Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Physio of stomatognathic system /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Trajectories and rotations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Activator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Activator1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Activator /certified fixed orthodontic courses /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Interceptive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Activator/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Construction of bite for various functional orthodontic appliancesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Wolff’s law
1. WOLFF’S LAWWOLFF’S LAW
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. In the early 1990s German physiologist WolffIn the early 1990s German physiologist Wolff
demonstrated that bony trabeculae weredemonstrated that bony trabeculae were
arranged in response to stress lines on the bone.arranged in response to stress lines on the bone.
Bone is formed in just the quantity and shapeBone is formed in just the quantity and shape
that will enable it to withstand the physicalthat will enable it to withstand the physical
demands made upon it, with the greatestdemands made upon it, with the greatest
amount of economy of structure.amount of economy of structure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. If a long bone such as the femur is cut open, itIf a long bone such as the femur is cut open, it
will be found that dense cortical bone is on thewill be found that dense cortical bone is on the
outside and the spicules of cancellous boneoutside and the spicules of cancellous bone
within are arranged in such a way that theywithin are arranged in such a way that they
support the cortical bone along well definedsupport the cortical bone along well defined
paths of stress and strain.paths of stress and strain.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. MYOTONIC APPLIANCEMYOTONIC APPLIANCE
Rely on muscle mass and resting pressureRely on muscle mass and resting pressure
This was achieved by-This was achieved by-
1. increasing the interocclusal distance with the1. increasing the interocclusal distance with the
construction biteconstruction bite
2. immobilizing the appliance ( eg adding clasp2. immobilizing the appliance ( eg adding clasp
on lateral maxillary teeth- Herren )on lateral maxillary teeth- Herren )
3. increase in dislocation of mandible in vertical3. increase in dislocation of mandible in vertical
and saggital direction.and saggital direction.
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6. MYODYNAMIC APPLIANCEMYODYNAMIC APPLIANCE
Make use of muscle activity and movement.Make use of muscle activity and movement.
1. H. P. Bimler - found the possibility of1. H. P. Bimler - found the possibility of
expanding the maxillary arch by crosswiseexpanding the maxillary arch by crosswise
transmission of transverse mandible movements.transmission of transverse mandible movements.
2. features of elastischer gebissformer-2. features of elastischer gebissformer-
a. could be worn during the entire daya. could be worn during the entire day
b. elasticity help translate muscle movementb. elasticity help translate muscle movement
to dentition and supporting tissueto dentition and supporting tissue
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7. CONTRACTILITY OF MUSCLECONTRACTILITY OF MUSCLE
Classified into two types based on change in theClassified into two types based on change in the
length of muscle fiber or tension of the muscle-length of muscle fiber or tension of the muscle-
1. Isotonic contraction- tension remains the1. Isotonic contraction- tension remains the
same and change occurs in the length of musclesame and change occurs in the length of muscle
fiber. eg. Simple flexion of armfiber. eg. Simple flexion of arm
2. Isometric contraction- length of muscle fiber2. Isometric contraction- length of muscle fiber
remains the same and the tension is increased.remains the same and the tension is increased.
eg. Pulling any heavy objecteg. Pulling any heavy object
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9. 1. a. Tooth borne passive appliance-1. a. Tooth borne passive appliance-
have no intrinsic force generating componenthave no intrinsic force generating component
such as spring or screw. They depend on softsuch as spring or screw. They depend on soft
tissue stretch and muscle activity to produce thetissue stretch and muscle activity to produce the
desired treatment results.desired treatment results.
eg. Activatoreg. Activator
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10. b. Tooth borne active appliance-b. Tooth borne active appliance-
include modification of activator and bionatorinclude modification of activator and bionator
that include expansion screw or other activethat include expansion screw or other active
components like springs.components like springs.
c. Tissue borne passive appliance-c. Tissue borne passive appliance-
located in the vestibule and have little or nolocated in the vestibule and have little or no
contact with the dentition.contact with the dentition.
