This report provides an overview of the global biofuels industry in 2012. It summarizes production and policies related to first, second, and third generation biofuels in countries around the world. The report finds that 2009 was a difficult year for the biofuels industry due to low oil prices and reduced demand. However, projects using diverse feedstocks or next generation technologies like cellulosics and algae continued to receive investment. The report includes sections on biofuel production trends, technologies, environmental impacts, and policies in regions like Europe, the USA, and individual European countries.
Presentation of Andy Aden for the "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery"
Apresentação de Andy Aden realizada no "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery "
Date / Data : Aug 13 - 14th 2009/
13 e 14 de agosto de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop4
Presentation of Andy Aden for the "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery"
Apresentação de Andy Aden realizada no "Workshop Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery "
Date / Data : Aug 13 - 14th 2009/
13 e 14 de agosto de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop4
A free software implementation of second-generation onion routing that help the user to be anonymous while using the internet so it protect the user’s privacy from being monitored
Some people use it in the wrong way which lead to what is called now “The Darknet” : A black spot in the internet which involve all the criminal activities on the internet such as selling Drugs, fraud, copyright infringement and piracy and so on.
The biomass market suffered during the economic downturn in the face of low coal prices, logistic barriers and supply issues. 2010 saw more movement in the sector as coal prices are beginning to rise once again making co-firing coal plants with biomass more attractive. Furthermore, the biomass component of a coal-fired plant may be eligible for feed-in tariff or count towards renewable portfolio standards.Most of these plants rely on wood pellets, often transported at great distance, rather than wood chips or other less dense biomass sources. In the wood pellets market, supplies from the US and Canada are cheaper than their European counterparts and thus North America is a major suppli- ers for European biomass plants. CIS countries, Russia, Australia and South Africa have entered as significant suppliers, which if they could ramp up supply, could be serious competitors to the US and Canada. Or in the case of Russia, resolve supply delay issues, could be one of the biggest players in the market.
Innovation and Commercial Success in BioRenewables: Energy, PlasticsSustainable Brands
Presentation on renewable energy, plastics, and solvents from bio-based sources.
Learn more about Sustainable Business & Design at: http://sustainablelifemedia.com
Biofuel development in Indonesia: progress and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
Concerns over energy security, volatile fuel prices and rising greenhouse gas emissions encourage many countries to develop biofuels — Indonesia, the world’s largest crude palm oil producer, is one such country. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Heru Komarudin gives an overview of biofuel development in Indonesia, highlighting some findings from the EC Bioenergy and CAPRi project (www.cifor.org/bioenergy/). He discusses some challenges facing Indonesia’s involvement in biofuels and ends with some recommendations relevant to policy makers and investors.
Heru gave this presentation as part of the ‘Global biofuel program in developing and developed countries’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
Bionic presentation describing exemplary the interaction between african biomass production and bionic's microfuel technology. Auguist 2012, English Version
Aplicaciones industriales de la biocatálisis
Por Anna Surribas, Elena Genescà, Aleix Conesa, Roshan Paul, Marolda Brouta-Agnésa i Meritxell de la Varga.
A free software implementation of second-generation onion routing that help the user to be anonymous while using the internet so it protect the user’s privacy from being monitored
Some people use it in the wrong way which lead to what is called now “The Darknet” : A black spot in the internet which involve all the criminal activities on the internet such as selling Drugs, fraud, copyright infringement and piracy and so on.
The biomass market suffered during the economic downturn in the face of low coal prices, logistic barriers and supply issues. 2010 saw more movement in the sector as coal prices are beginning to rise once again making co-firing coal plants with biomass more attractive. Furthermore, the biomass component of a coal-fired plant may be eligible for feed-in tariff or count towards renewable portfolio standards.Most of these plants rely on wood pellets, often transported at great distance, rather than wood chips or other less dense biomass sources. In the wood pellets market, supplies from the US and Canada are cheaper than their European counterparts and thus North America is a major suppli- ers for European biomass plants. CIS countries, Russia, Australia and South Africa have entered as significant suppliers, which if they could ramp up supply, could be serious competitors to the US and Canada. Or in the case of Russia, resolve supply delay issues, could be one of the biggest players in the market.
Innovation and Commercial Success in BioRenewables: Energy, PlasticsSustainable Brands
Presentation on renewable energy, plastics, and solvents from bio-based sources.
Learn more about Sustainable Business & Design at: http://sustainablelifemedia.com
Biofuel development in Indonesia: progress and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
Concerns over energy security, volatile fuel prices and rising greenhouse gas emissions encourage many countries to develop biofuels — Indonesia, the world’s largest crude palm oil producer, is one such country. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Heru Komarudin gives an overview of biofuel development in Indonesia, highlighting some findings from the EC Bioenergy and CAPRi project (www.cifor.org/bioenergy/). He discusses some challenges facing Indonesia’s involvement in biofuels and ends with some recommendations relevant to policy makers and investors.
Heru gave this presentation as part of the ‘Global biofuel program in developing and developed countries’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
Bionic presentation describing exemplary the interaction between african biomass production and bionic's microfuel technology. Auguist 2012, English Version
Aplicaciones industriales de la biocatálisis
Por Anna Surribas, Elena Genescà, Aleix Conesa, Roshan Paul, Marolda Brouta-Agnésa i Meritxell de la Varga.
