The document discusses carpentry as a skilled trade involving various tools and techniques for woodworking. It categorizes tools into measuring, testing, edge cutting, marking, toothed cutting, driving, holding, boring, sharpening, and equipment/machines, detailing specific tools within each category. It emphasizes the importance of using the appropriate tools for specific tasks to enhance efficiency and quality in carpentry work.

1. CARPENTRY
is the skill of creating furniture or other objects from wood
using specialist carpentry tools and techniques, training is
usually through apprenticeship.

2. Common Carpentry Tools
• TOOLS are defined as implements used to modify raw
materials for human use. Tools can be considered as
extension of the hand thereby increasing its speed,
power, and accuracy. From the early age up to the
present generation, tools can be considered as man’s
partner in his struggle for survival. Knowing the different
tools and equipment and their uses, facilitate work
activities and project making and it helps every student to
save time and effort in performing different tasks in
woodworking. Tools are classified according to their uses.

3. Measuring Tools:
• These are tools used for
laying out measurements.
The following tools are
included in this group:
1. Bench rule - This is one-
piece rule made of one-or
two-foot lenght. It is
commonly used for general
measurement in school
shop.

4. • 2. Two-foot four folding
rule - This is generally
used in measuring short
distances. It is also used
as a protractor with the aid
of a table. It is made of
four folds connected by
three hinges that are 6
inches apart.

5. 3. Zigzag rule - This is used
for rough layout. It is also
used to measure distances
greater than two feet.

6. 4. Pull-push tape rule - This
is use to measure longer
distances. It is available
from one meter to 50 meters
long.

7. 5. Slide Caliper rule - This is
special tool used to measure
the outside diameter of
cylindrical objects.

8. Graduation of an
inch

9. TESTING TOOLS:
These tools are used to test
the squareness of a corner,
the end of an edge, the
flatness of a surface, or the
straightness of an edge.
1. Try Square - This used for
squaring and testing smaller
work.

10. 2. Combination Square - is
similar in appearance with
try square only that the head
can slide and clamp it at any
desired distance of the
blade. It is also provided
with a miter and level guide.

11. 3. Miter Square - is a square
with blades permanently set
at 45 degrees.

12. 4. Steel Square - This is
sometimes called the
carpenter’s square or the
framing square. It is used
effectively on various
framing works.
Parts:
Tounge is the shorter and
narrower part.
Body is the longer and wider
part of the square.

13. 5. Sliding T-bevel - This is a
special square used to lay
out angles of different
degrees and to test miter
joints.

14. 6. Plumb Bob - This is a tool
used to check straightness
of posts, studs, and the like.

15. 7. Level - is used for both
guiding and testing the work
to a vertical or horizontal
position.

16. 8. Miter box is a device used
as guide of the hand saw in
cutting objects to form a
miter joint.

17. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS
These are the tools having
thin, sharp edges and are
used for cutting
lumber/wood. The different
edge-cutting tools are
planes, chisels,
spokeshaves, and adzes.

18. 1. PLANES - These are tools for shaping wood. They are used
to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface
to a rough piece of lumber or timber.
Kinds of planes:
1a. Jack plane
1b. Smooth plane
1c. Block plane
1d. Fore plane
1f. Jointer plane
1g. Wooden plane

19. Kinds of Planes
1a. Jack plane - This is the
most useful plane because
of its convenient size and is
used for planing pieces of
wood that need to have
straight edges and surface.
With the lenght of 35-40 cm.

20. 1b. Smooth plane - This is
used for smoothening a
lumber surface flat and
cleaning up flushed-framed
work, chamfers, and
rounding edges. The lenght
is 15cm-30cm.

21. 1c. Block plane - This is a
plane having a single-iron
plane blade that is placed
with the beveled side up. It
is used for planing end
grain. Five and one-half
inches in lenght.

22. 1d. Fore plane - This is used
for planing large surfaces of
wood with the lenght of
55cm-60cm. Its lenght
enables to skim off high
spots as it bridges low spots,
delivering a levelled surface
ready for the smoothing
plane.

23. 1e. Jointer plane - This is
used for straightening long
and uneven surface of
wood. The size is 70cm-
75cm. long.