eg. Functional regulator of Frankeleg. Functional regulator of Frankel
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11. 2. a. Myotonic appliance2. a. Myotonic appliance
b. Myodynamic applianceb. Myodynamic appliance
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12. 4. Group 1 appliance-4. Group 1 appliance-
they transmit the muscle force directly to the teeththey transmit the muscle force directly to the teeth
for the purpose of correction of malocclusion.for the purpose of correction of malocclusion.
eg. Oral screen and inclined planes ( oppenheim splint)eg. Oral screen and inclined planes ( oppenheim splint)
Group 2 appliance-Group 2 appliance-
they reposition the mandible and the resultant force isthey reposition the mandible and the resultant force is
transmitted to the teeth and other structuretransmitted to the teeth and other structure
eg. Activator and bionatoreg. Activator and bionator
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13. Group 3 appliance-Group 3 appliance-
they also reposition the mandible, but the areathey also reposition the mandible, but the area
of operation is the vestibule.of operation is the vestibule.
eg. Frankel appliance and vestibular screeneg. Frankel appliance and vestibular screen
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14. 3. a. Removable functional appliance3. a. Removable functional appliance
b. Fixed functional applianceb. Fixed functional appliance
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15. The bite is not opened beyond the postural restThe bite is not opened beyond the postural rest
position. This stimulates myotactic reflex activityposition. This stimulates myotactic reflex activity
causing isometric contractions. This muscularcausing isometric contractions. This muscular
reflex is transmitted to the teeth through thereflex is transmitted to the teeth through the
appliance. Thus the appliance works by makingappliance. Thus the appliance works by making
use of the kinetic energy.use of the kinetic energy.
This original concept and working hypothesis ofThis original concept and working hypothesis of
Andresen and Haupl was accepted by manyAndresen and Haupl was accepted by many
authorities but rejected by some.authorities but rejected by some.
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16. THE BITE OPENINGTHE BITE OPENING
CONTROVERSYCONTROVERSY
By introducing a new path of closure, theBy introducing a new path of closure, the
activator causes musculoskeletal adaptation. Thisactivator causes musculoskeletal adaptation. This
adaptation process caused by the activator alsoadaptation process caused by the activator also
includes an effect on the condyle.includes an effect on the condyle.
The condyle grow in an upward and backwardThe condyle grow in an upward and backward
direction to maintain the integrity of the TMJdirection to maintain the integrity of the TMJ
structures. Such an adaptation is caused by thestructures. Such an adaptation is caused by the
loose fitting appliance.loose fitting appliance.
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17. Rolf Grude in 1952 gave an explanation for theRolf Grude in 1952 gave an explanation for the
continuing controversies. He said that the modecontinuing controversies. He said that the mode
of action of activator as said by Andresen andof action of activator as said by Andresen and
Haupl can be seen only if the mandible is notHaupl can be seen only if the mandible is not
displaced beyond the postural rest position. Ifdisplaced beyond the postural rest position. If
the mandible is opened beyond the rest positionthe mandible is opened beyond the rest position
or the 4 mm limit the mode of action is quietor the 4 mm limit the mode of action is quiet
different.different.
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18. The appliance works by the viscoelasticThe appliance works by the viscoelastic
properties of the muscles or by stretching of theproperties of the muscles or by stretching of the
soft tissues and not by the Andresen and Hauplsoft tissues and not by the Andresen and Haupl
concept. However since the interocclusalconcept. However since the interocclusal
clearance varies from patient to patient and alsoclearance varies from patient to patient and also
in the same individual from time to time thein the same individual from time to time the
statements of Grude are made with reservations.statements of Grude are made with reservations.
