Doors allow passage between interior and exterior spaces. They have several key components including stiles, rails, panels, and hardware. Doors are classified according to their use, operation, and design. Common door materials include wood, steel, aluminum, glass, and fiberglass. Properly locating doors and including them in schedules helps ensure accessibility and functionality within a building.

1. DOORS
Materials & Construction-II

2. ▪ A door is generally floor length
opening in a wall (or other
partition), often equipped with a
hinged or sliding panel which can
be moved to leave the opening
accessible, or to close it more or
less securely.
▪ Doors are nearly universal in
structures of all kinds (especially
houses and other buildings),
allowing passage between inside
and outside or among internal
rooms. doors are also found in
vehicles, cupboards, cages, etc.
DOORS

3. PURPOSE OF A DOOR
▪ To allow people, animals and objects to pass.
▪ For ventilation
▪ Preventing passage of infiltration air, reducing air drafts and
creating an enclosed space that can be heated or cooled more
effectively (revolving doors are especially efficient for this
purpose).
▪ Privacy and noise reduction
▪ Keeping occupants inside a vehicle
▪ Regulation of access, especially when combined with various
types of locks
▪ For aesthetics (e.g cupboard doors cutting off view of the
contents).
▪ To help prevent the spread of fire.

4. LOCATION OF DOORS
▪ They should be located in such a way that free
movement in and out of the rooms of a building is
ensured.
▪ They should be located at a distance of about 20 cm
from the corner of a room.
▪ Doors should preferably be located on opposite
walls in case the room is to be provided with more
than one door so as to have good ventilation in the
room.
▪ Doors should be located keeping in view also the
interior decoration of the room.

5. COMPONENTS OF A DOOR
▪ Lintel: A Horizontal beam
above a door that
supports the wall above
it.
▪ Jamb: The vertical posts
that form the sides of a
door frame, where the
hinges are mounted and
with which the bolt
interacts.
LINTEL

6. COMPONENTS OF A DOOR
▪ Sill:
A horizontal beam below the
door that supports the frame.
▪ Stiles:
Vertical boards that run the full
height of a door and compose its
right and left edges. The hinges
are mounted to the fixed side
known as the hanging stile and
handle, lock, bolt and latch is
mounted on the swinging side
known as the latch or lock stile.
sill

7. ▪ Rails: Horizontal boards that
join the two stiles and split the
door into two or more rows of
panels.
▪ Top rail: The topmost
horizontal member of the
framework of a shutter is
known as top rail.
▪ Lock rail: The middle
horizontal member of a door
provided at the height of the
bolt is lock rail.
▪ Bottom rail: The lower most
member of a door is bottom
rail or also known as kick rail.

8. COMPONENTS OF A DOOR
▪ Architrave: The decorative molding that outlines a door
frame.(called archivolt if the door is arched).
▪ Frame: An enclosure to provide support for doors shutters
is called frame.
▪ Horns: The projections of head or sill of a door is known as
horns.

9. HARDWARE USED IN DOORS
▪ Door knob: A knob or
lever on an axle that is
rotated to release the
bolt.
▪ Door handle: A fixed
handle set is composed
of the exterior handle,
an independent
deadbolt, and the
interior package (knob
or lever).

10. HARDWARE USED IN DOORS
 Crash bar:
A spring loaded bar that is mounted horizontally on the side of
the door that opens outward. When pushed upon the bolt is
released. This device is mandatory in most fire exits.

11. HARDWARE USED IN DOORS
▪ Latch: A device that allows one to fasten a door, but does not necessarily
require an external handle.
▪ Lock: A device that prevents access by those without a key or combination.

12. HARDWARE USED IN DOORS
 Hinges:
A component that attaches one edge of a door to the frame, while
allowing the other edge to swing from it. it usually consist of a pair
of plates each with set of open cylindrical rings attached to them.
the rings attached and usually fixed, to combine the plates and make
the hinge a single unit. One door usually has about three hinges, but
it can vary.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF DOORS
▪ According to use
▪ According to operational system
▪ According to form and design

14. Classification According to use
▪ Main entrance door
▪ Barn door
▪ Garden door
▪ Pet door
▪ Security door
▪ Lead lining door
▪ Fire resisting door
▪ Blast resistant door

15. Classification According to use
 Main entrance door :
It could be a public or domestic door used as an entrance
way to any type of building. Has to be elegant and
inviting.

16. Classification According to use
 Barn door
A barn door is a door found on barns and because of a
barn’s immense size(often) doors are subsequently big for
utility.

17. Classification According to use
 Garden door
A garden door is any door that opens to a garden or
backyard.it is often used specifically in place of a sliding glass
door. In such a configuration, it has the advantage of a very
large opening for moving large objects in and out.