24. 1g. Wooden plane

25. Parts of Jack Plane

26. 2. SPOKESHAVE
This is used for curved
surfaces that cannot be
done with a circular plane.
2 kinds of spokeshave:
2a. Concave spokeshave
2b. Convex spokeshave

27. 2a. Convex Spokeshave - this
is use for flat surface and
curves.

28. 2b. Concave Spokeshave - this is
used in concave curves surfaces
of wood.

29. 3. Chisels - These are
indespebsable tools used
in carpentry. They are one
of the most abuse tools.
They are constantly used
for prying, opening cases,
as screwdriver, or an
opener.
Types of Chisel:
3a. Paring chisel
3b. Firming chisel

30. 3a. Paring chisel - This is
light duty tool used to plane long
surfaces parallel with the grain of
wood.

31. 3b. Firming chisel -
This is a heavy tool
adapted to withstand
severe strain, as in framing
work and where deep cuts
are necessary.

32. 3c. Framing chisel - This has a
very heavy and strong blade
used in rough carpentry work like
shipbuilding.

33. Parts of chisel

34. LINING/MARKING
TOOLS
These tools are classifed according to
the kind of work they are to perform, are
used for marking or drawing lines.
Kinds:
1. Pencil
2. Scratch awl
3. Scriber
4. Compass
5. Divider
6. Marking gauge
7. Chalk line

35. Pencil
• This is used in marking
rough work.

36. Scratch awl
This is used in drawing lines
and marking off points in
measuring.

37. Scriber
This is used in marking fine
work. It is made of hardened
steel with a sharp point
designed to mark fine lines.

38. Compass
is a tool used to describe an
arc or circle.

39. Divider
is used in dividing distances
into equal parts from an arc,
circumferences including
straight lines.

40. Marking gauge
This is a tool most
appropriate in marking lines
parallel with the edges of the
wood.

41. Parts of marking gauge

42. Chalk Line and Reel
This is used for marking very
rough work.

43. Toothed Cutting Tools
In Carpentry Work, the
toothed cutting tools are of
utmost importance due to its
versatility in service and
demand. Toothed cutting
tools are classified as:
1. Saws
2. Files
3. Sandpaper

44. SAW
This is a tool that uses a hard
blade, wire, or chain with a
toothed edge to cut through
softer materials.
Kinds of Saw:
1a. Cross cut saw
1b. Rip saw
1c. Back saw
1d. Dovetail saw
1e. Compass saw
1f. Coping saw
1g. Keyhole saw

45. 1a. Crosscut saw - is a saw
used for cutting across the
grain of wood. The teeth of a
crosscut saw look like a
series of knife point.

46. Rip saw - is a hand saw
used for sawing along the
grain of wood. The teeth of a
rip saw look like a chisel
gang.

47. Back saw - is used for
making accurate cuts on the
line in wood. Its teeth
resemble the cross cut saw
teeth, but this saw differs in
design.

48. Dovetail saw - is used for
cutting very fine work in
wood.

49. Compass saw - used to cut
curves of very small radii
and other such curves
because of its exceptionally
narrow point and sufficiently
heavy blade.

50. Coping saw - is used for
cutting curved shapes on
thin pieces of board.

51. Keyhole saw -is similar to a
compass saw, it is used to
cut small, irregular curves. It
is shorter than a compass
saw.

52. Buck or Wood saw - is a hand-
powered frame saw similar to bow
saw and generally used with a
sawbuck[1] to cut logs or firewood
to length (bucking). Modern
bucksaws usually have a metal
frame ("H" or "C"-shaped) and a
removable blade with coarse teeth
held in tension by the frame.
Lightweight portable or foldable
models used for camping or back-
packing are also available. It is
often referred to as a bow saw in
the North American hardware

53. Hack saw - is a fine-toothed
saw with a blade under tension
in a frame, used for cutting
materials such as metal. Hand-
held hacksaws consits of a
metal arch with a handle,
usually with a pistol grip, with
pins for attaching a narrow
disposable blade. A screw or
other mechanism is used to put
the thin blade under tension.
The blade can be mounted with
the teeth facing toward or away
from the handle, resulting in

54. Driving/Fastening Tools
These are tools used to
fixed or connect parts of the
work together with nails,
screws, bolts, etc.
Types of Driving Tools:
1. Hammer
2. Screw driver
3. Wrench

55. Hammers - are tools
consisting of a solid head
set crosswise on a handle.
a. Claw Hammer - is used
for driving and pulling out
nails. The claw is used to
extract nails and straighten
bended nails.