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19. 1. Petrovic and McNamara support the1. Petrovic and McNamara support the
Andresen and Haupl concept and have gotAndresen and Haupl concept and have got
results which indicate that a more favorableresults which indicate that a more favorable
condylar response to activator treatment may becondylar response to activator treatment may be
possible if through action of the appliance apossible if through action of the appliance a
proper stimulus is provided. The stimulus fromproper stimulus is provided. The stimulus from
the appliance, muscle receptors and the PDthe appliance, muscle receptors and the PD
mechanoreceptors promote displacement of themechanoreceptors promote displacement of the
mandible.mandible.
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20. Both Petrovic and McNamara have shown theBoth Petrovic and McNamara have shown the
great imp. of lateral pterygoid muscle for thegreat imp. of lateral pterygoid muscle for the
forward growth of the mandible. An applianceforward growth of the mandible. An appliance
which holds the mandible rigidly in a forwardwhich holds the mandible rigidly in a forward
direction doesn’t stimulate lateral pterygoiddirection doesn’t stimulate lateral pterygoid
activity which in turn does not stimulateactivity which in turn does not stimulate
condoyle growth. Based on this researchcondoyle growth. Based on this research
Petrovic and McNamara support the viewPetrovic and McNamara support the view
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21. that variation in the mode and direction ofthat variation in the mode and direction of
dislocation of the mandible are decisive factorsdislocation of the mandible are decisive factors
in activator Tt.in activator Tt.
2. A second group of authors ( Selmer-Olsen,2. A second group of authors ( Selmer-Olsen,
Herren, Harvold and Woodside) do not supportHerren, Harvold and Woodside) do not support
the theory of myotactic reflex activity withthe theory of myotactic reflex activity with
isometric muscle contractions as stipulated byisometric muscle contractions as stipulated by
Andresen. Selmer-Olsen says that muscle activityAndresen. Selmer-Olsen says that muscle activity
cannot be stimulated at night becausecannot be stimulated at night because
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22. nature has designed them to rest during sleep.nature has designed them to rest during sleep.
He says that, the mandible assumes a position ofHe says that, the mandible assumes a position of
equilibrium at night. An opening beyond thisequilibrium at night. An opening beyond this
position requires active work from the openingposition requires active work from the opening
muscle to overcome the resistance of themuscle to overcome the resistance of the
stretched fibers in the soft tissues. If a foreignstretched fibers in the soft tissues. If a foreign
body is inserted between the jaws keeping thebody is inserted between the jaws keeping the
mandible beyond the equilibrium position, themandible beyond the equilibrium position, the
closing muscles remain stretched.closing muscles remain stretched.
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23. A pressure is exerted against the foreign bodyA pressure is exerted against the foreign body
through the teeth. Hence, the tooth moving forces inthrough the teeth. Hence, the tooth moving forces in
activator therapy are not due to muscle forces oractivator therapy are not due to muscle forces or
kinetic energy but by a stretching of soft tissues orkinetic energy but by a stretching of soft tissues or
potential energy.potential energy.
Woodside calls this viscoelastic property. HerrenWoodside calls this viscoelastic property. Herren
analyzed the activators mode of action on the basisanalyzed the activators mode of action on the basis
of the spatial relationship between the mandible andof the spatial relationship between the mandible and
postural rest position. He states that the activatorpostural rest position. He states that the activator
does not work in the way postulated by Andresendoes not work in the way postulated by Andresen
even if the caudal displacement is less than 3 mm.even if the caudal displacement is less than 3 mm.
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24. Such an appliance does not increase frequency ofSuch an appliance does not increase frequency of
closing movements. Herren overextends in the saggitalclosing movements. Herren overextends in the saggital
direction bringing the mandible in andirection bringing the mandible in an
edge to edge incisal relationship. According to him,edge to edge incisal relationship. According to him,
when an activator is inserted in the mouth, it restrictswhen an activator is inserted in the mouth, it restricts
the mandible from assuming any lateral protrusive orthe mandible from assuming any lateral protrusive or
retrusive rest positions normally assumed during sleep.retrusive rest positions normally assumed during sleep.