Miguel G. Guerrero del Instituto de Bioqiímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis de la Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, presenta el mercado de producción de Bioethanol de microalgas y las ventajas de usar microalgas a la hora de producir BIoethanol.
8_04_2010
Smartphones: When is the first and last time you check yours?ReportLinker.com
Nearly half (46%) of Americans say they check their smartphones as soon as they wake up, while they’re still in bed, according to ReportLinker’s survey results. This is especially true of Millennials, 66% of whom say it’s the first thing they do before getting out of bed.
75% of Ameircans say they keep their smartphones active all day and night, and a staggering 83% of Millennials say they do.
In fact, disconnecting can be hard. More than half of Americans say their last check is right before bed – and 13% say they disconnect only after they’ve gotten into bed for the night. Even after they fall asleep, about 10% say they’ll wake up and check it during the night.
This graphic shows Samsung's customers are still loyal: 86% of Samsung Customers would consider Samsung next time they upgrade their smartphone. More info on reportlinker.com/inisght
Allegra Strategies is proud to release the 2012 report on European branded coffee shop market, providing comprehensive research on this fast developing market.The ProjectCaf
Allegra's definitive annual study on the UK branded coffee shop market is now available; with insight from over 25,000 consumers the report provides an authoritative view of the market.Drawing on more than 12 years in-depth research, it is considered to be the bible of the coffee sector.KEY AREAS COVERED' Market size and growth projections for the total UK market' Impact of recent economic downturn on trading performance' Key player profiles, including financial performance, pricing analysis and forecasts' Importance of ethical and sustainability issues' Key success factors and market trends' Opportunities and challenges for suppliers' Consumer coffee consumption patterns' Consumer brand awareness and perceptions of key players' Differences between customer demographics, including age, gender, occupation and location by the reportSOURCE OF INFORMATION' Interviews with CEOs, managing directors, senior managers and store managers of major industry players, including:' leading UK coffee and food-focused chains' major coffee roasters and key equipment suppliers' non-specialist players including department stores, supermarkets, bookstores' leading property companies, letting agents and landlords' local authorities' Online surveys with UK coffee shop visitors' Desk research including: News articles and trade press, the Internet and company websites,industry associations, published accounts, data supplied by operators' In-store observations and analysis
Wireless Infrastructure: Market Shares, Strategies, and Forecasts, Worldwide,...ReportLinker.com
WinterGreen Research announces that it has published a new study Wireless Infrastructure: Market Shares, Strategy, and Forecasts, Worldwide, 2013 to 2019. Next generation mission critical systems are leveraging new technology. The 2013 study has 554 pages, 245 tables and figures. Worldwide Wireless Infrastructure markets are poised to achieve significant growth as Building out core networks and backhaul for smart phones.A smart phone is not very smart if the infrastructure can't support its applications. In response to the high growth smart phone markets, wireless infrastructure promises to grow dramatically in the near term.. Wireless Infrastructure technologies include WiMax, LTE, 4G and HSPA. These technologies are driving much higher capacity from the base station back to the fiber core. Fiber core is putting extreme pressure on provider's infrastructure and backhaul networks.WinterGreen Research predicts that the dramatic growth of wireless infrastructure is based on the growth of smart phones to a one trillion market by 2019, serving an installed base of 8.5 billion, many people having more than one smart phone. Wireless infrastructure markets at $58 billion in 2012 will be $163 billion by 2019, new markets evolved because of the value that apps provide to smart phones, mobile devices, tablets, and the Internet of things.According to Susan Eustis, lead author of the study, 'Wireless Infrastructure is being installed to upgrade core networks and upgrade backhaul and base stations to make systems more modern. Infrastructure for the Internet and for smart mobile devices creates demand for more sophisticated web development and web applications that in turn depend on more sophisticated infrastructure. Everything is going mobile. This evolution is driven by mobile smart phones and tablets that provide universal connectivity. Modern systems represent a significant aspect of Internet market evolution.'The proportions of wireless infrastructure market industry segments are expected to remain much as they are, with the small cells and femtocells achieving strong growth on the access side, the core infrastructure must be upgraded to support the added backhaul backbone infrastructure. Wireless apps are expected to achieve $37 trillion revenue by 2019. This unbelievable growth occurs as the Internet is expanded to implement the interconnection of everything.Digital devices proliferate, machine to machine capabilities vastly expand instrumentation. The digital devices become the engine of a world economy, with apps collecting pennies a day for millions of apps from 8.5 billion people with smart phones by 2019.
Global Electric Resistance Welded Pipes IndustryReportLinker.com
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Electric Resistance Welded Pipes in Thousand Tons by the following Product Segments: Mechanical Steel Tubing, Structural Tubing, Structural Steel Pipes, Pressure Tubing, Standard Pipes, Oil Country Tubular Goods, and Line Pipes. The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, and Latin America. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for the period 2010 through 2018. Also, a six-year historic analysis is provided for these markets. The report profiles 181 companies including many key and niche players such as Al Jazeera Steel Products Company SAOG, Arabian Pipes Company, ArcelorMittal SA, ERW Pipes Portfolio of ArcelorMittal ChelPipe, Choo Bee Metal Industries Berhad, EVRAZ North America, JFE Steel Corporation, Maharashtra Seamless Limited, Melewar Industrial Group Berhad, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, Northwest Pipe Company, OAO TMK, TMK IPSCO, PT Bakrie Pipe Industries, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH, Tata Steel Europe, Techint Group SpA, Tenaris S.A., TenarisSiderca, Ternium S.A., United States Steel Corporation, United Metallurgical Company /OMK, Welspun Corp Ltd., Wheatland Tube Company, and Select Products of Wheatland Tube Company. Market data and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are primarily based upon search engine sources in the public domain.