56. Ball-peen hammer - used to
make dents in metal as well
as to expand.

57. Riveting hammer - is used to
flatten the ends of rivets.
The head is square to the
face, while back of the head
is shape like wedge aligned
with the handle.

58. Cross peen hammer - This
type of hammer is used for
starting small nails held
between fingers. It is a
square-headed hammer with
a leveled wedge-like edge.

59. Mallet - is made of rubber,
plastic, or wood and should
be used in preference over a
steel hammer for driving
chisels with wooden handle.

60. 2. Screw Drivers - These are
used for fastening screws.
Types of Screw Drivers:
2a. Phillips-head screw
driver
2b. Plain screw driver

61. Phillips-head screw driver -
is used for driving screws
with recessed heads.

62. Plain screw driver - This is
used to install slotted head
screw. The size of the tool
recons on the lenght and
diameter of the blade.

63. Parts of screw driver

64. Wrenches - are the tools
with handle and a jaw which
may be fitted to the head of
a nut used to tighten or
loosen bolts. Wrench is
classified as either plain,
socket, or adjustable.
Double End Type Plain
wrench

65. Combination plain wrench

66. Adjustable Wrench

67. Back wrench

68. Socket wrench

69. Holding Tools
These are tools used for
holding metal or compounds
while working.
Kinds of Holding Tools:
1. C-clamp - this resembles the
letter “C”. It is tool made of
steel with a jaw and a
thumbscrew. The screw works
across the open part of the “C”.
The size of the clamp is
measured by the width of the
piece that can be clamped in it.

70. 2. Bar clamp - is used for
giving up large surfaces,
edge to edge, and for
clamping parts together
when assembling projects.

71. 3. Hand Screw Clamp - is
used for giving stock face to
face or for clamping together
any work within the range of
the clamp jaws. It is about
6”-20”.

72. Vise - is used to hold pieces
of wood while they are being
shaped.

73. Machinist vise - is an all-
metal vise with a continous
screw. The single parallel
guide is at the lower part of
the screw. It is bolted to the
bench or to the table top
instead of the side.

74. Bench vise

75. A solid bench vise is like an extra
set of very strong hands, and having one
can actually improve your work: As long
as it's attached to a sturdy workbench, a
bench vise will hold a workpiece in a still
and relatively vibration free state and
help you make smoother saw cuts, more
steady plane strokes, or even get your
sanding done faster.
Even though many woodworkers would
rate a bench vise as an indispensable
tool, it's an easy one to put off buying.
You can get by reasonably well with an
arrangement of handscrew clamps and c-
clamps for a while

76. Boring and Drilling Tools
• BORING TOOLS
• These are especially designed to make hole in wood. The
different types boring tools are auger, drill, gimlet,
expansive bit, and brad awl.

77. 1. Auger Brace - is used for
boringholes on wood with a
diameter ranging from 1/2” .
Augers that are provided
with a shank are commonly
called bits.This woodworking
hand tools are obviously
used for boring & drilling
holes into wood for a variety
of purposes, and driving
screws.

78. Auger brace and Bit parts:

79. 2. Hand Drill and bit-This is
used for boring holes either
in wood or metal. The tool
that holds the drill is called
hand drill.

80. 3. Gimlet - This is used for
boring holes by hand
pressure classified as twist
and plain.
.

81. 4. Expansive bit - This bit is
adjustable to any size
between 22 to 75 mm in
diameter.

82. 5. Bradawl - This is a small
tool used for punching or
piercing small holes. It is
generally used in starting a
nail or screw into hardwood.

83. 6. Hollow Auger is intended
for external boring or
turning.

84. 7.
Spoke Pointers cuts a conical hole. It is similar with the auger only that the cutter is lengthwise.

