern Front
Gr. & A-H push deep into Russia - then slows
2)Western Front
Gr. Attacks France through Belgium
1st Battle of the Marne
- Allies stop the Gr. Offensive just outside of
Paris as the attack bogs down
Trench War – Stalemate (attack-retreat)

30. No Man’s Land / “Going Over the Top”

31. German trenches

32. Major Trench Battles in WWI
1) Battle of Verdun (Feb-July 1916)
A sacred place for the French
“Battle of Attrition”
1 million men – killed/wounded/missing
2) Battle of the Somme (July-Nov 1916)
started to take pressure off of Verdun
60,000 Br. Casualties in one day
1 million killed

33. Somme Battlefield Map
Verdun is slightly south

34. The Somme – July, 1916
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

35. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

36. Europe in 1914

37. Trench with French soldiers

38. German
remains at
Verdun
Dead French
soldiers in the
Argonne

39. The Western Front by 1916

40. The Central Powers end up Fighting a Two Front War

41. Fighting Took place in the
Colonies too - Africa
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]

42. T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia)
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

43. Sacrifices of Soldiers in War

44. Development of Pilates
• Joseph Pilates – Born in Germany
• Wanted to help injured soldiers regain
confidence & control of their lives after
suffering debilitating injuries on the Front
• This became the core strengthening workout
used today

45. The Shell-Shattered Area of Chateau Wood, Flanders

46. Scene in the trenches

47. Looking out from the entrance of a A A A
Captured Pill-Box on the Shell
Ravaged Battlefield

48. Weapons of War
The Great War saw destruction on the
field of battle like never before
1) Old-Fashioned Strategies
2) New Technologies
(On the next slides note many new technologies of the War)

49. German U-Boats

50. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

51. Poison Gas Attacks

52. The three main types of
Poison Gas – don’t write down
Chlorine - a greenish, yellow heavier than air gas which in its
pure form is an oxidizing agent. This means that it will react in the
presence of water to cause a chemical burning effect on organic
matter.
Phosgene - a colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas formed
by heating carbon tetrachloride. It is highly poisonous in that it
will preferentially replace oxygen in the cells and quickly causes
an oxygen debt within the body, unconsciousness and death.
Mustard gas - gas with a distinctive mustard smell, it causes
blistering and huge sores on any exposed tissue, internal or
external.

53. Effects of Mustard Gas

54. Gas attack seen from an airplane

55. Gas masks
for man
and horse
demonstrated by
American soldier
America never used
poison gas on our
enemies

56. Russians fighting while under gas attack

57. Machine Guns
shoot thousands of bullets per minute

58. German machine gun trench

59. Barbed Wire

60. Flamethrowers

61. Phosphorus Grenade Exploding

62. Periscope Rifle

63. Krupp 420mm howitzer

64. Krupp railroad gun “Big Bertha”
-named after his wife / hard to locate on rail / could shoot
over 60 miles from behind German Lines

65. British Mark I tank

66. French Renault Tank

67. The Zeppelin

68. The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

69. Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant

70. The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher,
US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The {Red
Baron}”]
Willy Coppens
de
Holthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.

71. Looking for the “Red Baron”

72. 'Who are they? What are they?' asked Sam shuddering, turning to Frodo. 'I
don't know,' said Frodo in a dreamlike voice. 'But I have seen them too. In the
pools when the candles were lit. They lie in all the pools, pale faces, deep under
the dark water. I saw them: grim faces and evil, and noble faces and sad. Many
faces proud and fair. But all foul, all rotting, all dead. A fell light is in them.'
Frodo hid his eyes in his hands. 'I know not who they are…'
"Yes, yes,' said Gollum. 'All dead, all rotten…There was a great battle long
ago....‘
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings

73. The Cause of the First World War
& Map - Homework
• Answer the 10 Questions
• Include the 6 Questions from the WWI Map

74. WW I – Film
Identify the following from the film :
1. Otto Dix
2. “The Furnace”- The Battle of Verdun
3. Pals
4. The Battle of the Somme
5. Motion Picture – The Battle of the Somme

75. Otto Dix / German Soldier
turned artist