Quantum computing, is an exciting and rather unusual field of informatics. Recently I had privilege to participate on The Quantum Panel, as part of the Payments Canada conference, where I shared some of my view with wider audience.
Puniani, Arjan Singh | Candidate Time-Delayed Decryption Protocols for Deploy...Arjan
1) The document proposes protocols for time-delayed encrypted message transmission that would render trusts obsolete over time.
2) It involves encrypting a message and dispersing the decryption key using techniques like memory-hard puzzles, Lagrange interpolation polynomials, and hash functions to ensure the key cannot be reassembled before a specified date.
3) The goal is to provide a way to transmit sensitive information that would be guaranteed to be disclosed after a certain period, even if the original trustees could no longer be relied upon.
Using NP Problems to Share Keys in Secret-Key Cryptographyiosrjce
Public key cryptography has now become an important means for providing confidentiality by its use
of key distribution, in which users can do private communication with the help of encryption keys. It also
provides digital signatures which allow users to sign keys to verify their identities. But public key cryptography
has its own shortcoming regarding to high cost in keys distribution and excessive computation in encoding and
decoding it.
Whereas private key can omit all above problems but only if we can find a way to share private key
confidentially.
This research presents an innovation, which can be our future approach, using technology so-called NP
problems, of sending or sharing keys to the receiver without any need of the third party. This will provide an
open idea where sender and receiver can share any key for any number of times for encrypting data
confidentially that also helpful in overcoming problem of brute force attack
Quantum computing poses a threat to modern cryptography methods. While current encryption algorithms are considered secure on classical computers, quantum computers could crack these algorithms almost instantly due to their ability to solve certain problems and find patterns in large numbers much faster. This has led to research in quantum cryptography, which harnesses quantum mechanics principles like superposition and entanglement to securely transmit encryption keys in a way that is not vulnerable to being cracked by quantum computers. However, simply increasing the size of encryption keys is not a perfect solution either, as it significantly decreases encryption/decryption speeds. New approaches are needed to develop cryptography that maintains security against both classical and quantum attacks while preserving reasonable performance levels.
Blockchain privacy approaches in hyperledger indyManishKumarGiri2
Hyperledger Indy provides privacy-preserving identity solutions using distributed ledger technology. It uses several cryptographic techniques like elliptic curve cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and authenticated encryption. Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to prove possession of certain information to a verifier without revealing the information itself. Hyperledger Indy implements zero-knowledge proofs using zk-SNARKs and Idemix to privately verify credential information. It also uses Libsodium's sealed boxes for anonymous messaging and credential revocation features to preserve privacy in credentials over time. These approaches help Hyperledger Indy provide private and decentralized identity solutions on blockchains.
Generate an Encryption Key by using Biometric Cryptosystems to secure transfe...IOSR Journals
The document describes a proposed method for generating an encryption key from biometric cryptosystems to securely transfer data over a network. It involves extracting minutiae points from a fingerprint scan, generating a cryptographic key from the biometric template, and using an RSA encryption algorithm with the biometric-derived private key. A public key is also calculated based on ridge and furrow patterns in the fingerprint scan. The goal is to uniquely generate encryption keys for each individual using their biometric fingerprint information to add an extra layer of security beyond traditional encryption techniques.
This document discusses using threshold cryptography and maximum distance separable (MDS) codes for key management in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for distributed key management approaches. It then provides background on threshold cryptography and MDS codes. The document proposes using threshold cryptography combined with MDS codes to create a distributed cooperative key management system for MANETs that generates and distributes encryption keys among network nodes in a secure and fault-tolerant manner.
Puniani, Arjan Singh | Candidate Time-Delayed Decryption Protocols for Deploy...Arjan
1) The document proposes protocols for time-delayed encrypted message transmission that would render trusts obsolete over time.
2) It involves encrypting a message and dispersing the decryption key using techniques like memory-hard puzzles, Lagrange interpolation polynomials, and hash functions to ensure the key cannot be reassembled before a specified date.
3) The goal is to provide a way to transmit sensitive information that would be guaranteed to be disclosed after a certain period, even if the original trustees could no longer be relied upon.