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Wireless Gaming in US$ Million by the following Product Segments: Messaging Based Wireless Gaming, Browser/Web Based Wireless Gaming, and Downloadable Wireless Gaming. The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Japan, Europe, and Rest of World. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for the period 2010 through 2018. The report profiles 90 companies including many key and niche players such as Blockdot, Inc., DeNA Co., Ltd., Electronic Arts, Inc., Gameloft SA,GAMEVIL, GREE International, Inc., Glu Mobile Inc., GigaMedia Limited, HandyGames, I-play, Itsmy
Hyperalgesia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013ReportLinker.com
Hyperalgesia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013
Summary
GlobalData's clinical trial report, 'Hyperalgesia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013" provides data on the Hyperalgesia clinical trial scenario. This report provides elemental information and data relating to the clinical trials on Hyperalgesia. It includes an overview of the trial numbers and their recruitment status as per the site of trial conduction across the globe. The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Hyperalgesia. This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData's team of industry experts.Note: Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated disease.
Scope
- Data on the number of clinical trials conducted in North America, South and Central America, Europe, Middle-East and Africa and Asia-pacific and top five national contributions in each, along with the clinical trial scenario in BRIC nations - Clinical trial (complete and in progress) data by phase, trial status, subjects recruited and sponsor type- Listings of discontinued trials (suspended, withdrawn and terminated)
Reasons to buy
- Understand the dynamics of a particular indication in a condensed manner- Abridged view of the performance of the trials in terms of their status, recruitment, location, sponsor type and many more- Obtain discontinued trial listing for trials across the globe- Espy the commercial landscape of the major Universities / Institutes / Hospitals or Companies
Genital Herpes Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013ReportLinker.com
Genital Herpes Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013
Summary
GlobalData's clinical trial report, 'Genital Herpes Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013" provides data on the Genital Herpes clinical trial scenario. This report provides elemental information and data relating to the clinical trials on Genital Herpes. It includes an overview of the trial numbers and their recruitment status as per the site of trial conduction across the globe. The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Genital Herpes. This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData's team of industry experts.Note: Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated disease.
Scope
- Data on the number of clinical trials conducted in North America, South and Central America, Europe, Middle-East and Africa and Asia-pacific and top five national contributions in each, along with the clinical trial scenario in BRIC nations - Clinical trial (complete and in progress) data by phase, trial status, subjects recruited and sponsor type- Listings of discontinued trials (suspended, withdrawn and terminated)
Reasons to buy
- Understand the dynamics of a particular indication in a condensed manner- Abridged view of the performance of the trials in terms of their status, recruitment, location, sponsor type and many more- Obtain discontinued trial listing for trials across the globe- Espy the commercial landscape of the major Universities / Institutes / Hospitals or Companies
The Future of Direct Communications Technologies and Proximity-based Applicat...ReportLinker.com
Overview: There are a number of technologies that may be deployed that all provide the ability for devices to "discover" one another, although over different distances ranging from centimeters (Near Field Communications), to meters (Bluetooth), to 10s of meters (Wi-Fi). They also all provide the ability for the devices to communicate directly with one another without a centralized network. Some of these use direct communication as their primary mode of communication e.g. NFC or RFID. Others are more traditional networks which provide direct communication ability as an adjunct to their primary network functions e.g. LTE-Direct or Wi-Fi Direct. Most of the short-term drivers for proximity-based services will be mobile advertising and social networking, especially friend-finder services or dating services, and gaming. In the longer term, other applications will come into play within the scope of the so called Internet of Things. The challenge and opportunity for network operators will be to develop new user scenarios and even new business models to generate revenues from these services. This research uncovers opportunities that will be both beneficial and disruptive to the existing ecosystem and value chain. This research is must reading for any company that is considering offerings within proximity and direct communications and any company that wants to stay ahead of the crowd in terms of preparation for these disruptive technologies. Target Audience: ' Mobile network operators' Industry verticals of all types' Wireless device manufacturers' Network infrastructure companies' Advertising agencies, brands, and merchants' Social networks, advertising, and content providers' Proximity, location, and direct communications vendors Key Report Benefits: ' Market forecasts for each significant technology/solution approach' Recognize the upcoming role and importance of LTE Direct compared to other solutions' Analysis of the major vendors focused on proximity and direct communications solutions' Understand the relationship between proximity, direct communications and the Internet of Things' Understand the technical and business-related differences between proximity/presence and location' Identify each of the major technologies/solutions for proximity detection, location determination, and direct communications' Evaluation of the market for major applications including public safety, social networking, advertising, the Internet of Things, and general location services Select Companies in Report: ' 3M Company' Alcatel-Lucent' iSIGN' LG' Nokia' Samsung' Qualcomm' Verizon Wireless
Competing in the European Molecular Diagnostics Market: France, Germany, Ital...ReportLinker.com
This new 970-page comprehensive five-country report from Venture Planning Group is designed to help current suppliers and potential market entrants identify and evaluate the major business opportunities emerging in the European molecular diagnostics market during the next five years. The report explores business and technological trends in major European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK); provides 5-year test volume/sales forecasts; estimates shares of leading competitors; compares features of major analyzers; profiles leading market players; and identifies specific product and business opportunities facing instrument and consumable suppliers during the next five years.The $4.5 billion molecular diagnostics market is unquestionably the most rapidly growing segment of the in vitro diagnostics industry. The next five years will witness significant developments in reagent systems and automation, as well as introduction of a wide range of new products that will require innovative marketing approaches. The rate of market penetration into routine clinical laboratories, however, will depend on the introduction of and cost-effective automated systems with amplification methods. In order to successfully capitalize on the opportunities presented by the molecular diagnostics market, many companies are already exploiting new technologies as corporate strategic assets, managed in support of business and marketing strategies. Integrating new technology planning with business and corporate strategies will be one of the most challenging tasks for diagnostics companies during the next five years.
