workshop manufacturing practices CARPENTARY SHOP

1. Carpentry Shop

2. Carpentry Shop
 Carpentry deals with the construction of work
such as making roofs, floors portions etc of a
building , doors, windows, trusses,
workbenches, house hold furniture and many
other useful articles by means of suitable wood.
 The term joinery is used for connecting the
wooden parts with the different joints such as
making doors, stairs, furniture and many
other articles.
 The timber is the material used for carpentry and
joinery work.

3. Timbe
r
 Wood obtained from exogenous tree by cutting
these trees after their full growth and made
suitable for engineering or building purposes by
sawing and converting into various suitable
commercial sizes.

4. Advantages of Timber
 1. It is very easy to be worked with tools to
give it desired shape and size.
 2. Structural connections and joints can be
easily made .
 3. It is lighter in weight.
 4. In framed structure , it suites equally well
both load bearing and non load bearing
members.
 5. In timber work, cost of material as well as
construction both are minimized as compared
to the other materials of similar use.
 6. It responds very well to polishing and

5. Advantages of Timber
7.It suites very favorably to doors, windows,
cabinet work furniture an decorative designs
and fittings.
8.It is quit suitable for making sound proof
construction.
9.It, being non conductor of heat, is favoured
for the construction of houses. Such houses
will remain warm in winter and cool in summer.
10.It provides combination of strength, durability,
lightness and economy as compared to other
materials of construction.

6. Disadvantages of Timber
 Combustible
 Diminish due to rusting
 Destroyed and decay due to attack of insects, fungi,
terminators etc.
 Timber swell and undergoes shrinkage with changing
atmosphere humidity.
Uses of Timber
 Piles, post, beam, door –windows, roof member,
Truss, paneling, ceiling, partition wall, frame work,
scaffolding, transmission poles, wagon and
coaches, bridges, boat, ships, agricultural
implants, sports goods, musical instruments etc.

7. Selection of Timber
 1. Durability
 2.workability
 3. Weight
 4. Hardness
 5.Cohesivness
 6. Elasticity
 7. Type of texture
 8. Type of grains
 9. Resistance to fire
 10.Resistance to various stresses
 11. Ability to retain shape
 12. Easy Polishing

8. Wood Working Hand Tools
Classification of tools according to their
use is given below:-
1. Measuring and Marking Tools
2. Holding and Supporting Tools
3. Cutting Tools
4. Planning Tools
5. Boring and Drilling Tools
6. Striking Tools
7. Miscellaneous Tools

9. Measuring and Marking Tools: used for
measuring, marking, setting out angles and parallel lines and
testing
Measuring Tools
(a) Folding Rule
(b) Measuring Taps
(c) Try square
(d) MITRE Square
(e) Bevel square
Marking Tools
(f) Marking Knife or Scriber
(g) Marking Gauge
(f) Mortise Gauge
(e) Cutting Gauge

10. Measuring Tool:
(a) Folding
Rule
(b) Measuring Steel Tap

11.  Try Square: -used for measuring and setting out
dimensions, testing the finish of a planed surfaces, draw
parallel lines at right angles (900 ) to plane surfaces, draw
mutually perpendicular lines over a plane surface and
test the squareness to two adjacent surfaces. It consists
of a steel Blade fitting into a wooden or metallic stock at
right angle to it.
 Mitre Square: measuse aand mark angle at 450
 Bevel Sqaure :- measure 0 to 180 degree angle.

12. Marking tool:-
 Marking Knife or Scriber: It has sharp conical edges
used to mark on even hard surfaces. The front edge is
hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of
carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the
points and lines on wooden stock before processing.

13. Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines.
The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable
position and is tightened on the stem. The piece which slides
is called stock and scribing pin is fixed on the stem.

14. Mortise Gauge: It is used to draw two parallel
lines. Its working is similar to marking gauge except it
has two sharp
edges. adjustable
One fixed and second
or
fixed

15. Holding and Supporting Tools
1. Carpenter’s bench and bench
Hook
2. Carpenter’s Vice
3. Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp
4. Hand Screw

16. Carpenter’s bench and bench Hook:- It
is table of rigid construction made of hard wood about 180cmx
120cmx90cm(H) size. Four carpenter vice are fitted on opposite
sides of bench to hold the jobs during operation.

17. Carpenter’s Vice: it is mostly used for holding and
supporting wooden piece. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while
the other is kept movable means of screw and handle.

18. Clamps and screws: These are used by
carpenters for holding and supporting wood pieces in position for
carrying out different operations.