Using NP Problems to Share Keys in Secret-Key Cryptographyiosrjce
Public key cryptography has now become an important means for providing confidentiality by its use
of key distribution, in which users can do private communication with the help of encryption keys. It also
provides digital signatures which allow users to sign keys to verify their identities. But public key cryptography
has its own shortcoming regarding to high cost in keys distribution and excessive computation in encoding and
decoding it.
Whereas private key can omit all above problems but only if we can find a way to share private key
confidentially.
This research presents an innovation, which can be our future approach, using technology so-called NP
problems, of sending or sharing keys to the receiver without any need of the third party. This will provide an
open idea where sender and receiver can share any key for any number of times for encrypting data
confidentially that also helpful in overcoming problem of brute force attack
Quantum computing poses a threat to modern cryptography methods. While current encryption algorithms are considered secure on classical computers, quantum computers could crack these algorithms almost instantly due to their ability to solve certain problems and find patterns in large numbers much faster. This has led to research in quantum cryptography, which harnesses quantum mechanics principles like superposition and entanglement to securely transmit encryption keys in a way that is not vulnerable to being cracked by quantum computers. However, simply increasing the size of encryption keys is not a perfect solution either, as it significantly decreases encryption/decryption speeds. New approaches are needed to develop cryptography that maintains security against both classical and quantum attacks while preserving reasonable performance levels.
Blockchain privacy approaches in hyperledger indyManishKumarGiri2
Hyperledger Indy provides privacy-preserving identity solutions using distributed ledger technology. It uses several cryptographic techniques like elliptic curve cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and authenticated encryption. Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to prove possession of certain information to a verifier without revealing the information itself. Hyperledger Indy implements zero-knowledge proofs using zk-SNARKs and Idemix to privately verify credential information. It also uses Libsodium's sealed boxes for anonymous messaging and credential revocation features to preserve privacy in credentials over time. These approaches help Hyperledger Indy provide private and decentralized identity solutions on blockchains.
Generate an Encryption Key by using Biometric Cryptosystems to secure transfe...IOSR Journals
The document describes a proposed method for generating an encryption key from biometric cryptosystems to securely transfer data over a network. It involves extracting minutiae points from a fingerprint scan, generating a cryptographic key from the biometric template, and using an RSA encryption algorithm with the biometric-derived private key. A public key is also calculated based on ridge and furrow patterns in the fingerprint scan. The goal is to uniquely generate encryption keys for each individual using their biometric fingerprint information to add an extra layer of security beyond traditional encryption techniques.
This document discusses using threshold cryptography and maximum distance separable (MDS) codes for key management in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for distributed key management approaches. It then provides background on threshold cryptography and MDS codes. The document proposes using threshold cryptography combined with MDS codes to create a distributed cooperative key management system for MANETs that generates and distributes encryption keys among network nodes in a secure and fault-tolerant manner.
The document describes a thesis submitted by Amogh Mahapatra and Rajballav Dash for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines using the Hill cipher technique and self-repetitive matrices for data encryption and decryption. Specifically, it proposes an innovation to the conventional Hill cipher method using the concept of self-repetitive matrices. This approach is mathematically derived and implemented to simulate a communication channel with compression techniques. The method aims to address issues with inverting the Hill cipher's multiplicative matrix by using periodically repeating matrices.
Cryptography is the science of securing communication and information. It involves encrypting data using mathematical algorithms and decrypting it using keys. The main types of cryptography are symmetric key which uses a shared key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric or public key which uses separate public and private keys.
RSA is a commonly used public key algorithm. It generates a public and private key pair, where the public key is used to encrypt messages and the private key decrypts them. Digital signatures authenticate messages using public key cryptography and allow message verification through signature validation.
Hash functions are mathematical transformations that map data into fixed size outputs. They are commonly used in digital signatures to hash message contents. Popular hash functions include MD5, SHA
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on deniable encryption. The paper proposes a receiver-deniable public key encryption scheme with the following properties:
1) It is a one-move scheme that does not require any pre-encryption communication between the sender and receiver.
2) It does not require any pre-shared secrets between parties.
3) It provides strong deniability equivalent to factoring a large composite number.
4) It has no decryption errors.
5) It significantly improves bandwidth efficiency compared to previous schemes.
The proposed scheme uses a mediated RSA infrastructure and relies on oblivious transfer between the receiver and security mediator to enable deniability for the receiver.