Competing in the European Clinical Chemistry and Immunodiagnostic Markets: Fr...ReportLinker.com
This new 900-page five-country market intelligence and technology assessment report from Venture Planning Group will help current suppliers and potential market entrants identify and evaluate emerging opportunities and develop effective strategic responses. The report explores future trends in major European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK); provides estimates of the specimen, test and sales volumes, as well as major suppliers sales and market shares; compares features of leading analyzers; profiles key competitors; and identifies specific product and marketing opportunities emerging during the next five years.The clinical chemistry and immunodiagnostic markets are undergoing significant transformation, caused by convergence of new and more stringent regulations; advances in diagnostic technologies, system engineering, automation, and IT; and intensifying competition. However, this evolving marketplace creates exciting opportunities for a variety of new instruments, reagent systems, and auxiliary products, such as specimen preparation devices, controls, and calibrators.
Bradycardia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013ReportLinker.com
Bradycardia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013
Summary
GlobalData's clinical trial report, 'Bradycardia Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013" provides data on the Bradycardia clinical trial scenario. This report provides elemental information and data relating to the clinical trials on Bradycardia. It includes an overview of the trial numbers and their recruitment status as per the site of trial conduction across the globe. The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Bradycardia. This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData's team of industry experts.Note: Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated disease.
Scope
- Data on the number of clinical trials conducted in North America, South and Central America, Europe, Middle-East and Africa and Asia-pacific and top five national contributions in each, along with the clinical trial scenario in BRIC nations - Clinical trial (complete and in progress) data by phase, trial status, subjects recruited and sponsor type- Listings of discontinued trials (suspended, withdrawn and terminated)
Reasons to buy
- Understand the dynamics of a particular indication in a condensed manner- Abridged view of the performance of the trials in terms of their status, recruitment, location, sponsor type and many more- Obtain discontinued trial listing for trials across the globe- Espy the commercial landscape of the major Universities / Institutes / Hospitals or Companies
Acid Indigestion / Heartburn/ Pyrosis Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013
Summary
GlobalData's clinical trial report, 'Acid Indigestion / Heartburn/ Pyrosis Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2013" provides data on the Acid Indigestion / Heartburn/ Pyrosis clinical trial scenario. This report provides elemental information and data relating to the clinical trials on Acid Indigestion / Heartburn/ Pyrosis. It includes an overview of the trial numbers and their recruitment status as per the site of trial conduction across the globe. The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Acid Indigestion / Heartburn/ Pyrosis. This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData's team of industry experts.Note: Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated disease.
Scope
- Data on the number of clinical trials conducted in North America, South and Central America, Europe, Middle-East and Africa and Asia-pacific and top five national contributions in each, along with the clinical trial scenario in BRIC nations - Clinical trial (complete and in progress) data by phase, trial status, subjects recruited and sponsor type- Listings of discontinued trials (suspended, withdrawn and terminated)
Reasons to buy
- Understand the dynamics of a particular indication in a condensed manner- Abridged view of the performance of the trials in terms of their status, recruitment, location, sponsor type and many more- Obtain discontinued trial listing for trials across the globe- Espy the commercial landscape of the major Universities / Institutes / Hospitals or Companies
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World Biofuels Report
Published on November 2012
Report Summary
This new biofuels market research report looks at the global Biofuels industry now and the predictions for future growth and
development. 2009 was a hard year for the biofuels industry with low oil prices and reduced demand for transport fuels. Biofuels
investment was down by just over a third compared to the previous year. Plants were idle or operating at less than capacity. The
biofuels industry in the EU, US, Malaysia and Indonesia were particularly feeling the effects; both the US and EU were struggling to
compete with cheaper fuels from Latin America. The projects that did receive biofuels investments mainly used mixed feedstocks and
thus could adapt to changing commodity prices and supply shortages. Projects using sugar cane or next generation feedstocks such
as jatropha, cellulosics or algae received significant investments.