18. Classification According to use
 Pet door:
A pet door is an opening in a door to allow pets to enter and exit
without the main door being opened . It may be simply covered by a
rubber flap or it may be an actual door hinged on the top that the
pet can easily push through .pet doors may be uni- directional , only
allowing pets to exit. New pet doors are electronic , only allowing
those pets having a special electronic tag to enter.

19. Classification According to use
 Security door:
A security door is a strong door
which is used specifically for
security purposes. This door
could be made of other
materials rather than wood.
Bank locker is an example
made of steel or any other
material.

20. Classification According to use
 Lead lining door:
These doors are usually used in
diagnostic and nuclear medicine
departments of hospitals. Solid
wood aluminum or stainless steel
core then lead is bonded to both
sides of core followed by paint.

21. Classification According to use
 Fire resistant door:
In fire doors 30 to 240 minute fire resistance can be offered for
hygienic areas , clean rooms, operating theatres, cold storage,
and general industrial situations. Constructed of reinforced fire
resistant polyester encapsulating special fire retardant core.

22. Classification According to use
 Blast resistant door:
Blast resistant door has
specified rating to which they
can resist explosion , while
blast proof implies complete
resistance. The explosion
resistance of the doors is fully
tested and certified with blast
ratings.

23. According to operational system
 Swinging:
A swing door has special hinges that allow it to open
either outwards or inwards, and are sometimes sprung to
keep it closed. With the help of hinges doors are pivoted to
the door frame from one side. This side act as a lever from
where the door swings with the help of hinges. Doors can
be
 Single action
 Double action
Single action Double action

24.  Door swings or handing:
Door swings or handing, are always
determined from the outside (i.e.
outside to inside, public to private).
 Left hand:
If the hinges are on the left and door
open in , it’s a left hand door. You push
the door with your left hand.
 Right hand: if the hinges are on the
right and the door opens in, it’s a right
hand door. You push the door with
your right hand.
According to operational system

25.  Left hand reverse:
If the hinges are on left and
the door open out, it’s a left
hand reverse door. You pull
the door with your left hand.
 Right hand reverse:
If the hinges are on right and
the door open out, it’s a right
hand reverse door. You pull
the door with your right hand.
According to operational system

26. Sliding doors:
 Sliding is usually horizontal.
 The door may also slide between
two panels
According to operational system
 A sliding glass door is a door made
up of glass that slides open.

27. Revolving doors:
 A revolving door is a type of door that typically consists of a
structure with three or four panels that meet in the centre
and rotate about vertical axis.
 The door may be motorized or the user needs to push the
front panel, and the space between two panels may be
designed for multiple users or single one.
 This door design is used primarily to maintain an air seat
from outside, thus minimizing leaking of climate controlled
air from the building.
According to operational system

28. Revolving doors:

29. Automatic:
 Automatic doors are electronically
powered open and closed. These can be
totally automatic or manually operated
with some button. There are methods
by which a fully automatic door is
activated.
 A sensor detects traffic is approaching.
Sensors for automatic doors are
generally:
 A pressure sensor-a floor mat which
reacts to the pressure of someone
standing on it.
 An infra red curtain or beam which
shines invisible light onto sensors: if
someone or something blocks the beam
the door can open
 Fully automatic doors are provided with
a safety sensor as well.
According to operational system

30. Flush door:
 These doors have stile and rail and in between a material
core which could be hollow or solid.The skin then covers
this core.
According to form and design:

31. Paneled door:
 A door built with frame and panel construction .also
called stile and rail doors this door has panels which are
divided by mullions.
According to form and design:

32. Stable door:
 A stable door is divided in half horizontally .The top can be
opened to allow the horse to be fed while the bottom half
can be closed to keep animals inside. Stable doors are also
known as Dutch doors.
According to form and design:
Dutch door

33. Blind door:
 A blind door is door with no visible trim or operable
components, it is designed to be blend with the adjacent
wall in all finishes, visually to be part of the wall, a disguised
door.
According to form and design:

34. Up and over door:
 An up and over door is often used in garages .Instead of
hinges it has a mechanism, often counter balanced or sprung,
that allows it to be lifted so that it rests horizontally above
the opening.Also known as an overhead door.
According to form and design:
Garage door Header

35. French door:
 A French door is a door that has multiple parts or panels
set into it, the full length of the door.Traditional French
doors are assembled from individual small pieces of glass
and mullions.
According to form and design:

36. Louvered door:
 A louvered door has fixed or
movable wooden fins (louvres)
which permit ventilation while
preserving privacy and
preventing the passage of full
light to the interior. Being
relatively weak, they are most
commonly used for wardrobes
and where security is of less
importance than good
ventilation.
According to form and design:

