The american frontier
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This document provides information about the course HIST 411-49X taught by Professor Chris Lee. It includes a quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson and discusses how the federal government supported settling the American West through intervention and cooperation. It also provides brief biographies of Professor Walsh, who teaches at the University of Nottingham, and Professor Chris Lee, the instructor of the course.
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Westward Expansion (Revised Summer 2012)
Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 work argued that westward expansion and the closing of the frontier was integral to developing American nationalism, individualism, and democracy by the late 19th century. As the frontier moved west, new territories were organized and gained statehood, fueling further migration through opportunities in mining, ranching, and land acquisition under policies like the Homestead Act. This period of westward expansion was influenced by the ideology of Manifest Destiny and tensions with indigenous peoples, which sometimes erupted into violence as white settlement encroached on native lands.
The American West:The mountain men
The mountain men were early American trappers and hunters in the West who played an important role in westward expansion. They explored beyond the Rocky Mountains and shared stories of fertile land, fueling demand for migration west. As expert hunters and trackers, they lived freely with Native Americans, trapping beavers, deer, and other animals for fur trading. They faced many dangers but held annual rendezvous to trade with traders who spread their tales further east. The mountain men thus helped drive migration and guide settlers safely across the Rockies to their new homes in the West.
Fur Trade
The fur trade was an important early economic activity in Canada. Beaver pelts were highly prized for hats in Europe, creating huge demand. The trade began with French explorers in the 1500s and grew significantly in the 1700s. Two French traders, Radisson and Groseilliers, broke from the French system and established the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, gaining rights to a vast territory called Rupert's Land. This started intense competition between the French and English for control of the lucrative fur trade in Canada.
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The Mountain Men were the first group of settlers in the American West who hunted beaver and other animals in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains. They connected with later Pioneers at rendezvous points. The first group of Pioneers traveled west in 1839 from Independence, Missouri on the Oregon Trail. The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered, attracting thousands of prospectors to California. Claim jumping became a problem as miners would steal land that had already been claimed by others.
Empire and Expansion
The document discusses America's expansion overseas in the late 19th century following the closing of the western frontier. It explores the forces pushing for overseas expansion, including commercial interests in new markets and raw materials, strategic military interests, and beliefs in cultural superiority. The Spanish-American War of 1898 resulted in the U.S. acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This raised debates around U.S. imperialism and whether territorial expansion abroad violated principles of self-government and democracy.
Mtn Man Biographies
The document summarizes the lives and accomplishments of several famous American frontiersmen and women from the 18th and 19th centuries. It describes mountain men like Jim Bridger and Kit Carson who trapped furs across the American West and lived off the land for months at a time. It also profiles explorers like Lewis and Clark, pathfinders like Daniel Boone, and later figures involved with the Pony Express and Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The lives of these pioneers were difficult but helped shape the settlement and exploration of North America.
American Fur Company
John Jacob Astor was born in Germany in 1763 and immigrated to America with little money or education. He learned the fur trade and became very successful, establishing the American Fur Company in 1808. Through aggressive business tactics like undercutting competitors' prices, Astor gained a near monopoly on the fur trade in North America. By the time he died in 1848, Astor had amassed over $20 million, equivalent to over $78 billion today, though he left little to charity. His success came at the cost of unethical treatment of workers and exploitation of native peoples and natural resources for profit.
Settling The West Review Student
The document summarizes the settlement of the American West between 1865 and 1890. It describes how the frontier pushed westward due to the Homestead Act, transcontinental railroad, mining, cattle ranching, and farming. It also discusses the subduing of Native Americans through broken treaties and warfare, which resulted in their confinement to reservations by 1890. The closing of the frontier by 1890 marked the end of an era in American history.
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Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 work argued that westward expansion and the closing of the frontier was integral to developing American nationalism, individualism, and democracy by the late 19th century. As the frontier moved west, new territories were organized and gained statehood, fueling further migration through opportunities in mining, ranching, and land acquisition under policies like the Homestead Act. This period of westward expansion was influenced by the ideology of Manifest Destiny and tensions with indigenous peoples, which sometimes erupted into violence as white settlement encroached on native lands.
The American West:The mountain men
The mountain men were early American trappers and hunters in the West who played an important role in westward expansion. They explored beyond the Rocky Mountains and shared stories of fertile land, fueling demand for migration west. As expert hunters and trackers, they lived freely with Native Americans, trapping beavers, deer, and other animals for fur trading. They faced many dangers but held annual rendezvous to trade with traders who spread their tales further east. The mountain men thus helped drive migration and guide settlers safely across the Rockies to their new homes in the West.