Table of Content
Table of Contents
Published By 2
Copyright Notice .2
Table of Contents 3
List of Figures 7
List of Tables .11
1 Executive Summary .15
2 Introduction .17
3 First generation biofuels .21
3.1 Ethanol (Bioethanol) 21
3.1.1 Corn .22
3.1.2 Sugar beet 23
3.1.3 Sugar cane 23
3.1.4 Sorghum 25
3.2 Biodiesel 26
3.2.1 Palm oil 26
3.2.2 Soy beans (Soya; Soya beans) .28
3.2.3 Rapeseed .28
4 Energy Crops 31
4.1.1 Jatropha .31
4.1.2 Camelina 35
4.1.3 Croton trees 36
4.1.4 Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) 37
World Biofuels Report (From Slideshare) Page 1/12
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4.1.5 Poplar trees 37
4.1.6 Salicornia (Salicornia Bigelovii, Dwarf saltwort, Dwarf glasswort) 37
4.1.7 Switch grass .38
5 Waste vegetable oil and tallow .39
5.1.1 Fuel: Biodiesel .39
6 Cellulosic biofuels (lignocellulosic biofuels) .40
6.1 Second generation 40
6.1.1 Fuel: Ethanol 40
7 Algae 49
7.1 Third generation biofuel 49
7.1.1 Fuel: Diesel substitute 49
8 Biotechnology .54
9 Conversion process .56
10 Environmental Impact 58
11 Food versus fuel debate .64
12 Market 65
12.1 Financials 65
12.2 Companies .71
12.3 Petroleum transport fuels 74
13 Biofuel production .78
14 Europe 84
14.1 EU Biofuels Directive 85
14.2 Renewable Energy Directive 87
14.3 REACH .90
14.4 Import and export regulations 91
14.5 Biofuel production .93
14.5.1 Biodiesel 93
14.6 Ethanol .98
14.7 Biofuel consumption 108
14.8 Next generation biofuels 109
14.9 Job creation 110
14.10 Factors affecting the market 111
14.11 EU competitiveness 113
15 European countries 114
15.1 Austria 114
15.2 Belgium 114
15.3 Bulgaria .115
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15.4 Denmark 116
15.5 Estonia 117
15.6 Finland 117
15.7 France 117
15.8 Germany 118
15.9 Ireland .124
15.10 Latvia 125
15.11 Luxembourg 125
15.12 Netherlands 126
15.13 Norway 126
15.14 Poland 126
15.15 Portugal .127
15.16 Romania 127
15.17 Spain 127
15.18 Sweden 131
15.19 Switzerland 134
15.20 Turkey .136
15.21 UK 137
16 USA .138
16.1 Incentives .138
16.2 Renewable Fuel Standard 139
16.3 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Farm Bill 2008) .142
16.4 State legislation 142
16.5 Biofuel imports and exports 144
16.6 Market .145
16.7 Next generation biofuels 156
16.8 Economic downturn 161
16.9 Animal feed 162
16.10 Biodiesel 163
17 Brazil 171
17.1 Sugar production 172
17.2 Sugar cane production .173
17.3 Ethanol plants 173
17.4 Ethanol 176
17.5 Blending mandates 179
17.6 Export market 179
17.7 Biodiesel 181
17.8 Investment 183
17.9 Foreign Investment 185
18 Latin America 186
18.1 Argentina 186
18.2 Colombia 191
18.3 Honduras 192
18.4 Paraguay 194
18.5 Peru .195
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18.6 Uruguay .195
19 North America 198
19.1 Canada 198
19.2 Biodiesel 204
19.3 Ethanol 204
19.4 Mexico 205
20 Oceania .208
20.1 Australia .208
20.2 New Zealand 213
21 ASIA .222
21.1 China 222
21.2 Chinese Taiwan 226
21.3 India .226
21.4 Indonesia 231
21.5 Japan 234
21.6 Korea, South .236
21.7 Malaysia 236
21.8 Pakistan .238
21.9 Thailand .239
21.10 The Philippines 248
21.11 Vietnam .251
22 Russia and the CIS countries .252
22.1 Russia .252
22.2 Ukraine 252
22.3 Other countries 253
23 Africa 254
23.1 South Africa 254
23.2 Sudan .255
23.3 Other countries 255
23.3.1 Kenya 255
23.3.2 Mozambique 255
23.3.3 Tanzania .255
24 Aviation sector .256
24.1 Carbon emissions 256
24.2 Bio-jet fuels 257
24.3 Air force and the military 263
25 Oil & Gas Involvement 266
26 Biofuel targets, subsidies and incentives 279
27 Conversion units .297
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28 Acknowledgements 298
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. Development of biofuels
Figure 2.2. Products from biofuel feedstocks
Figure 3.1. World corn price projections, US $ per tonne
Figure 3.2. World sugar price projections, US $ per tonne
Figure 3.3. Fuel yield for biofuel feedstocks, gasoline equivalent, gallons per acre
Figure 3.4. World vegetable oil prices, US $ per tonne
Figure 3.5. World oil seed prices, US $ per tonne
Figure 4.1. Jatropha curcas
Figure 4.2. Scale of jatropha projects (hectares) and number of projects, 2008 and 2015
Figure 4.3. Camelina*
Figure 4.4. Salicornia (Salicornia Bigelovi)
Figure 6.1. Breakdown of operating costs for a cellulosic plant using enzyme pre-treatment
Figure 6.2. Status of cellulosic ethanol plants as of February 2010
Figure 6.3. Adjusted feedstock potential for cellulosic feedstocks
Figure 6.4. Planned development of cellulosic ethanol capacity by the top ten developers, million
litres
Figure 7.1. Microalgae and macroalgae. Microalgae (left) Macroalgae (right)
Figure 8.1. Role of biotechnology in biofuel production
Figure 9.1. Levelised cost of energy for transport fuels, US $ per litre
Figure 9.2. Conversion pathways to produce biofuels
Figure 10.1. Greenhouse gas savings of biofuels by feedstock and country of origin, % - Biodiesel
Figure 10.2. Greenhouse gas savings of biofuels by feedstock and country of origin, % - Ethanol