The forces which pull the appliance towards these restThe forces which pull the appliance towards these rest
position are absorbed by the appliance and transmittedposition are absorbed by the appliance and transmitted
to the teeth and alveolar processes.to the teeth and alveolar processes.
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25. These are the teeth moving forces. According toThese are the teeth moving forces. According to
Herren, mandible movements do occur, butHerren, mandible movements do occur, but
forces created thereby are of minor importance.forces created thereby are of minor importance.
According to Harvold-Woodside the mandibleAccording to Harvold-Woodside the mandible
normally drops open when the patient is asleep.normally drops open when the patient is asleep.
Interocclusal clearance is more during sleep andInterocclusal clearance is more during sleep and
hence there is a chance that the appliance willhence there is a chance that the appliance will
not be retained in the mouth and no skeletal ornot be retained in the mouth and no skeletal or
dental changes can be expected.dental changes can be expected.
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26. He states that high construction bites as much asHe states that high construction bites as much as
10-15 mm beyond the postural rest position10-15 mm beyond the postural rest position
spreads the jaws apart. The effect is a stretchingspreads the jaws apart. The effect is a stretching
of the elevators and retractors of the mandible.of the elevators and retractors of the mandible.
The forces thereby created transmitted to theThe forces thereby created transmitted to the
teeth and alveolar processes.teeth and alveolar processes.
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27. 3. Between the two extremes there are many who take a3. Between the two extremes there are many who take a
higher construction bite without the extreme sagittalhigher construction bite without the extreme sagittal
extension advocated by Herren. These authors includeextension advocated by Herren. These authors include
Schmuth, Witt and Komposch. Eschler says that if theSchmuth, Witt and Komposch. Eschler says that if the
bite is opened 4-6mm beyond postural rest position, thebite is opened 4-6mm beyond postural rest position, the
appliance works alternately with isometric and isotonicappliance works alternately with isometric and isotonic
muscle contraction. At insertion of the appliance,muscle contraction. At insertion of the appliance,
isotonic muscle contraction cause elevation of theisotonic muscle contraction cause elevation of the
mandible. When the mandible contacts the appliancemandible. When the mandible contacts the appliance
isometric contraction begins.isometric contraction begins.
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28. The elevators remain stretched as the mandible cannotThe elevators remain stretched as the mandible cannot
assume its rest position. As they fatigue the contractionassume its rest position. As they fatigue the contraction
cease and the mandible drops down. After recovery, thecease and the mandible drops down. After recovery, the
same cycle is repeated.same cycle is repeated.
In conclusion, there are two main theories regardingIn conclusion, there are two main theories regarding
the activators mode of action. According to the first,the activators mode of action. According to the first,
loose appliance stimulates the muscle and it is theloose appliance stimulates the muscle and it is the
activator in motion that moves the teeth. The forces areactivator in motion that moves the teeth. The forces are
intermittent in nature hitting the teeth as jolts. Theintermittent in nature hitting the teeth as jolts. The
elevator of mandible and other units of orofacialelevator of mandible and other units of orofacial
complex have to do active work in order to keep thecomplex have to do active work in order to keep the
activator in place.activator in place.
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29. It is a prerequisite for such a mode of action that theIt is a prerequisite for such a mode of action that the
mandible is not displaced beyond the postural restmandible is not displaced beyond the postural rest
position.position.
The other hypothesis says that it is the activator atThe other hypothesis says that it is the activator at
rest which moves the teeth. The appliance is squeezedrest which moves the teeth. The appliance is squeezed
between the jaws. In such a position it exerts abetween the jaws. In such a position it exerts a
continuous pressure against teeth. However the forcecontinuous pressure against teeth. However the force
application is interrupted every time the activator isapplication is interrupted every time the activator is
removed from the mouth.removed from the mouth.