37. Ledge and brace door:
 A ledge and brace door is a door made from multiple
vertical planks fixed together by two horizontal planks
and kept square by a diagonal plank.
According to form and design:

38. Bi-fold door:
 A bi fold door is door unit that has
more sections, folding in pairs.Wood is
the most common material and doors
may also be metal or glass.
According to form and design:

39. Pocket door:
 A pocket door is a door that slides on rails on rails and
when opened , slides into an open cavity within a wall.
According to form and design:

40. Tambour door:
 A tambour door is made up of narrow horizontal slats
and rolls up and down along vertical tracks and is typically
found in entertainment centers and cabinets.
According to form and design:

41. Door materials
 Wood
 Solid core wood.
 Hollow core wood.
 Engineered door
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Glass
 fiberglass

42. WOOD
 Wood doors are available in a virtually limitless
number of colors and designs.
 Wood doors also offer customers the chance to
choose stains or varnishes to change the look and
color of the material. While doors made from wood
are generally the most expensive option, they are
also the least likely to become damaged, and if they
are damaged, they are easy to repair.

43. Solid core wood doors
 Solid wooden doors are constructed using
solid timber with no veneers chipboard
cores.They are generally hand made by
skilled carpenters which results in a high
quality wooden door but also has a higher
price tag.
 Solid wood doors are slightly more fire
resistant because the fire has to burn
through more material.
 Solid core doors are also more secure and
difficult to break into than hollow models.
Finally, these doors offer enhanced strength
and durability to withstand long-term use
and high levels of traffic.

44. Hollow core wood door
 A hollow core door is made up of a solid
wood frame, core of a plywood or any
cheap material and wood veneer on the
front and back.
 These doors are lightweight and used in
many types of buildings.
 Scrap woods and artificial wood finishes
are typically used for hollow core doors.
 Hollow core doors are easier to install.
However, sound travels more freely
through them, which can be a problem if
the house is noisy or the occupants desire
a lot of privacy.Also, hollow core doors
should not be used as doors to the outside
because they can more easily be broken
open by robbers.

45. Hollow core wood.

46. Engineered wood doors
 Engineered wood comprises multiple ply layers that are glued together rather
than a solid piece of hardwood. The inner core comprises either a hardwood or
soft plywood type material. The top thicker hardwood layer is glued on the top
surface of the core. Engineered wood, also called composite wood, man-made
wood, or manufactured board.
 Engineered wood is designed and manufactured to maximize the natural
strength and stiffness characteristics of wood.
 Engineered wood doors are versatile and available in a wide variety of
thicknesses, sizes, grades.
 Engineered wooden doors are mass produced and are constructed with either
softwood or chip board cores. Engineered wooden doors are veneered with
their final timber finish.
 Engineered wooden doors have the benefits of being cheaper and cost effective
along with the benefit of increased stability. Engineered doors are a lot more
stable and less prone to warping or bowing than their solid wood counterparts.

47. Steel door.
 Doors made from steel (often called hollow metal doors)
are the most common type of door used on exterior
construction.
 It consists of shop fabricated and welded sheet metal.
Mineral or cement board (fire resistant or rigid
foam board/insulation) is usually added as a core.
 They are one of the least expensive options and are
virtually maintenance free under normal use.
 Steel doors also offer some insulating properties and are
extremely secure.
 steel doors are commonly found on commercial projects.
 To prevent problems with rust and corrosion, choose
galvanized steel doors instead of cold or hot rolled
models.

48. Aluminum
 The majority of commercial building use
exterior entrances made from aluminum.
 This product is popular because of its
beautiful shine and modern appeal.
 Aluminum entrances are also easy to
customize with different types of glass and
window patterns.
 It will not rust or corrode, and in fact, when
exposed to the air, a chemical process takes
place that actually hardens and strengthens
the surface of the aluminum.
 This product is used on storefront systems,
sliding doors and revolving entrances. While
aluminum can be expensive, it is also very
durable and long lasting.

49. Glass
 A majority of doors contain one or more
glass panels to provide easy vision or in
some situations decorative glass can be
used as a feature while still letting in
light.
Various types of glasses used in doors
are:
 Insulated Glass
 Prism Glass
 Stained Glass
 Bullet proof glass
 Textured Glass

50. Fiberglass
 Fiberglass doors are another popular option for
exterior use.
 This material is extremely resistant to moisture and
bad weather.
 It offers strong insulating properties and is nearly as
strong and secure as a steel door.
 Fiberglass is also resistant to the scratches and dents
that can damage other materials like wood or metal.

51. DOOR SCHEDULES
 Door information that cannot be easily shown on the
floor plan is shown in the door and frame schedule.
 A door and frame schedule is really an openings schedule
because it schedules not just doors, but frames, glazing
and finished hardware, everything in the opening.