1) The number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled in primary and secondary schools has increased over time but remains lower than non-Indigenous students, with the largest numbers in NSW, QLD, and WA. 2) There were over 16,000 Indigenous students enrolled in university education degrees in 2011, though Indigenous representation among teachers remains low, estimated at around 1-2% nationally. 3) Data from surveys of Indigenous Australians show that a majority of Indigenous teachers are female, have been teaching for less than 10 years, and work primarily in classroom settings rather than leadership or specialist roles.