Quantum cryptography uses properties of quantum mechanics to securely distribute encryption keys. It allows two users to generate a shared secret key with information-theoretic security. This is accomplished through quantum key distribution, which exploits the quantum mechanical principle that measuring a quantum system can disturb the system. Even if an eavesdropper has unlimited computing power, the laws of physics guarantee the security of the key exchange. The paper introduces cryptography, traditional techniques, and the differences between traditional and quantum cryptography.
A Novel Key Distribution Scheme f or a Visual Crypto SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel key distribution scheme for visual cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and visual cryptography. It then describes the existing Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. The proposed method generates a shared secret key through a multi-step process using asymmetric key cryptography and modulus operation on private keys and a public image. Both parties are able to derive the same symmetric key for encrypting future communications without directly transmitting their private keys. The methodology and implementation details are provided, along with experimental results demonstrating the generation of matching keys within 0.11 seconds on average.
A Review Paper on Secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage usi...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a research paper on secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage using a key aggregate cryptosystem. It begins with an abstract that describes using public key cryptography to encrypt data and delegate decryption rights for any subset of ciphertexts with a constant size key. It then provides details on the proposed key aggregate cryptosystem, including an introduction, related work comparing it to other solutions, the system architecture, and sections on key aggregate encryption and a conclusion. The key aggregate cryptosystem allows a master key holder to release an aggregate key that decrypts a flexible set of ciphertexts in cloud storage while keeping other files encrypted.
This document discusses the implementation of a new steganography technique called BPCS-Steganography. Steganography hides secret data within other carrier data without leaving any visible evidence of alteration. Traditional techniques have limited capacity of less than 10% of the carrier size. The new technique embeds secrets in the bit-planes of an image carrier. It takes advantage of human inability to perceive shapes in complex binary patterns to replace "noise-like" bit-plane regions with secret data without affecting image quality. This allows hiding secret data up to 50% of the original image size. The document also discusses technologies, security considerations using RSA encryption, and a system study of the proposed technique versus existing work.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Naman Kumar presented on the topic of quantum cryptography. The presentation covered basic cryptography terms and techniques like encryption, decryption, and public key cryptography. It then discussed quantum key distribution and how it uses principles of quantum mechanics like photon polarization and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to securely distribute encryption keys. The popular BB84 protocol was explained, which uses photon polarization to randomly generate and securely transmit encryption keys. Quantum cryptography provides unhackable secure communication up to 50km but has high setup costs. It could allow for perfectly secure transactions and communications in the future.
Data Security with Colors using RSA technique that integrates the RGB Color model with the well-known public key cryptographic algorithm RSA (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). This model provides both confidentiality and authentication to the data sent across the network. RSA algorithm uses public key and private key to encrypt and decrypt the data and thus provides confidentiality. But the public key is known to everyone and so anyone can encrypt the data and send the message. Hence authentication of users is needed. In this technique we use RGB color model to provide authentication. Every user will have a unique color assigned to him. A sender must know the receiver’s color to send a message. The color value is encrypted using a key which is used as a password while decrypting the message. To decrypt the message, the receiver must provide his color values. If the decrypted color values and his color values are equal then the sender and receiver are send to be authentic. The data encryption and decryption follows RSA procedure. Thus both authentication and confidentiality are provided for the data.
Iaetsd a layered security approach through femto cell usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses secure routing and data transfer in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using onion routing and node characterization to securely route data through layered intermediate nodes while also sending dummy packets to securely transfer data. Onion routing works by removing intermediate node identifiers in reverse order from destination to source, like peeling layers of an onion. Node characterization identifies malicious nodes that drop or modify packets by adding sequence numbers, random node identifiers, and padding to packets. This approach aims to securely route and transfer data while reducing transmission time compared to establishing separate routes for each transmission.