and Biogas
Figure 10.3. Future research challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of biofuels
Figure 10.4. Global average water footprint for ethanol feedstocks, m³/GJ
Figure 10.5. Global average water footprint for biodiesel feedstocks, m³/GJ
Figure 12.1. New investment by technology, 2009, US $billion
Figure 12.2. Global Asset Financing (GAF), US $ million, Q1 2009 ' Q2 2010
Figure 12.3. Global Asset Financing (GAF) per biofuel project, US $ million, Q1 2009 ' Q2 2010
Figure 12.4. Biofuels New Build Asset Investment Waves, US $ billion
Figure 12.5. Investments in terms of feedstocks, US $ million, 2009
Figure 12.6. VC/PE investments in biofuels, US $ million, Q1 2009 ' Q2 2010
Figure 12.7. Average VC/PE investments in biofuels per deal, US $ million, Q1 2009 ' Q2 2010
Figure 12.8. Top ten companies in 2009 in terms of investments, US $ million
Figure 12.9. Corporate and government R&D investment by technology, 2009, and total growth on
2008, US $ billion
Figure 12.10. Average crude oil import costs, US $/barrel*
Figure 12.11. Short term oil price forecast, West Texas Spot price, US$ per barrel
Figure 12.12. DOE EIA World oil price projections, US $ per barrel
Figure 14.1. Biofuel chain and supply measures in the EU
Figure 14.2. Proportion of biofuel meeting sustainability standards
Figure 14.3. Idle and used biodiesel capacity in the EU, million litres
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Figure 14.4. Average installed capacity of biodiesel plants in the EU, million litres
Figure 14.5. Biodiesel production in the top six EU countries, million litres
Figure 14.6. Market share of biodiesel production in the top six EU countries, %, 2009 (left) and
2011 (right)
Figure 14.7. Feedstock used for biodiesel production, thousand tonnes
Figure 14.8. Idle and used ethanol capacity in the EU, million litres
Figure 14.9. Average installed capacity of ethanol plants in the EU, million litres
Figure 14.10. Ethanol production in the top six EU countries, million litres
Figure 14.11. Market share of ethanol production in the top six EU countries, %, 2009 (left) and
2011 (right)
Figure 14.12. Balance of ethanol trade, net exporters +and net importers -, million litres
Figure 14.13. Feedstock used for ethanol production, thousand tonnes
Figure 14.14. Fate of ethanol produced in the EU, million litres
Figure 14.15. Imports of biofuels into the EU, million litres
Figure 14.16. Production of DDGS during ethanol production in the EU, thousand tonnes
Figure 14.17. Consumption of biofuels in the EU, 2006 - 2011
Figure 14.18. Biodiesel consumption in the EU, 2009 - 2011, million litres
Figure 14.19. Ethanol consumption in the EU, 2009 - 2011, million litres
Figure 15.1. Projections on the production of biodiesel and ethanol in Bulgaria, 2008 ' 2020
Figure 15.2. Standard greenhouse gas emissions for biofuels, established by the UFOP in Germany,
gCO2eq per MJ, %
Figure 15.3. Ethanol market in Sweden, thousand litres
Figure 15.4. Biodiesel market in Sweden, thousand litres
Figure 15.5. Quantity of feedstock used in biofuel production in Sweden, thousand tonnes
Figure 15.6. Biodiesel consumption in Switzerland, million litres
Figure 15.7. Ethanol consumption in Switzerland, million litres
Figure 16.1. Renewable fuel volume obligation as established in the RFS program, billion litres
Figure 16.2. Blending mandates in the US, launch dates
Figure 16.3. Historical US ethanol imports, million litres
Figure 16.4. Growth of the ethanol industry in the US, billion litres
Figure 16.5. Average production capacity of ethanol plants in operation in the US, million litres
Figure 16.6. Top ten states for ethanol production, million litres
Figure 16.7. US Ethanol biorefinery locations
Figure 16.8. Top ten ethanol producers in terms of installed capacity, million litres
Figure 16.9. Breakdown of funding for advanced biorefinery projects, December 2009, US $
million
Figure 16.10. Fate of corn harvested for ethanol production in the USA, 2009
Figure 16.11. Breakdown of feedstocks for biodiesel plants in operation and under construction in
the US, %
Figure 16.12. Breakdown of biodiesel production costs
Figure 16.13. Top ten biodiesel manufacturers in the US, million litres
Figure 16.14. Production and consumption of biodiesel in the US, million litres
Figure 17.1. Sugar producing regions and ethanol plants in Brazil
Figure 17.2. Sugar cane and sugar production in Brazil for each crop harvest, million tonnes
Figure 17.3. Balance of cane products and by-products, 1,000 kg of planted cane
Figure 17.4. Ethanol production in Brazil for each crop harvest, million litres
Figure 17.5. Average price of Brazilian ethanol exports, US $ per litre
Figure 18.1. Anticipated fate of biodiesel produced by the ten largest biodiesel producers by
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installed capacity, million litres, 2010
Figure 18.2. Map showing biofuel production and blending terminal locations in Argentina