85. 8. Counter Sink is used to
enlarge a conical hole at the
sur face of wood.

86. 9. Nail set - is used to help
the hammer drive the nail
completely into the wood.

87. Sharpening Tools
Experienced carpenters
know the importance of
sharpening tools in
carpentry operations. Sharp
tools assure the worker in
accomplishing a refined
quality work. For the
amateur worker, too much
can’t be written on the
subject of sharpening tools
and methods of sharpening.
If an expert carpenter cannot
produce good work with dull
tools, what more can be

88. 1. Grind stone
2. Oil stone
3. Whetstone
1. Grind stone - is a flat disc,
solid stone usually of
sandstone mounted on a
shaft used for sharpening,
shaping, or polishing metal
by turning.

89. Oil stone - this is used after
grinding operation to
achieve a smooth and keen
edge of the tools. Oil is the
lubricatingmedium.

90. Whet stone - is a natural or
artificial stone used for
sharpening cutting edge
tools when moistened with
water.

91. Equipment/Machines
In most cases, woodworking machines are operated by electricity and are classifed according to
use. These equipment are used for boring, cutting, forming, and plaining.
1. Portable electric drill
2. Portable electric saw
3. Electric drill press
4. Portable electric jig saw
5. Portable electric sander
6. Portable electric planer
7. Portable hand router
8. Electric wood lathe
machine
9. Electric Band Saw

92. 1. Portable Electric Drill -
This equipment is handy and
the drill bit can be changed
to desired size. It is used to
bore a hole on a surface of
the wood on a desired size.
This type of tools needs
regular maintenance to
prolong the life of the drill.

93. 2. Portable Electric
Saw/Circular saw - is a
handy power tool for
construction work. It is very
effective tool in the
construction of framework
particularly on angular cuts
for stair, jacks and truss
members.

94. 3. Electric Drill Press - is
also a power driven rotary
tool for driving drill, bits, plug
cutters, and many auxiliary
attachments such as mortise
chisels, grinding wheels and
shaper cutters. The speed of
the drill press varies from
300 to 700 rpm. The speed
however, is controlled by
shifting the drive belt on a
set of cone pulleys operating
on the principles of wheel

95. 4. Portable Electric Jig Saw/saber saw -
when using jig saw always wear safety
goggles and a dust mask. Long should be
tied back. Makes sure to start the saw
before cutting into the wood to prevent the
blade from snapping. Also keep the power
cable behind the saw to prevent it getting
tangled of possibly cut. Be sure that the
hands are kept out away to avoid accidents.
It is a heavy-duty type all purpose saw
designed for construction work. It holds a
saber blade from 8cm. to 30cm. long and
cuts flush to avertical or horizontal surface.

96. 5. Portable Electric Sander
- is a power driven abrading tool
classified into three types:
5a. Belt sander
5b. Disk sander
5c. Finishing sander

97. 5a. Belt Sander - a coated
abrasive belt is run over a
pad guided by an idler and
driving drum.

98. 5b. Electric Disk Sander - A
coated abrasive disk rotates
on a motor spindle.

99. 5c. Electric Finishing Sander
- A coated abrasive strip
fitted over a pressure pad is
powered in an orbital or in-
line oscillating motion.

100. 6. Portable Electric Planer
- is a power driven rotating
edge cutting tool. The full
width knives or blade are set
equidistant along the
circumference of the cutter
head that rotates at a speed
of 3600 to 7200 rpm. The
planer blade cut under the
principle of a continous set
of cutting wedges.

101. 7. Portable Hand Router -
is a power driven rotary
shaping tool revolving at a
spindle speed of 5000 to
2700 rpm scraping under the
principle of continous set of
cutting wedges. Hand router
is to moldings, rout cut
grains for inlay and cut
dovetails etc.

102. How to used
Portable Hand
Router

103. 8. Wood Lathe
Machine - is
classified as powered
rotary driving tool. The
lathe is used to rotate
the material for
shaping, sanding or
polishing. It is also
used as holding jig for
fluting, roughing and
drilling holes.

