WINDOWS.pdf

School of Architecture & Planning
Department of Architecture

WINDOWS
 A window is an opening in a solid and opaque surface through
which light and sometimes air can pass.
 It is usually glass or a strong, transparent, plastic for example a
window can be in the wall of a house or a hospital or a plaza,
thus any building type.
 The word window originates from “vinduaga”.
Vindr “wind” and auga “eye”. It is first recorded in the early
13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a
roof.
 Most Germanic languages however adopted the Latin word
“fenestra” to describe a window with glass. In English the
word fen ester was used as a parallel until the mid 1700s.

WINDOWS IN HISTORY
 Window is an opening in
the wall of a building that
allows light and air to enter
a room and people to see
out.
 At previous times in history
they were merely small
oval or square holes in the
walls.

WINDOWS IN HISTORY
 Since early times , the openings have been filled with stone, wooden
or iron grilles later on with pieces of glass or other translucent
material such as plastic or in east Asia , paper.
 Very early windows were shielded with cloth stretched over the
opening or with wooden shutters. Later , various types of windows
were invented that allowed light but not weather to pass into a
building.
 In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes
only in the early 17th century.
 Modern style floor to ceiling windows became possible only after the
industrial glass making process was perfected. Evidence of glass
window panes in Italy dates back nearly 3000 years.
 Modern windows are customarily large rectangles or squares with
glass surfaces .Churches traditionally have stained glass windows.
 Today a window can be made in practically any shape and size
desired.

COMPONENTS OF WINDOW
•Frame:
•Sill
•Head
•Jamb
•Nailing flange
•Mullion
•Glazing
•Sash
•Stile
•Rail
•Hardware

WINDOWS STYLES
 The prevailing architectural
trends effect the shapes of
windows.
 The ancient architecture
had openings only.
 The classical architecture
had different shaped
windows
 In modern times straight
lines are user for windows.

WINDOWS STYLES
 Modern windows come in many styles. The choice of design
varies throughout the world and is largely dictated by the
weather conditions.
 Coastal climates tend to have smaller outward opening
windows due to the stronger winds experienced e.g. England.
 Continental climates tend to have larger windows many of
which open inwards.

CLASSIFICATION OF WINDOWS
 Windows are of so many types that it is very difficult to classify
them under one set of rules.
 It would be better to classify them according to three broad
spectrums.
1. According to the use.
2. According to forms or shapes.
3. According to the operational system.
 Further these three can have a number of classification angles.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE USE
 If we observe closely windows have many different uses
 Some are used just for the admittance of light, some for
air flow or ventilation, some for lighting up the attic or
other spaces etc.
 Some significant types are:
1. Jalousie window
2. Skylight
3. Stained glass window
4. Divided light window
5. Egress window/emergency exit window

 Jalousie window:
A window comprised of
many slats of glass that
open and closes like a
venetian blind, usually using
a crank. They allow
ventilation so well they are
impossible to seal. They are
not energy efficient and
may be security risk. They
are usually seen on porches.

 Skylight:
• A flat or sloped window built into a roof
structure for day lighting.
 Admit natural light and help distribute
light more evenly throughout the room.
Considered an energy saver feature.
 In addition to reducing the need to use
electric lights, it can deliver warmth in
the winter and cooling in the summer,
minimizing the need for fuel-based
heating and air conditioning. .
 Skylights may be plastic or glass, fixed
or operable, and made in any number
of sizes and styles.

 Stained glass window:
A window composed of
pieces of colored glass,
transparent or opaque,
frequently portraying
persons or scenes. These
were popular in Victorian
houses and are especially
common in churches. The
glass in these windows is
separated by lead glazing
bars.

 Divided light window:
A window made up of smaller
panes that are held together by
mullions. New windows are often
a single pane with faux mullions
glued on to give the appearance of
an old dividing light window.
 Egress window/emergency
exit window:
A window big enough and low
enough so that occupants can
escape from the open able in an
emergency such as fire. It is
window at ground level which is
designed to open wide for
emergency exits.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FORMS OR SHAPES
Windows come in many different forms or shapes. So
some important forms and shapes are:
 Sash window
 Casement window
 Bay window
 Ribbon window
 Mold window
 Palladian window
 Paired window
 Rose window

 Sash window:
A sash window is a style of window in
which panes are separated by a narrow
bar or sash.
 Casement window:
A window with a hinged sash that swings
in or out like a door comprising either a
side hung, top hung, or occasionally
bottom hung sash or a combination of
these types sometimes with fixed panels
on one or more sides of the sash. They
particularly convenient over a kitchen
sink. Where it is easier to open a window
with a hand crank than to lean over
countertop and push up. They are energy
efficient, ventilating window style.