This document presents research on compressing encrypted data. The researchers investigate reversing the traditional order of compressing data before encrypting it. They show that by using principles of coding with side information, it is possible to first encrypt data and then compress it without loss of optimal compression efficiency or security. They prove the theoretical feasibility of this approach and describe a system to implement compression of encrypted data. Computer simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed system. The researchers identify connections to distributed source coding theory and demonstrate that in some scenarios, reversing the order of encryption and compression does not compromise effectiveness or security.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
This document analyzes the RC4 encryption algorithm and examines how its performance is affected by changing parameters like encryption key length and file size. Experimental tests were conducted to measure encryption time for different key lengths and file types. The results show encryption time increases with longer keys and larger files, and are modeled mathematically. The document also provides background on encryption methods, how RC4 works, and compares stream and block ciphers.
Seminar Report on Quantum Key DistributionShahrikh Khan
This document is a seminar report submitted by Shahrukh A. Khan to the Department of Computer Engineering at SSBT's College of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report discusses quantum key distribution, with sections introducing classical cryptography, reviewing related work, describing the methodology used, discussing implementation and applications, and concluding. The report was completed under the guidance of Mr. M.E. Patil in 2015.
The document discusses post-quantum cryptography and the threats posed by quantum computers. It explains that quantum computers could break current asymmetric cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC that secure digital communications. It identifies various attack vectors like the TLS/SSL handshake and digital certificate chain of trust. It also discusses the need for quantum-safe cryptographic systems and how organizations are preparing for a post-quantum future through approaches like hybrid certificates.
Quantum Implementation of RSA Crypto-algorithm using IBM-QISKITIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing the RSA encryption algorithm on a quantum computer using the IBM QISKIT platform. It begins with an abstract that outlines the motivation to explore using quantum computing techniques to enhance the security of traditional cryptographic methods like RSA. It then provides background on quantum computing concepts like qubits, Bloch spheres, and quantum phenomena. It explains the traditional RSA encryption process and key generation. Finally, it introduces IBM QISKIT as a tool for writing and executing quantum programs and circuits, and discusses potential methods for implementing a quantum version of RSA using modular exponentiation and other techniques.
The document describes a thesis submitted by Amogh Mahapatra and Rajballav Dash for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines using the Hill cipher technique and self-repetitive matrices for data encryption and decryption. Specifically, it proposes an innovation to the conventional Hill cipher method using the concept of self-repetitive matrices. This approach is mathematically derived and implemented using code to simulate a communication channel with compression techniques. The method aims to address issues with the Hill cipher by making it more difficult to crack through choosing an appropriate block size and modular index for the self-repetitive matrix.
Cryptography is a process that scrambles information to make it unreadable except by authorized parties. It has four basic parts: plaintext, ciphertext, cryptographic algorithms, and keys. Public key cryptography uses two keys - a private key that remains secret, and a public key that can be openly distributed. This allows secure transmission without pre-sharing secret keys. While public key cryptography has advantages for Internet use, it has disadvantages of slower transmission speeds and larger key sizes compared to symmetric cryptography.
The document describes a thesis submitted by Amogh Mahapatra and Rajballav Dash for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines using the Hill cipher technique and self-repetitive matrices for data encryption and decryption. Specifically, it proposes an innovation to the conventional Hill cipher method using the concept of self-repetitive matrices. This approach is mathematically derived and implemented to simulate a communication channel with compression techniques. The method aims to address issues with inverting the Hill cipher's multiplicative matrix by using periodically repeating matrices.
Cryptography is the science of securing communication and information. It involves encrypting data using mathematical algorithms and decrypting it using keys. The main types of cryptography are symmetric key which uses a shared key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric or public key which uses separate public and private keys.
RSA is a commonly used public key algorithm. It generates a public and private key pair, where the public key is used to encrypt messages and the private key decrypts them. Digital signatures authenticate messages using public key cryptography and allow message verification through signature validation.
Hash functions are mathematical transformations that map data into fixed size outputs. They are commonly used in digital signatures to hash message contents. Popular hash functions include MD5, SHA
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on deniable encryption. The paper proposes a receiver-deniable public key encryption scheme with the following properties:
1) It is a one-move scheme that does not require any pre-encryption communication between the sender and receiver.
2) It does not require any pre-shared secrets between parties.
3) It provides strong deniability equivalent to factoring a large composite number.
4) It has no decryption errors.
5) It significantly improves bandwidth efficiency compared to previous schemes.
The proposed scheme uses a mediated RSA infrastructure and relies on oblivious transfer between the receiver and security mediator to enable deniability for the receiver.