Figure 18.3. Supply commitments for ethanol producers for the Argentinan market from the
government, million litres, 2010
Figure 18.4. Supply commitments for biodiesel producers for the Argentinan market from the
government, million litres, 2010
Figure 18.5. Fate of palm oil produced in Honduras, tonnes
Figure 18.6. Development of the biofuel market in Paraguay, million litres
Figure 18.7. Quantity of feedstock used in biofuel production in Uruguay, tonnes
Figure 19.1. Ethanol and biodiesel plants in Canadian provinces, million litres
Figure 19.2. Feedstocks used by Canadian biofuel plants, million litres
Figure 19.3. Map of potential areas for biofuel feedstock cultivation in Mexico
Figure 20.1. Ethanol production capacity in operation in Australia, million litres
Figure 20.2. Biodiesel production capacity in operation in Australia, million litres
Figure 20.3. Breakdown of biodiesel sold on the Australian market, million litres
Figure 21.1. Fuel ethanol plants in China
Figure 21.2. Sugar cane feedstocks in India, thousand tonnes
Figure 21.3. Production and consumption of ethanol in India, 2006 ' 2011, million litres
Figure 21.4. Breakdown of fate of biodiesel produced by manufacturers in Indonesia, million litres
Figure 21.5. Map of installed ethanol plants in Indonesia
Figure 21.6. Map of installed biodiesel plants in Indonesia
Figure 21.7. Annual and forecast of crude palm oil production in Malaysia, million tonnes
Figure 21.8. Main feedstock used to produce ethanol in Thailand, thousand litres per day
Figure 21.9. Anticipated production of ethanol from cassava and molasses in Thailand, million
litres per day
Figure 21.10. Prices of ethanol blends and gasoline in Thailand, 2005 ' 2009, THB per litre
Figure 21.11. Prices of biodiesel blends and gasoline in Thailand, 2005 ' 2009, THB per litre
Figure 21.12. Feedstocks used in biodiesel plants in Thailand
Figure 21.13. Projections on domestic demand for biodiesel in Thailand, million litres
Figure 21.14. Breakdown of manufacturers of biodiesel in Thailand, thousand litres per day
Figure 21.15. Projections of idle and operating ethanol capacity in the Philippines, million litres
Figure 21.16. Projections of ethanol production and imports in the Philippines, million litres
Figure 21.17. Projections of biodiesel production and consumption in the Philippines, million litres
Figure 24.1. Timeline of proposed legislation and voluntary targets for the aviation sector
Figure 24.2. Aviation fuel demand and supply scenarios
Figure 24.3. CAAFI R&D roadmap for biofuel feedstocks
List of Tables
Table 2.1. Production processes for first generation biofuels
Table 3.1. Advantages and disadvantages of ethanol compared to gasoline
Table 3.2. Yields of ethanol per feedstock
Table 3.3. Monthly prices for corn, US $ per tonne
Table 3.4. Products from sugar cane production
Table 3.5. Monthly sugar prices, US $ cents per pound
Table 3.6. Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel
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Table 3.7. Monthly prices for feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, US $ per tonne
Table 4.1. By-products from jatropha
Table 4.2. The advantages and disadvantages of jatropha
Table 4.3. Key companies involved in jatropha projects
Table 4.4. Main developers of biodiesel from Camelina
Table 6.1. Cellulosic waste materials of food crops
Table 6.2. Top cellulosic ethanol manufacturers in terms of installed capacity in 2009
Table 6.3. The advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol as an alternative to firstgeneration
biofuels feedstocks on the market
Table 7.1. The biodiesel yield per acre for different feedstocks
Table 7.2. Production capacity for algae biofuel developers, million litres, 2010 and 2012
Table 7.3. Products derived from algae
Table 7.4. The advantages and disadvantages of algae as an alternative to first-generation
biofuels feedstocks on the market
Table 9.1. Description of Conversion Pathway
Table 10.1. Emissions Lifecycle for each Feedstock
Table 10.2. How green are biofuels'
Table 12.1. Business model of the top ten biofuel companies in terms of investments last year
Table 12.2. Estimates of subsidies for different energy sources
Table 12.3. Transport fuel prices and taxes per litre, June 2010
Table 12.4. Transport fuel prices, May 2010, US dollars per litre
Table 12.5. Relationships between crude oil, gasoline, ethanol and break-even corn prices
Table 12.6. Average oil price projections, US $ per barrel
Table 13.1. Biodiesel production, million litres
Table 13.2. Ethanol production, million litres
Table 13.3. Biodiesel projections
Table 13.4. Bioethanol projections
Table 14.1. Energy content of marginal transport fuel ' pure and blends, MJ/litre
Table 14.2. Energy content of marginal transport fuel blends, MJ/litre
Table 14.3. EU Member States goals for the use of biofuels as transportation fuel, % of total fuel
use
Table 14.4. Road transportation fuels consumption in the EU, 2006 ' 2011, ktoe
Table 14.5. Renewable Energy Directive targets