 Bay window:
• A multi panel window, with at
least three panels set at different
angles to create a protrusion
from the wall line . Bay windows
can be a box bay or circle bay
windows. Circle bay are also
called bow windows.
• These are used to provide the
illusion of a larger room. They
are used to increase the flow of
natural light into building as well
as provide views of outside.

Bay window:
The area inside a bay window
creates a cozy nook well suited
for a window seat or a dining
area.
 Bow window:
They are with a curved shaped. It
is more expensive to build.
 Box window:
They have a square shape with
90* angles at the corners.

 Ribbon window:
• Windows in a continuous
horizontal band.
• These are a row of windows
separated by vertical posts
called mullions. They can be
use up high on a wall to bring
added light to a room.

 Mold window:
Mold windows can either be label
mold or hood mold, depending on
the molded shape used at the lintel
of the window.
• Hood mold:
It is the projection from a wall over
an arch. It is used to protect the
archway from rainwater..
• Label mold:
It is horizontal projection over a
window that drops a third of the way
down the sides of the opening.

 Palladian window:
• A window arched central
window with narrower straight
headed windows on each side.
• It is divided into three equal
parts the centre section is
larger than two sides section. It
is named after Italian architect
Andréa Palladio.
 Paired window:
Window which has a set of
pairs. Two exactly same
windows paired together .

 Rose window:
Most commonly, and
especially in gothic
architecture, a rose
window is a circular
stained glass window,
with mullions that
generally radiate from
the centre.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM
 Under this category also many different types are available.
 To understand better the types are listed under two categories.
 Open able windows
 Fixed windows

 Open able windows are either
hinged or sliding
Some important open able ones
are:
 Double hung sash window:
• The traditional style of window
with two parts (sashes) that
overlap slightly and slide up and
down inside the frame.
• This is a common type of window
as you can open it a little or a lot
from either top or bottom. The
two parts are not necessarily the
same size. They were traditionally
often fitted with shutters.

 Single hung sash window:
One sash is movable and the
other is fixed. This is the earlier
form of sliding sash window,
and is obviously also cheaper.
 Horizontal sliding sash window:
It has two or more sashes that
overlap slightly but slide
horizontally within the frame.

 Awning window:
Hinged at the top and opens
out from the bottom. With
an effective seal, this design
minimizes air infiltration.
They are designed to
circulate air without
exposing your room to
elements like light rain.
 Side hinged window:
Windows that are hinged
from a side and are open
able inward or outward.

 Centre pivoted
window:
Windows that are
hinged from the centre
and are open able by
rotation at this central
point.
 Hopper:
Hinged at the bottom
and opens in or out
from the top. An
effective seal minimizes
air infiltration.

 Fixed windows:
Some important fixed ones are:
• Oriel window
• Clerestory window
• Picture window
• Curtain walls
• Glass blocks

 Oriel window:
A projecting bay window
corbelled or cantilevered
out from the wall.
Commonly found in gothic
revivalism. It does not
extend to the ground
corbels or brackets are
often used to support this
kind of window. They are
located on the second
floor or higher in the
building.

 Clerestory window:
Windows set near the roof structure or high in a wall
used for day lighting. Used especially in classical churches.
They are also used for venting, providing privacy
additional light and air circulation.

 Picture window:
A very large fixed window in a
wall intended to provide
outside view as if framing a
picture. It is usually without
glazing bars or glazed with only
pr functionary glazing bars
near the edge of window.
 Curtain walls:
This is a building façade
designed with aluminum
members filled in by glass. It is
designed to resist air and water
infiltration, wind forces,
seismic forces, and dead load
acting on a building. It provides
architecturally pleasing
building as well as benefits
such as day lighting.

 Glass blocks:
• Glass blocks also known as glass bricks,
is often used as an architectural element
in areas where privacy or visual
obscuration is desired, while admitting
light. These are special building element
made of glass or acrylic.
• They are shaped and laid similarly to
brick or concrete blocks. They are
available in several different sizes.
• Glass blocks are also frequently found in
offices .they can be used to construct
non load bearing walls, partition and
windows.
• They are also used to create visual
privacy barriers to create gender
privacy.

MATERIALS USED IN WINDOWS(GLAZING):
 The window technology has advanced a lot since older times
 With other options coming up day by day the windows are still an
important feature in all the components in a building structure.
 The glazing or glass can be a solid sheet of glass or several panes
divided by a mullion. A mullion is a secondary frame that holds the
window panes in the sash.
 Some glazing’s are made of tempered glass to resist breakage and
some are made of laminated glass which not only reduces breakage
but if the window does break, the glass shards will be too small to
cause injury.