Quantum cryptography uses properties of quantum mechanics to securely distribute encryption keys. It allows two users to generate a shared secret key with information-theoretic security. This is accomplished through quantum key distribution, which exploits the quantum mechanical principle that measuring a quantum system can disturb the system. Even if an eavesdropper has unlimited computing power, the laws of physics guarantee the security of the key exchange. The paper introduces cryptography, traditional techniques, and the differences between traditional and quantum cryptography.
A Novel Key Distribution Scheme f or a Visual Crypto SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel key distribution scheme for visual cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and visual cryptography. It then describes the existing Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. The proposed method generates a shared secret key through a multi-step process using asymmetric key cryptography and modulus operation on private keys and a public image. Both parties are able to derive the same symmetric key for encrypting future communications without directly transmitting their private keys. The methodology and implementation details are provided, along with experimental results demonstrating the generation of matching keys within 0.11 seconds on average.
A Review Paper on Secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage usi...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a research paper on secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage using a key aggregate cryptosystem. It begins with an abstract that describes using public key cryptography to encrypt data and delegate decryption rights for any subset of ciphertexts with a constant size key. It then provides details on the proposed key aggregate cryptosystem, including an introduction, related work comparing it to other solutions, the system architecture, and sections on key aggregate encryption and a conclusion. The key aggregate cryptosystem allows a master key holder to release an aggregate key that decrypts a flexible set of ciphertexts in cloud storage while keeping other files encrypted.
This document discusses the implementation of a new steganography technique called BPCS-Steganography. Steganography hides secret data within other carrier data without leaving any visible evidence of alteration. Traditional techniques have limited capacity of less than 10% of the carrier size. The new technique embeds secrets in the bit-planes of an image carrier. It takes advantage of human inability to perceive shapes in complex binary patterns to replace "noise-like" bit-plane regions with secret data without affecting image quality. This allows hiding secret data up to 50% of the original image size. The document also discusses technologies, security considerations using RSA encryption, and a system study of the proposed technique versus existing work.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Naman Kumar presented on the topic of quantum cryptography. The presentation covered basic cryptography terms and techniques like encryption, decryption, and public key cryptography. It then discussed quantum key distribution and how it uses principles of quantum mechanics like photon polarization and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to securely distribute encryption keys. The popular BB84 protocol was explained, which uses photon polarization to randomly generate and securely transmit encryption keys. Quantum cryptography provides unhackable secure communication up to 50km but has high setup costs. It could allow for perfectly secure transactions and communications in the future.
Data Security with Colors using RSA technique that integrates the RGB Color model with the well-known public key cryptographic algorithm RSA (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). This model provides both confidentiality and authentication to the data sent across the network. RSA algorithm uses public key and private key to encrypt and decrypt the data and thus provides confidentiality. But the public key is known to everyone and so anyone can encrypt the data and send the message. Hence authentication of users is needed. In this technique we use RGB color model to provide authentication. Every user will have a unique color assigned to him. A sender must know the receiver’s color to send a message. The color value is encrypted using a key which is used as a password while decrypting the message. To decrypt the message, the receiver must provide his color values. If the decrypted color values and his color values are equal then the sender and receiver are send to be authentic. The data encryption and decryption follows RSA procedure. Thus both authentication and confidentiality are provided for the data.
Iaetsd a layered security approach through femto cell usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses secure routing and data transfer in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using onion routing and node characterization to securely route data through layered intermediate nodes while also sending dummy packets to securely transfer data. Onion routing works by removing intermediate node identifiers in reverse order from destination to source, like peeling layers of an onion. Node characterization identifies malicious nodes that drop or modify packets by adding sequence numbers, random node identifiers, and padding to packets. This approach aims to securely route and transfer data while reducing transmission time compared to establishing separate routes for each transmission.
This document presents research on compressing encrypted data. The researchers investigate reversing the traditional order of compressing data before encrypting it. They show that by using principles of coding with side information, it is possible to first encrypt data and then compress it without loss of optimal compression efficiency or security. They prove the theoretical feasibility of this approach and describe a system to implement compression of encrypted data. Computer simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed system. The researchers identify connections to distributed source coding theory and demonstrate that in some scenarios, reversing the order of encryption and compression does not compromise effectiveness or security.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
This document analyzes the RC4 encryption algorithm and examines how its performance is affected by changing parameters like encryption key length and file size. Experimental tests were conducted to measure encryption time for different key lengths and file types. The results show encryption time increases with longer keys and larger files, and are modeled mathematically. The document also provides background on encryption methods, how RC4 works, and compares stream and block ciphers.