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30. The periodicity thereby introduced is calledThe periodicity thereby introduced is called
‘‘ big intermittence’. When the appliance is in thebig intermittence’. When the appliance is in the
mouth force application may be interrupted formouth force application may be interrupted for
a single tooth or a group of teeth. Thisa single tooth or a group of teeth. This
periodicity is called the ‘little intermittence’periodicity is called the ‘little intermittence’
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31. CONSTRUCTION BITECONSTRUCTION BITE
The positioning of the mandible in preparationThe positioning of the mandible in preparation
for the fabrication of functional appliance isfor the fabrication of functional appliance is
considered in three planes of space-considered in three planes of space-
verticalvertical
horizontalhorizontal
transversetransverse
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32. The vertical opening of the mandible dependsThe vertical opening of the mandible depends
on the following things-on the following things-
1. the kind of dysgnathic or dysplastic problem1. the kind of dysgnathic or dysplastic problem
( sagittal or vertical relationship)( sagittal or vertical relationship)
2. the developmental state, age and sex of patient2. the developmental state, age and sex of patient
(potential incremental changes)(potential incremental changes)
3. the type of activator to be used3. the type of activator to be used
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33. Different sagittal and vertical dysplasia requireDifferent sagittal and vertical dysplasia require
different construction bite registration.different construction bite registration.
1. Deep bite Class II Div 2 malocclusion1. Deep bite Class II Div 2 malocclusion
2. Class III malocclusion2. Class III malocclusion
It is necessary to record the vertical distanceIt is necessary to record the vertical distance
between the incisal margins of upper and lowerbetween the incisal margins of upper and lower
incisor edges when determining how wide theincisor edges when determining how wide the
construction bite should be.construction bite should be.
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34. Class II Div 2 and Class III- 1.5- 3 mmClass II Div 2 and Class III- 1.5- 3 mm
Mixed Dentition- 4 – 7mmMixed Dentition- 4 – 7mm
Severe Class II Div 2 – upto 9mmSevere Class II Div 2 – upto 9mm
1. Woodside philosophy1. Woodside philosophy
2. brings the mandible out of the range of any2. brings the mandible out of the range of any
tooth guidance and the resultant retrusive effecttooth guidance and the resultant retrusive effect
on the condyle and the path of closureon the condyle and the path of closure
3. horizontal growth pattern/ forward and3. horizontal growth pattern/ forward and
upward rotating pattern- deepening of biteupward rotating pattern- deepening of bite
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36. In a full Class II Div 1 malocclusion with aIn a full Class II Div 1 malocclusion with a
protrusion of upper incisor and deep overbite,protrusion of upper incisor and deep overbite,
the opening of bite is dependant on how muchthe opening of bite is dependant on how much
anterior posturing is necessary to establish aanterior posturing is necessary to establish a
normal sagittal relationship.normal sagittal relationship.
1.1. If lessIf less
2.2. If significantIf significant
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38. Class II Div 1 malocclusion in whichClass II Div 1 malocclusion in which
1. sagittal malrelation is the width of a premolar1. sagittal malrelation is the width of a premolar
2. severe curve of Spee2. severe curve of Spee
3. lower incisors are over erupted and impinge3. lower incisors are over erupted and impinge
on the palatal mucosaon the palatal mucosa
Construction bite should not be higher than theConstruction bite should not be higher than the
vertical edge to edge incisor relationship.vertical edge to edge incisor relationship.
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40. Considerations for horizontal posturing of the mandible-Considerations for horizontal posturing of the mandible-
1.1. Original sagittal jaw relationship may be maintained, as inOriginal sagittal jaw relationship may be maintained, as in
neutroclusion with a class II type of incisor overjet and deepneutroclusion with a class II type of incisor overjet and deep
bite or in a similar Class II relationship due to maxillarybite or in a similar Class II relationship due to maxillary
protractionprotraction
2.2. The mandible may be postured forward to change the sagittalThe mandible may be postured forward to change the sagittal
relationship equally on both sides when the problem is arelationship equally on both sides when the problem is a
bilaterally symmetrical Class II condition.bilaterally symmetrical Class II condition.