Single Glazed
 Singled-glazed windows contain only a
single layer of glass. As a result, they
do little to prevent heat transfer in
your home, which means hot air
enters the home in the summer and
escapes in the winter. While they are
not particularly energy efficient, you
may prefer their slim, classic look.
 If you want to use singled-glazed
windows, opt for wooden frames and
install tight-fitting storm panels to
limit heat transfer. You can also opt for
single-glazed windows with tinted
glass to prevent increased solar heat
gain.

Double GlazedWindows:
 Double glazed windows utilize two layers of
glass with an air gap between them. The gap
is filled with inert gas that is a poor heat
conductor, such as krypton or argon. As a
result, the amount of heat that passes
through the window is limited. In many cases,
double-glazed windows reduce heat loss by
half as compared with single-glazed windows.
 They are designed to provide a better barrier
against outside temperatures than single
paned windows because the two layers of
glass and the buffer layer act as insulators.

 This unit is made up of two 4mm glass
sheets separated by a gap of 16 to
24mm. The higher the gap the less the
conductivity of thermal energy, this gap is
filled with inert or noble gases such as
Argon, Krypton and Xenon. Commercially
Argon is filled in the gap to separate two
glazing sheets.
 Advantages of double glazed windows:
 Improved Energy Efficiency and Comfort
 Increased Security
 Reduced Noise Transmission
 Reduction in Energy Bills

Triple Glazed
 Triple-glazed windows have three
layers of glass, which allow for two
air gaps. This type of glazing is
ideal if you live in a cold climate
because it is extremely effective in
preventing heat loss. Because of
the layers of glass, it can also block
sound, making it a good option if
you live in a noisy or busy area.
Triple-glazed windows can be
costly, though, so they may not fit
all budgets.

 The additional layer and air space
give triple glazing better insulation
value than that provided by double
glazing. It is a good choice where
extremes in weather and
temperature are the norm.
 Triple glazed windows can help
reduce sound transmission where
outside noise is a problem ,but
because the sash is heavier it may be
more difficult to operate than a
double glazed sash.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED IN WINDOWS(GLAZING):
As the building technology advanced some inventions
were made in terms of window technology. Some of
the important inventions are:
 Low emissivity or low E glass
 Inert gas fills:
 Glass color, clarity and day light glare control.

Low emissivity or low E glass:
 The windows having this
technology consists of a thin
layer of metal oxide applied
to the exterior face of the
interior glazing in a double
glazed window. This coating
allows sunlight to pass
through ,but blocks heat from
escaping.

 Low-Emittance (low-E) coatings are
microscopically thin, virtually invisible,
metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on
a window or skylight glazing surface
primarily to reduce the U-factor by
suppressing radioactive heat flow.
 A double glazed low e window provides
similar insulation value to that of a triple
glazed unit, but costs less and weighs less.
Low e glazing filters out the sun's ultraviolet
rays. Which can fade furnishings and can
reduce condensation on the window by
keeping the indoor surface of the glass and
frame warmer.

Inert gas fills:
 This is the another innovation in window technology. Air is replaced
with argon or krypton between the panes of glass in a sealed unit .
Inert gasses have a higher insulating value than air because they are
denser and have lower thermal conductivity, resulting in lower heat
transmission between the panes of glass. Argon is the most
commonly used gas due to its availability and low cost gas fills are a
cost effective upgrade over conventional air filled glazing's.
 Argon is inexpensive, nontoxic, nonreactive, clear, and odorless.
 Krypton is nontoxic, nonreactive, clear, and odorless, but is more
expensive to produce. Krypton is particularly useful when the space
between glazing's must be thinner than normally desired.

 Spacers
 If you look between the window panes in a
conventional double-glazed window where
the glass meets the frame, you will probably
see a strip of material, known as a spacer.
The purpose of spacers is to maintain a
uniform separation between the panes of
glass.
 Spacers have traditionally been made of
hollow aluminum, containing a drying agent
or desiccant designed to absorb moisture
present between the glazing.. The best are
insulating spacers often made from non-
metallic materials.

Glass color, clarity and day light glare control.
 Affects the appearance of view and the appearance of interior
finishes. Examine carpet, fabric and paint samples in daylight
that comes through the intended glazing to be sure colors are
not changed undesirably. Glazing color is also a dominant
determinant of the exterior appearance of the building facade.
 Color is the property that often dominates glazing selection
and can thus unnecessarily constrain or complicate day
lighting design. Staying more flexible with respect to color will
keep more opportunities open.

WINDOWS.pdf

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WINDOWS.pdf