Seminar Report on Quantum Key DistributionShahrikh Khan
This document is a seminar report submitted by Shahrukh A. Khan to the Department of Computer Engineering at SSBT's College of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report discusses quantum key distribution, with sections introducing classical cryptography, reviewing related work, describing the methodology used, discussing implementation and applications, and concluding. The report was completed under the guidance of Mr. M.E. Patil in 2015.
The document discusses post-quantum cryptography and the threats posed by quantum computers. It explains that quantum computers could break current asymmetric cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC that secure digital communications. It identifies various attack vectors like the TLS/SSL handshake and digital certificate chain of trust. It also discusses the need for quantum-safe cryptographic systems and how organizations are preparing for a post-quantum future through approaches like hybrid certificates.
Quantum Implementation of RSA Crypto-algorithm using IBM-QISKITIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing the RSA encryption algorithm on a quantum computer using the IBM QISKIT platform. It begins with an abstract that outlines the motivation to explore using quantum computing techniques to enhance the security of traditional cryptographic methods like RSA. It then provides background on quantum computing concepts like qubits, Bloch spheres, and quantum phenomena. It explains the traditional RSA encryption process and key generation. Finally, it introduces IBM QISKIT as a tool for writing and executing quantum programs and circuits, and discusses potential methods for implementing a quantum version of RSA using modular exponentiation and other techniques.
The document describes a thesis submitted by Amogh Mahapatra and Rajballav Dash for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines using the Hill cipher technique and self-repetitive matrices for data encryption and decryption. Specifically, it proposes an innovation to the conventional Hill cipher method using the concept of self-repetitive matrices. This approach is mathematically derived and implemented using code to simulate a communication channel with compression techniques. The method aims to address issues with the Hill cipher by making it more difficult to crack through choosing an appropriate block size and modular index for the self-repetitive matrix.
Cryptography is a process that scrambles information to make it unreadable except by authorized parties. It has four basic parts: plaintext, ciphertext, cryptographic algorithms, and keys. Public key cryptography uses two keys - a private key that remains secret, and a public key that can be openly distributed. This allows secure transmission without pre-sharing secret keys. While public key cryptography has advantages for Internet use, it has disadvantages of slower transmission speeds and larger key sizes compared to symmetric cryptography.
This document presents a new mathematical model for encrypting data using fingerprint data. It works as follows:
1. A fingerprint image is used to generate an encryption key by determining the number of black pixels. This key will be unique for each user.
2. The key is used to generate a very large number to represent each letter or character. Different digits of this number represent different letters.
3. The plaintext is converted to this numerical representation to generate the ciphertext. Additional functions may be applied to further encrypt the ciphertext.
4. To decrypt, the receiver applies the inverse functions and uses the key to determine the letter associated with each number to recover the plaintext. The model is intended to provide highly
Running head: QUANTUM COMPUTING
QUANTUM COMPUTING 9
Research Paper: Quantum Computing
(Student’s Name)
(Professor’s Name)
(Course Title)
(Date of Submission)
Abstract
Quantum computers are a new era of invention, and its innovation is still to come. The revolution of the quantum computers produced a lot of challenges for ethical decision-making and predictions at different levels of life; therefore, it raised new concerns such as invasion of privacy and national security. In fact, it can be used easily to access and steal private information and data, while on the other hand, quantum computers can help to eliminate these unethical intrusions and secure the information.
Quantum computers will be the most powerful computer in the world that would open the door to encrypt the information in much less time. On the contrary, the supercomputers sometimes take so many hours to encrypt, whereas quantum computers can be used for the same purpose in a shorter time period making it harder to decrypt the data and information.
Many years from now, quantum computers will become mainstays throughout the world of computing. It will serve the individual and the community, but there is a significant concern that quantum computers could be used to invade people’s privacy (Hirvensalo, 2012).