3.3. The bite is changed on one side but is maintained as much asThe bite is changed on one side but is maintained as much as
possible on the other side- unilateral casepossible on the other side- unilateral case
4.4. The mandible is postured backward as much as possible in theThe mandible is postured backward as much as possible in the
fossa, opening the bite enough to try for an end to end incisalfossa, opening the bite enough to try for an end to end incisal
relationship as in Class III malocclusion.relationship as in Class III malocclusion.
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42. Conditions in which mandible is not postured forwardConditions in which mandible is not postured forward
while constructing the bite-while constructing the bite-
1. Class II malocclusion due to mesial positioning of1. Class II malocclusion due to mesial positioning of
the maxilla itself or of the dental arches, pulled forwardthe maxilla itself or of the dental arches, pulled forward
by a prolonged finger sucking habit.( extract)by a prolonged finger sucking habit.( extract)
2. Class I with cross bite of individual or all incisors.2. Class I with cross bite of individual or all incisors.
( downward and backward)( downward and backward)
3. Class II malocclusion in which there is mesial3. Class II malocclusion in which there is mesial
positioning or displacement from postural rest topositioning or displacement from postural rest to
occlusion. Mandible closes upward and excessivelyocclusion. Mandible closes upward and excessively
forward under tooth guidence, instead of beingforward under tooth guidence, instead of being
functionally retruded ( bimax)functionally retruded ( bimax)
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43. Degree of mandible advancement-Degree of mandible advancement-
Newmann – advances mandible to a width of anNewmann – advances mandible to a width of an
entire toothentire tooth
Frankel – stepwise advancementFrankel – stepwise advancement
Eschler – greatest possible advancement withEschler – greatest possible advancement with
which the patient can be comfortable.which the patient can be comfortable.
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44. CONSTRUCTION BITECONSTRUCTION BITE
REGISTRATIONREGISTRATION
In miixed dentition it is sometimes difficult toIn miixed dentition it is sometimes difficult to
determine precisely how much the mandible hasdetermine precisely how much the mandible has
been moved forward in the construction bitebeen moved forward in the construction bite
because of the wax roll covering the toothbecause of the wax roll covering the tooth
contact surface-contact surface-
use deciduous canine/upper first premolar as ause deciduous canine/upper first premolar as a
guideguide
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46. MIDLINE CONSIDERATIONSMIDLINE CONSIDERATIONS
If the upper and lower midline are coincident inIf the upper and lower midline are coincident in
the habitual occlusion and the sagittalthe habitual occlusion and the sagittal
relationship is bilaterally symmetrical then therelationship is bilaterally symmetrical then the
midlines should line up in forward posturing inmidlines should line up in forward posturing in
the same relationship as in habitual occlusion.the same relationship as in habitual occlusion.
For this was is cut away in the midline to makeFor this was is cut away in the midline to make
sure that the posturing forward has not allowedsure that the posturing forward has not allowed
the mandible to deviate to one side or the other.the mandible to deviate to one side or the other.
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47. If the upper and lower midlines do not coincide-If the upper and lower midlines do not coincide-
premature loss of deciduous caninepremature loss of deciduous canine
occlusal interferenceocclusal interference
Construction bite should follow the midlines ofConstruction bite should follow the midlines of
the maxilla and mandible, regardless of thethe maxilla and mandible, regardless of the
shifting of teeth in one jaw or the other.shifting of teeth in one jaw or the other.
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48. CONSTRUCTION BITECONSTRUCTION BITE
TECHNIQUETECHNIQUE
Patient compliance is essentialPatient compliance is essential
this can be achieved by asking the pt to advancethis can be achieved by asking the pt to advance
the mandible in case of Class II malocclusion tothe mandible in case of Class II malocclusion to
create an instant correction. The pt sees thecreate an instant correction. The pt sees the
potential and objectives of the correction to bepotential and objectives of the correction to be
brought about by the functional appliance and isbrought about by the functional appliance and is
more likely to work towards this goal of estheticmore likely to work towards this goal of esthetic
improvement as compared to dental health andimprovement as compared to dental health and
functional improvement.functional improvement.