104. 9. Electric Band Saw - is a
power driven endless toothed
hand cutting tool. It is more
extensively used and preferred
than the circular saw for heavy-
duty work. The preference of
band saw over the circular saw is
due to the savings realized in the
wood cut. It was designed as a
thin strip of tempered flexible belt
with rip teeth filed on one edge
and run around two pulleys at a
speed from 900 to 1500 meter
per minute.

106. Safety Practices when Working
Performing activities or
doing a project in Carpentry
can be both fun and
satisfying. Any accomplished
project can add to your
experience since it can help
develop your values and
work habits.
The following are some tips
to consider while performing
woodworking activities or
making projects.
1. All work done in the shop
must have the teacher’s
approval and supervision.
2.Use only the proper tools
for a specific job to produce
quality output.
3. Wear protective clothing
such as an apron.
4. It is essential to to use
protective device.
5. Keep the floor clear of
cutting materials and others.

107. 6. In cutting any material, follow
a simple practice like--measure
the material twice and cut once
only.
7. Get permission from your
teacher each time you need to
use a machine.
8. Do not use a machine or tool
until your teacher has shown
you how to use it correctly.
9. Turn off the machine after
using it.
10. Always check the condition
11. Do not play with sharp
cutting tools.
12. Avoid using dull or
broken tools.
13. Avoid throwing tools at
anybody.
14. Lastly, do not try to do
anything which you think you
are not capable of doing.

108. CHAPTER 2: WOOD
Wood is that fibrous
substance which composes
the trunk and branches of a
tree that lies between the
pitch and the bark. More
specifically, wood is defined
as the lignified water
conducting, strengthening
and storage tissues of
branches, stem and roots of
trees. The trunk is cut down
into timber, sawn into
smaller size, lumber, and
smoothened into a piece of
Properties of Wood as
Building Material
1. Strong Material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and
fastening
5. With artistic and natural
beauty

109. LUMBER
Lumber may be classified into softwood or
hardwood. Softwood comes from evergreen
or needle-bearing trees. These are called
conifers because many of them bear cones.
Hardwood comes from broad-leafed trees that
shed their leaves at the end of the growing
season.
Plywood is constructed by gluing together a
number of layers of wood with the grain
direction turned at right angles in successive
layers.
Plywood can be secured in thickness of 1/8 to
more than 1" with the common Sizes being
1/4", 3/8", 1/2", "5/8", and “3/4." A standard
panel size is 4 feet wide by 8 feet long.
Specifications of lumber that are prepared
and sold according to the size and
smoothness description are as follows:
2. S2S:S4S- These are planed or dressed
lumber of which the number connotes the
number of smooth sides such that S2S means
smooth on two sides and S4S is smooth on
four sides.
3. Timber - This is a piece of lumber five
inches or larger in its smallest dimension.
4. Plank - This is a wide piece of lumber from
two to five inches thick.
5. Board - This board is a piece of lumber less
than 1½ inches thick and at least 4 inches
wide.
6. K.D. - Kiln dried
7. RL-Rough lumber with specific
measurement
8. T&G - Tongue and groove on the edge of
the wood

110. PARTS of the CROSS SECTION of a TREE TRUNK
1. PITH - this is the center or a heart of a tree trunk
and often decays in the over mature tree.
2. Heartwood - This is a matured and fully
developed wood. It is darker, harder, and more
durable than sapwood. It is a part of the tree
suitable for structures.
3. Bark - This is the corky outer covering of the tree
having two parts: (a) cortex is the thicker, outer
part; (b) bast or the thin inner part.
4. Medullary rays - These are rows of cells running
radially from the cambium layer.
5. Sapwood, also called alburnum, outer, living
layers of the secondary wood of trees, which
engage in transport of water and minerals to the
crown of the tree. The cells therefore contain more
water and lack the deposits of darkly staining
chemical substances commonly found in
heartwood.
6. Cambium, plural Cambiums, orCambia, in

111. Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that
transports the soluble organic compounds made
during photosynthesis and known as
photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose,
to parts of the plant where needed. This
transport process is called translocation.
The vascular system is comprised of two main
types of tissue: the xylem and the phloem. The
xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals
upward through the plant, from the roots to the
leaves. The phloem carries food downward from
the leaves to the roots.
Growth ring, in a cross section of the stem of a
woody plant, the increment of wood added
during a single growth period. In temperate
regions the growth period is usually one year, in
which case the growth ring may be called an
“annual ring.” In tropical regions, growth rings
may not be discernible or are not annual.
Xylem and phloem facilitate
the transportation of water,
minerals and food
throughout the plant. Xylem
carries water and minerals
from the roots to the leaves.
Whereas, phloem carries the
food prepared by the leaves
to different parts of the plant.