Literature Review
The study area that is aimed on the implementation of quantum theory principles to develop computer technology is called Quantum computing. The field of quantum mechanics arose from German physicist Max Planck’s attempts to describe the spectrum emitted by hot bodies and specifically he wondered the reason behind the shift in color from red to yellow to blue as the temperature of a flame increased.
https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/approaching-quantum-leap-computing
There has been tremendous development in quantum computing since then and more research is been done to realize its full potential. Generally, quantum computing depends on quantum laws of physics. Rather than store information as 0s or 1s as conventional computers do, a quantum computer uses qubits which can be a 1 or a 0 or both at the same time. The quantum superposition along with the quantum effects of entanglement and quantum tunneling enable computers to consider and manipulate all combinations of bits simultaneously. This effect will make quantum computation powerful and fast (Williams, 2014).
http://www.dwavesys.com/quantum-computing
Researchers in quantum computing have enjoyed a greater level of success. The first small 2-qubit quantum computer was developed in 1997 and in 2001 a 5-qubit quantum computer was used to successfully factor the number 15 [85].Since then, experimental progress on a number of different technologies has been steady but slow, although the practical problems facing physical realizations of quantum computers can be addressed. It is believed that a quant.
Research paper of quantum computer in cryptographyAkshay Shelake
- The document discusses the history of quantum computing and its potential threat to modern cryptography. It explores how a quantum computer could break encryption systems like RSA by efficiently solving large integer factorization problems, using Peter Shor's algorithm.
- Cryptography organizations are researching alternatives like error-correcting codes, hash functions, and lattice/multivariate cryptography that could defend against quantum computers.
- The development of quantum computing prompts the need to transition encryption methods before full-scale quantum computers are built, otherwise governments and businesses could suffer security breaches and loss of encrypted data.
This document discusses the RSA network security approach. It begins with an introduction to RSA, describing how it uses large prime numbers and exponentiation to encrypt and decrypt messages. It also discusses how RSA can be used for both encryption and digital signatures to provide authentication. The document then covers symmetric and public key cryptography concepts before focusing more on the specifics of the RSA algorithm and its use for secure network communications.
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize many fields including cryptography. Quantum computing can solve mathematical problems that current cryptography relies on, like factoring large numbers, much faster than classical computers. This would make current encryption methods vulnerable to attacks. Researchers are developing new quantum-resistant cryptography methods and quantum key distribution to secure communication as quantum computing advances.
This ppt describes about blockchain, quantum computers and about the security of blockchain. I took three major algorithms for securing blockchain from quantum computers attack.
Claude Shannon made significant contributions to the field of cryptography through his work on information theory and communication systems. He published a paper in 1949 that laid the foundations for modern cryptography. In the paper, he applied mathematical theory to break German and Japanese codes during World War II and demonstrated that effective encryption requires a key at least as long as the message being encrypted. He also introduced the concept of perfect secrecy and proved it can only be achieved using a one-time pad. Shannon's work established cryptography as a serious academic discipline and helped shift its focus from mechanical encryption devices to mathematical ciphers and keys. His ideas remain fundamental to modern cryptography and information security.
Three Party Authenticated Key Distribution using Quantum CryptographyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
McGee Steven resume Distributed Systems ArchitectSteven McGee
Distributed Systems Architect / Adaptive Procedural Template (checklist) Patent Applicant The Heart Beacon Cycle Time — Space Meter USPTO 13/573,002 is an Adaptive Procedural Template (checklist of ideas, processes, procedures, algorithms...) Use Case: GDP Index Economy: Eco Economic Epoch Heartbeats for the programmable economy. Quantum Random Number Beacon / Time Beacon NIST as foundation for programmable money supporting the programmable economy
Github: http://github.com/Beacon-Heart
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This document summarizes research on securing Internet of Things (IoT) communication in a quantum world. Currently, IoT relies on cryptographic algorithms like AES and RSA, but these may be broken by quantum computers. The document reviews symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptography. It proposes using hash-based and code-based cryptosystems, like SPHINCS and McEliece, which are quantum-resistant. Doubling the key size of AES to 256 bits could also secure it against quantum attacks. The development of practical quantum computers may take 5-10 more years, so it is important to adopt quantum-resistant algorithms now to protect data in the future.