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49. 1. STUDY MODEL ANALYSIS1. STUDY MODEL ANALYSIS
a. the first molar relationship in habitual occlusion isa. the first molar relationship in habitual occlusion is
determineddetermined
b. nature of midline discrepancy if any is determinedb. nature of midline discrepancy if any is determined
c. symmetry of dental arches is determined- asymmetryc. symmetry of dental arches is determined- asymmetry
such as segmental open bite can be corrected with ansuch as segmental open bite can be corrected with an
activatoractivator
d. the curve of Spee is checked to see if can or should bed. the curve of Spee is checked to see if can or should be
leveled with the appliance.leveled with the appliance.
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50. 2. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS2. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
a.a. Precise registration of the ret position is made as thePrecise registration of the ret position is made as the
vertical opening of the construction bite depends onvertical opening of the construction bite depends on
thisthis
b.b. Path of closure from postural rest to habitualPath of closure from postural rest to habitual
occlusion is analyzed.occlusion is analyzed.
c.c. Prematurities, occlusal interferences and mandibularPrematurities, occlusal interferences and mandibular
displacement if any are checkeddisplacement if any are checked
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51. d. Interoccluasal clearance is checked several timesd. Interoccluasal clearance is checked several times
and the mean amount is recordedand the mean amount is recorded
e. TMJ should be palpated for clicking, crepituse. TMJ should be palpated for clicking, crepitus
ect. Which may lead to modification in theect. Which may lead to modification in the
applianceappliance
f. Respiration assesmentf. Respiration assesment
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52. 3. CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS3. CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
a. direction of growth- average, horizontal or vertical isa. direction of growth- average, horizontal or vertical is
determineddetermined
b. the difference between the position and the size ofb. the difference between the position and the size of
the jaw bases is determinedthe jaw bases is determined
c. the axial inclination and the position of maxillary andc. the axial inclination and the position of maxillary and
mandibular incisors are determined. This provides imp.mandibular incisors are determined. This provides imp.
diagnostic and prognostic clues for determining thediagnostic and prognostic clues for determining the
anterior positioning of the mandible and the applianceanterior positioning of the mandible and the appliance
design detail for the incisor area.design detail for the incisor area.
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53. CONSTRUCTION BITECONSTRUCTION BITE
PLANNINGPLANNING
On the basis of inf. gathered the extent of ant.On the basis of inf. gathered the extent of ant.
positioning for Class II malocclusions and post.positioning for Class II malocclusions and post.
positioning for Class III malocclusions ispositioning for Class III malocclusions is
determined.determined.
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55. Ant. positioning of this magnitude is contraindicatedAnt. positioning of this magnitude is contraindicated
in-in-
a.a. If the overjet is too large( 18 mm), then anteriorIf the overjet is too large( 18 mm), then anterior
positioning is a stepwise progression accompanied inpositioning is a stepwise progression accompanied in
two or three phases.two or three phases.
b.b. If there is severe labial tipping of maxillary incisors,If there is severe labial tipping of maxillary incisors,
they should be uprighted first, if possible, by athey should be uprighted first, if possible, by a
prefunctional appliance.prefunctional appliance.
c.c. Pathological construction bite in case of in case ofPathological construction bite in case of in case of
palatal eruption of incisor.palatal eruption of incisor.
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57. Principles in maintaining a proper horizontal-Principles in maintaining a proper horizontal-
vertical relationship and determining the heightvertical relationship and determining the height
of the bite-of the bite-
a.a. The mandible must be dislocated from the restThe mandible must be dislocated from the rest
position in atleast one direction. This isposition in atleast one direction. This is
essential in order to activate the associatedessential in order to activate the associated
musculature and induce strain in tissue.musculature and induce strain in tissue.
b.b. Inverse relation between forward positioningInverse relation between forward positioning
and vertical opening.and vertical opening.
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