19. Cutting Tools
 Cutting tools may classified as follows:-
1. Saws
2. Chisels
3. Axe

20. Saws:-Sawing means cutting woods along the grains. The main
parts of a saw are blade and handle. The size of a saw is the
length of the blade in mm. the tooth is specified by its pitch and the
angle. The teeth are bent slightly by its pitch and the angle.
Common type of Saws :-
1. Rip saw
2. Cross-cut saw
3. Panel saw
4. Tenon saw (or back saw)
5. Dovetail saw
6. Compass or turning saw
7. Keyhole saw

21.  Rip saw
 Cross-cut saw
 Tenon saw

22. 1. Dovetail
saw
2. Compass or turning
saw
3. Keyhole
saw

23. Chisels:- In the wood work a large number of chisels
are used for cutting the wood in different manners to
produce desired shapes and verities.
(i) Firmer chisel
(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
(iii) Parting chisel
(iv) Mortise Chisel
(v) Socket chisel
(vi) Gauge chisel

24. (i) Firmer
chisel
(ii) Bevelled edge firmer
chisel
(iii) Parting
chisel

25. (i) Mortise
Chisel
(ii) Socket
chisel
(iii) Gauge
chisel

26. Axes:- is a cutting tool made of carbon steel. The
cutting edge is formed by beveling both sides of the
axe. It is employed for splitting wood along the grains
for rough work.
Axe
 Axe
 Side axe
 adze
Side Axe
Adze

27. Planning Tools:- The planning tools are used for shaving or
smoothing plane surfaces. A plane may be described as a
chisel fastened to a metallic or wooden block called body.
The Chisel fastened to the body at an angle of 25 to 35
degree respectively. Another Blade called Cap Iron is used
for stiffening the cutting blade, prevents chattering and helps
in cutting and curling of shavings. The Cap iron should be
1.5mm above the cutting edge.
1. Wooden Jack Plane
2. Iron Jack Plane
3. Smoothing Plane

29. Boring and Drilling Tools:- for producing
holes in wood.
 Auger
 Gimlet
 Bradwal
 Brace and Bits
 Hand Drill

30. Auger
Gimlet
Bradwal
Brace and

31. Hand Drill

32. Striking Tools
1. Mallet
2. Claw Hammer
3. Peen Hammer
Mallet
Claw
Hammer Peen Hammer

33. Miscellaneous Tools
1. Screw
Driver
2.
Pincer
3. Rasp
file

34. Wood Working Processes
1. Marking and Laying out
2. Sawing
3. Planning
4. Mortising and Tenoning
5. Boring
6. Grooving and Tonguening
7. Moulding
8. Rebating
9. Recessing

35. Carpentry Joints
1. Halving
(a) Corner Lap joint
(b) T- lap Joint
(c) Dove-Tail Joint
(d) Cross-Lap Joint
2. Mitre Joint
3. Mortise and Tenon Joint
4. Briddle Joint
5. Grooving and Tongueing
6. Dove- Tail Joint
7. Dovel Joint

36. Half laps (T-lap Joint)
 Left to right: Half lap, mitred half lap, cross lap and
dovetail lap
 Half lap joints are used extensively in traditional
timber framing, construction and cabinetry for
framing. They are quick and easy to make and
provide reasonable strength through good long grain
to long grain gluing surface. The shoulders provide
some resistance to racking (diagonal distortion). They
may be reinforced with dowels or mechanical
fasteners to resist twisting.
 Applications
 Frame assembly in cabinet making
 Temporary framing


37. Half laps (T-lap
Joint)
Cross Lap Joint
End Lap Joint

38. End lap
 Also known simply as a 'pull lap', it is the basic form of
the lap joint and is used when joining members end
to end either parallel or at right angles. When the joint
forms a corner, as in a rectangular frame, the joint is
often called a corner lap. This is the most common
form of end lap and is used most in framing.
 For a half lap in which the members are parallel, the
joint may be known as a half lap splice. This is
a splice joint and is an alternative to scarfing when
joining shorter members end to end.
 Both members in an end lap have one shoulder and
one cheek each.
 Use for:
 Internal cabinet frames
 Visible frames when the frame members are to be
shaped.

39. Cross lap
 The main difference between this and the basic half
lap is that the joint occurs in the middle of one or both
members, rather than at the end. The two members
are at right angles to each other and one member
may terminate at the joint, or it may carry on beyond
it. When one of the members terminates at the shin ,
it is often referred to as a Tee lap or middle lap. In a
cross lap where both members continue beyond the
joint, each member has two shoulders and one cheek.
For a Tee lap, one of the members has only one
shoulder.
 Use for:
 Internal cabinet frames
 Simple framing and bracing


40. Dovetail
 This is a lap in which the housing has been cut
at an angle which resists withdrawal of the stem
from the cross-piece.
 Use for:
 Framing applications where tension forces
could pull the joint apart

41. Dove Tail Joint

42. Mitre half lap
 This is a variation of the end lap which shows
a mitre on the face of the finished work.
 The mitred half lap is the weakest version of
the joint because of the reduced gluing
surface.
 Use for:
 Visible framing applications where a mitre corner
is desired

43. mortise and tenon joint
 The mortise and tenon joint has been used for
thousands of years by woodworkers around the world
to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining
pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form it
is both simple and strong. Although there are many
joint variations, the basic mortise and tenon
comprises two components: the mortise hole and the
tenon. The tenon, formed on the end of a member
generally referred to as a rail, is inserted into a square
or rectangular hole cut into the corresponding
member. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole
exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the
joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be
glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place.

46. Thank You