112. LUMBER
Lumbers are sold in a
common unit of measure
which is the "board foot." In
buying the lumber, the
computation is done by the
number of board foot not by
the number of pieces you
will buy. The measurement
is specified according to its
length, thickness, and width.
The formulas on how to compute for the board
feet are as follows:
1. If the length is given in feet:
board feet = number of pieces x thickness
(inches) x width (inches) X length (feet)
12
Example: Compute for the board feet of 4
pieces 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide, and 12 feet
long S4S lumber.
2. If the lenght is given in linear or running
inches:
board feet = number of pieces x thickness(“) x
width(“) x lenght(“)
144

113. Board Feet of a Log
How to Determining Board Foot in a Round Log
The total net board foot in a round log is computed using
the following formula:
Board Foot = (D-4)² x L
16
Where: D= The smaller diameter of the log in inches
L = Length of the log in feet
4 and 16 are constant value in the formula for slab
reduction.
Example:
D = 24”
L = 18’
Board Foot = (24 - 4)2 x 18
16
= (20)2 x 18
16
= 450 bd.ft.

114. COMMON WOOD JOINTS
Joinery is the process of putting together
the parts of a piece of work. There are
many types of wood joints for furniture
and cabinet work. However, the joints that
are describe in this lesson are the basic
ones for beginners.
Kinds of Wood Joints:
1. Butt Joint - This is the simplest and
easiest to make of all the wood joints. It is
used in simple box construction. The end
of one member is joined or butted to the
face or edge of another member and held
together by nails, screws, or with
corrugated metal fastener.
2. Miter joint - This is a joint
where the ends to be joined
together at 45 degrees. Miter
joints are butted together at the
end and held by a nail or by a
corrugated metal at the back.
3. Dado joint - This is a joint in
which the end of one member
is fitted into a recess cut across
the face of another member. It
is one of the strongest joints. It
is used in drawer construction,

115. Wood.......
4. Rabbet joint - This is
similar to the dado joint. The
end of one member is fitted
into a recess cut across the
surface of the other member
at its end. The difference
between a dado joint and a
rabbet joint is that in the
abbet joint, the pieces are
joined together at the end. It
is commonly sed in making
5. Lap joint - This is another
simple and commonly used
joint. It is called lap joint
because ½/ of the thickness of
each member is removed from
the part where they are to be
joined. They are the end lap
joint, the middle lap joint, and
the cross lap joint.
6. Mortise and tenon joint - This
is a joint in which one member
is prepared with a rectangular
hollow called mortise to the
other end of the other member
shaped to fit into the mortise.

116. Parts of the Project Plan
Name of the Project:___ Year and Section:______
Date Started:_________ Date Finished:_________
I. Purpose of the Project: The project to be made has its definite pupose. Sate briefly the
reasons why you desire to make the project.
1.__________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
II. Tools and Equipment:
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

117. Parts of.........
III. Working Drawing: Sketch
of the project with exact
dimension.
III. Working Drawing: Sketch of the project with exact dimension.

118. Parts of..........
IV. Bills of Materials:
Names of the materials
needed should be listed
together with the needed
quantity, their descriptions,
unit cost, and the total cost.
These include the number of
pieces of wood bought,
hardware, abrasive,
adhesives, and finishing
material including their
Materia
l
Quantit
y
Descrip
tion
Unit
Cost
Toatal
Cost

119. Parts of...............
V. Procdure: This shall be a
guide in doing the step-by-
step procedure to finish the
project systemically.
VI. Evalauation of the
Project: This is where you
will rate the finoshed project.
Every student and teacher
must know how a finished
project will be assessed. You
can used rubrics,
scorecards, and checklists in
evaluating your project.