World history from 1500
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This document discusses several news articles about rising separatist and independence movements in Europe. Specifically, it mentions that Catalonia in Spain and Flanders in Belgium saw gains for separatist parties in recent elections. It also notes that Scotland and Britain signed an agreement to allow a vote on Scottish independence. Additionally, it briefly discusses separatist activists in Venice who want independence for northeastern Italy.
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The document discusses the historical Inquisition and argues that it was not truly a Christian institution but rather an anti-Christian persecution of Protestant believers. It provides numerous examples of Protestants who were tortured and killed by the Inquisition for beliefs like translating the Bible or teaching Scripture in English. Figures like William Tyndale, John Hus, and Anne Askew were burned at the stake for their faith. The Inquisition occurred during a time of corruption in the medieval Roman Catholic church and targeted early Protestants, not true witches or heretics.
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The document summarizes the history of England from the reign of Elizabeth I to the restoration of Charles II. It discusses the religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics during this period and the resulting civil war between royalists and parliamentarians. It notes that Charles I was unpopular with parliament, which led to the civil war and his eventual execution. After various failed attempts at government during the Interregnum following Cromwell's rule, the monarchy was restored under Charles II in 1660, but with reduced powers compared to previous monarchs.
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Henry VIII was originally Catholic but wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn after Catherine only produced a daughter. The Pope would not grant an annulment so the English Parliament passed the Acts of Supremacy that made Henry, not the Pope, head of the Church in England allowing his marriage to be annulled. Those who denied the King's authority as head, like Sir Thomas More, were executed for treason. This began the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church under Henry VIII.
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Henry VIII was originally Catholic but wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn after Catherine only produced a daughter. The Pope would not grant an annulment so the English Parliament passed the Acts of Supremacy that made Henry, not the Pope, head of the Church in England allowing his marriage to be annulled. Those who denied the King's authority as head, like Sir Thomas More, were executed for treason. This began the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church under Henry VIII.
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The passage defines the Dark Ages as the period from 400 AD to 1400 AD in Europe, characterized as a time of "intellectual depression" following the fall of the Roman Empire and prior to the "revival of learning." It notes this period nearly corresponds to the Middle Ages. The key points are:
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The document provides an overview of major developments in Europe between 1550-1648, including:
1) The Scientific Revolution led to a shift from Aristotle's geocentric view to the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton that the earth revolves around the sun.
2) The Age of Exploration drove expansion by European powers like Spain, Portugal, and England between the 15th-17th centuries as they sought new trade routes, resources, and lands.
3) Religious wars erupted across Europe during this time period as conflicts arose between Catholic and Protestant groups in countries like France and Germany.
Historical Overview Of Religious Theories
The document outlines three major theoretical paradigms in the study of religions: 1) The origin of religions from the late 1700s to early 1900s, which included social evolutionism and scientific racism. 2) The function of religions from the early 1900s to 1960s, including functionalism and structural functionalism. 3) The meanings of religions from the 1960s onward, including symbolic and interpretive approaches, feminism, and post-structuralism.
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing L.docx
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.
Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.Oxford, UKHISTHistory0018-2648© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.July 2005903Original Article
INTELLECTUAL LIFE UNDER THE SPANISH INQUISITIONDAVID GOODMAN
Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition:
A Continuing Historical Controversy
DAVID GOODMAN
The Open University
Abstract
The effects of the Spanish Inquisition on Spain’s intellectual life have long been a topic
of heated historical controversy. This article surveys the arguments dating from the late
eighteenth century to the present. It illustrates the extreme views held by opposing sides,
views often sustained more by passion and prejudice than by sound historical research.
The results of recent research over the last three decades, explicitly conducted with the
intention of eliminating prejudice, show not only surprising conclusions but also the
complexity and intractability of some of the questions posed relating to the influence of
the Inquisition on Spain.
‘
S
pain is perhaps the most ignorant nation in Europe. What else can
be expected of a people who wait for a monk to give them freedom to
read and to think.’
1
This infamous outburst, resounding with con-
tempt for Spanish intellectual life, was widely disseminated in print in 1783
through the most ambitious publishing venture of the French Enlighten-
ment, the
Encyclopédie méthodique
, a mammoth universal encyclopaedia
that reached to 196 volumes in quarto (and even then was unfinished).
The caustic words came from Nicolas Masson de Morvilliers, lawyer and
geographer, in his extended article on Spain for the subsection of volumes
of the
Encyclopédie méthodique
entitled ‘Géographie moderne’.
Masson’s contribution consisted of descriptions of Spain’s rivers,
mountains and climatic zones, dispassionate descriptions, interspersed
with volleys of stinging condemnation of Spanish society. Why did Spain
have such an astonishingly low population density? The causes identified
by Masson were emigration to the New World, smallpox and a prodigious
crowd of celibate clergy, whom he designated the useless sector of society.
Above all, Masson blamed the influence of the Spanish Inquisition:
‘Wherever this odious tribunal is established, it restrains liberty of action
This article is an expanded version of an inaugural lecture given at the Open University on
18 March 2004.
1
Nicolas Masson de Morvilliers, ‘Espagne’,
Encyclopédie méthodique
, section
Géographie Moderne
,
i (Paris, 1783), pp. 554 – 68, at p. 565.
376 INTELLECTUAL LIFE UNDER THE SPANISH INQUISITION
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
and thought, stifles all great and useful vision, forms a population of
slaves and hypocrites,.
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance period saw a revival of classical Greco-Roman ideas in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. This cultural and intellectual movement was spurred by increased trade and wealth in Italian city-states, which exposed people to new ideas. Major developments included the printing press spreading knowledge, Copernicus and Galileo challenging the Church's geocentric view of the universe, and the Protestant Reformation questioning Church authority. The subsequent Enlightenment applied reason to philosophy, government, and society, promoting ideas of individual rights and challenging absolute monarchies. Thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France seeking more democratic forms of government.
Elizabethan age
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Science vs religion (thinking of science and tecknology)
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Content of page 21:
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The enlightenment; 18th century intellectual movement
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Joseph Ricardo The American Revolution
The American Revolution How the Intellectual Evolution of Western Civilization led to a break from Old World Politics.
Human Biocultural and Sociopolitical Evolution
The document provides a timeline and overview of major events in human cultural and sociopolitical evolution from the earliest hominids to modern times. It begins with hominization and the emergence of tool use by Homo habilis around 2 million years ago. Subsequent developments discussed include the control of fire by Homo erectus around 1 million years ago, the appearance of Homo neanderthalensis in Africa and Europe, the beginnings of agriculture around 10,000 BCE, and the rise and fall of early civilizations. The timeline then outlines cultural, technological, and political milestones from ancient societies through the modern era.
Sapiens- A Brief History of Humankind
Yuval Noah Harari's book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind surveys the history of human evolution and civilization from the Stone Age to the 21st century. He divides this history into four major parts: the cognitive revolution 70,000 years ago which led to the evolution of Homo sapiens, the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago which allowed for settled communities, the unification of humankind into political organizations and empires, and the scientific revolution beginning in the 16th century which brought objective science. The book argues that these transitions transformed humans from insignificant foragers into the dominant species on the planet and that future human evolution may involve further enhancements using intelligent design rather than natural selection.
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