Fur Trade
The fur trade was an important early economic activity in Canada. Beaver pelts were highly prized for hats in Europe, creating huge demand. The trade began with French explorers in the 1500s and grew significantly in the 1700s. Two French traders, Radisson and Groseilliers, broke from the French system and established the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, gaining rights to a vast territory called Rupert's Land. This started intense competition between the French and English for control of the lucrative fur trade in Canada.
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The Mountain Men were the first group of settlers in the American West who hunted beaver and other animals in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains. They connected with later Pioneers at rendezvous points. The first group of Pioneers traveled west in 1839 from Independence, Missouri on the Oregon Trail. The California Gold Rush began in 1848 when gold was discovered, attracting thousands of prospectors to California. Claim jumping became a problem as miners would steal land that had already been claimed by others.
Empire and Expansion
The document discusses America's expansion overseas in the late 19th century following the closing of the western frontier. It explores the forces pushing for overseas expansion, including commercial interests in new markets and raw materials, strategic military interests, and beliefs in cultural superiority. The Spanish-American War of 1898 resulted in the U.S. acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This raised debates around U.S. imperialism and whether territorial expansion abroad violated principles of self-government and democracy.
Mtn Man Biographies
The document summarizes the lives and accomplishments of several famous American frontiersmen and women from the 18th and 19th centuries. It describes mountain men like Jim Bridger and Kit Carson who trapped furs across the American West and lived off the land for months at a time. It also profiles explorers like Lewis and Clark, pathfinders like Daniel Boone, and later figures involved with the Pony Express and Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The lives of these pioneers were difficult but helped shape the settlement and exploration of North America.
American Fur Company
John Jacob Astor was born in Germany in 1763 and immigrated to America with little money or education. He learned the fur trade and became very successful, establishing the American Fur Company in 1808. Through aggressive business tactics like undercutting competitors' prices, Astor gained a near monopoly on the fur trade in North America. By the time he died in 1848, Astor had amassed over $20 million, equivalent to over $78 billion today, though he left little to charity. His success came at the cost of unethical treatment of workers and exploitation of native peoples and natural resources for profit.
Settling The West Review Student
The document summarizes the settlement of the American West between 1865 and 1890. It describes how the frontier pushed westward due to the Homestead Act, transcontinental railroad, mining, cattle ranching, and farming. It also discusses the subduing of Native Americans through broken treaties and warfare, which resulted in their confinement to reservations by 1890. The closing of the frontier by 1890 marked the end of an era in American history.
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Kalfou, Volume 3, Issue 1 (Spring 2016). © 2016 by the Regents of the University of California. ISSN 2151-4712 (print).
ISSN 2372-0751 (online). http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/kf.v3i1.93.g142. All rights reserved.
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one does not question the policemen, the lawyers, the judges, or the protected
members of the middle class. One goes to the unprotected—those, precisely,
who need the law’s protection most!—and listens to their testimony. Ask
any Mexican, any Puerto Rican, any black man, any poor person—ask the
wretched how they fare in the halls of justice, and then you will know, not
whether or not the country is just, but whether or not it has any love for
justice, or any concept of it. It is certain, in any case, that ignorance, allied
with power, is the most ferocious enemy justice can have.
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What we need to counteract the three, four hundred years of colonial
propaganda is a tourism thrust of our own. We need to look at ourselves
afresh. We need to look at ourselves with a new curiosity. The truth is that we
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called “African American and Latina/o Histories.”1 I am especially interest-
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first-generation college students of color, as well as the ways that course alumni
have taken what they have learned in the classroom into their work as com-
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The american frontier
- 1. HIST 411-49X With Chris Lee, Ph.D.
- 3. “The American West: Visions and Revisions” Professor Walsh teaches at the University of Nottingham – her specialties are American Economic and Social History. She offers a perspective from a distance – a great opportunity to learn from that perspective
- 4. “The only safe rule is found in a self-adjusting meter of supply and demand. Do not legislate. Give no bounties. Make equal laws. Secure life and property. And you do not need to give charity. Open the doors of opportunity to talent and virtue, and they do themselves justice. Property will not be in bad hands. In a free and just commonwealth, property rushes from the idle and the imbecile to the industrious, brave, and persevering.” Ralph Waldo Emerson But, the federal government has supported and intervened in settling the west in a scale rarely seen! Settling the west has been a cooperative enterprise.
- 7. Chris Lee: Ph.D. American History and Modern Europe St. Louis University -23 years in the United States Air Force -2005 to present: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) -10 years with Peru State College People say that I look like Benjamin Franklin. If you need bifocals to read this, thank Mr Franklin!