Table 14.6. Greenhouse gas emissions for biofuel feedstocks according to the European Commission
Table 14.7. Milestones for the biofuel industry in the EU
Table 14.8. REACH costs
Table 14.9. Development of biodiesel plants in the EU, thousand litres
Table 14.10. EU 2008 and 2009 biodiesel capacity estimates
Table 14.11. Production capacity of the main biodiesel producers in Europe
Table 14.12. Development of ethanol plants in the EU, million litres
Table 14.13. Production capacity of the main ethanol producers, 2010
Table 14.14. Ethanol plants in the EU, million litres, March 2010
Table 14.15. Advanced biofuel plants in the EU
Table 14.16. Jobs created by the sector in key European countries
Table 15.1. Fuel Taxes
Table 15.2. Breakdown of transport fuels in Bulgaria
Table 15.3. Quota for Biodesel and Bioethanol from 2003-2010
Table 15.4. Quotas and taxes for biofuels in Germany
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Table 15.5. Tax exemptions in ' per litre of biofuels
Table 15.6. Land use criteria for sustainable biofuels in Germany
Table 15.7. Energy tax on pure biodiesels, ' per litre
Table 15.8. Consumption of biofuels in Germany, thousand tonnes
Table 15.9. Average price at the filling station for biodiesel and diesel in Germany, June 2010
Table 15.10. Biodiesel plants in operation in Germany, end 2009
Table 15.11. Incentives for Irish farmers producing energy crops
Table 15.12. Financial support for production facilities
Table 15.13. Albengoa Bioenergy global presence
Table 15.14. Biodiesel plants in operation, under construction and planned in Spain
Table 15.15. Ethanol plants in Spain, excluding Abengoa's plants
Table 15.16. Ethanol plants in Sweden
Table 15.17. Biodiesel plants in Sweden
Table 15.18. Planned biodiesel projects in Switzerland, million litres
Table 16.1. History of ethanol subsidy legislation in the US
Table 16.2. State fuel taxes
Table 16.3. Biofuel blends and car manufacturing compatibility in the US
Table 16.4. Ethanol plants in the USA, July 2010
Table 16.5. Business structure of the top 5 ethanol producers in the US
Table 16.6. US cellulosic ethanol projects under development and construction
Table 16.7. Awardees of US Department of Energy and Department of Agriculture funding,
December 2009
Table 16.8. Valero Renewables' ethanol plants
Table 16.9. DDGS produced for a 20 million gallon (91 million litres) plant using different feedstocks
Table 16.10. Business models for the top five biodiesel producers in the US
Table 16.11. Biodiesel plants in the USA, July 2010
Table 17.1. Production costs for ethanol in the USA, Germany and Brazil, ' per 1,000 litres
Table 17.2. Installed biofuel capacity and targets in Brazil
Table 17.3. Top ten sugar cane facilities in Sao Paulo State for the 2008/2009 harvest
Table 17.4. Key Companies using SCA Brazil Ethanol brokerage
Table 17.5. Biodiesel plants in operation in Brazil
Table 17.6. Investment in renewable energies
Table 17.7. Ethanol plants owned by Cosan in Brazil
Table 18.1. Argentina Renovables' list of biodiesel plants in operation, large scale
Table 18.2. Ethanol plants in operation in Colombia
Table 18.3. Biodiesel plants in operation in Colombia
Table 18.4. Top five biodiesel plants in operation in Honduras
Table 19.1. Blending mandates in Canadian provinces, target dates
Table 19.2. Incentives for biofuels in Canadian provinces
Table 19.3. Federal programmes to promote a domestic renewable fuels industry in Canada
Table 19.4. Ethanol plants in operation or under construction in Canada
Table 19.5. Biodiesel plants in operation or under construction in Canada
Table 19.6. Tax exemptions for E10 by Canadian province
Table 19.7. Ethanol pilot project in Mexico
Table 20.1. Biodiesel plants in Australia, January 2010
Table 20.2. Ethanol plants in operation in Australia, January 2010
Table 20.3. Biofuels Excise Rates for Australia
Table 20.4. Effective fuel tax rates for alternative fuels in Australia
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Table 20.5. Blending mandates in Australia, target dates
Table 20.6. Second generation Biofuels Research and Development Programme projects in
Australia
Table 20.7. Leading biofuel players in New Zealand, as of August 2009
Table 21.1. China investment in renewable energy markets
Table 21.2. Ethanol plants in operation in China, million litres
Table 21.3. Cities with the E10 blend mandate in China
Table 21.4. Cost analysis of using different feedstocks for ethanol using 2006 prices in China
Table 21.5. Major biodiesel facilities in China
Table 21.6. Project financing for biofuel projects in India
Table 21.7. Blending mandate for biodiesel in Indonesia
Table 21.8. Blending mandate for ethanol in Indonesia
Table 21.9. Biodiesel projects in operation in Malaysia
Table 21.10. Fifteen year Renewable Energy Development Plans for biofuels in Thailand, million
litres per day
Table 21.11. Ethanol plants in Thailand, March 2010
Table 21.12. Breakdown o
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