Securing sensitive and important information from intruders is a tedious task in the 21st century. In order to protect information different ciphering techniques has been used. Quantum Cryptography has taken a new path in the field of crypto systems where all the presently used crypto systems are classified as classical cryptography systems. Classical cryptography systems use mathematical formulas where quantum cryptography uses the principles of photon polarization and heisenberg uncertainty principle. As the south
asian region is developing rapidly in almost all the sectorsthe need of securing information has become a difficult task. Therefore, the need of starting extensive research on quantum cryptography for the south asian region to safeguard information from intruders has been the purpose of this study. Comparative study of the growth of the telecommunication sector in the south asian region and how quantum
cryptography could assist in securing information has been discussedas results.In the end, details of the need to research on quantum cryptography in the south asian region to overcome future predicted cyber threats are also discussed.
The document discusses the ongoing relevance of one-time pads for encryption compared to modern computer algorithms. While modern algorithms are useful against everyday threats, they cannot guarantee absolute security due to vulnerabilities in computer systems and the possibility that governments have found ways to break the algorithms or influence their development. In contrast, a one-time pad system provides mathematical security if implemented correctly, but has challenges with key distribution. Overall the document argues one-time pads still have value for high security applications due to their ability to guarantee unbreakability.
The Crypto Quantum Leap is a term that encapsulates the anticipated transformation of the cryptocurrency and blockchain space due to the advent of quantum computing technology. Quantum computing differs from classical computing by using qubits (quantum bits), which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for unprecedented computational power. This leap suggests that as quantum computing matures, it could significantly impact various aspects of the cryptocurrency ecosystem, including the security of cryptographic keys, consensus mechanisms, and mining processes. To prepare for this quantum future, the industry is actively researching quantum-resistant cryptographic methods and exploring alternative consensus algorithms. The Crypto Quantum Leap represents a pivotal shift in the way cryptocurrencies operate, compelling stakeholders to adapt and innovate in the face of quantum computing's disruptive potential.
Alex WANG - What is the most effective cryptosystem for public-key encryption?AlexWang212277
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We discuss the emerging threat and implications of quantum computing technology on the security of cryptosystems currently deployed in applications, and why system designers should consider addressing this risk already in the near term. We then discuss an overview of the current approaches for building quantum safe cryptosystems and their security and performance aspects. We conclude with a glimpse at the state of the art and research challenges in the area of quantum-safe cryptography, including the design of more advanced quantum-safe cryptographic protocols, such as privacy-preserving cryptocurrencies.
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Why Should You Pay Attention To Quantum Computing?
1. Why Should You Pay Attention to Quantum Computing?
For over a year now, I have been uncovering the secrets of quantum computing, which is an
exciting and rather unusual field of informatics. It is somewhat weird and yet extremely
fascinating discipline, by being very, very different than anything I have learned or encountered
so far in my career, as a software developer and high-tech executive. Last week I had privilege
to participate on The Quantum Panel, as part of the Payments Canada conference.
But how could this mainly personal interest, be so relevant to payments innovation, which was
and still is my main focus, for almost a decade now? As scientific field that is still very much in
its infancy, quantum computing is also rapidly developing and maturing. It will likely impact
every security we have built and relied on so far. It is not anymore question of IF, but WHEN is
that going to happen. That’s why I felt that right now is the appropriate time for me to invest
some time and try to understand its potential.
The business of electronic payments is based on trust, basically on being able to protect the
communication channels and storage of sensitive information, like user authentication
credentials, account numbers, personally identifiable information, etc. This is not an easy task,
as there are many dishonest actors, who would be more than happy to take advantage of any
security holes left behind, and benefit from stealing someone’s identity, money, etc.
The Current State of The Cryptographic Art
In order to secure the financial system, including payments, we rely on the special area of
mathematics and number theory, known as cryptography. Clearly, solid cryptography is not
guarantee alone. There can always be insiders, who might be bribed (or simply disgruntled) and
leak the secrets to an adversary. However, without help of rock solid cryptography, we would
not stand a slightest chance.
Today’s cryptography is segmented into 2 main fields: symmetric and asymmetric (also known
as Public Key Infrastructure or PKI).
Symmetric cryptography is based on a principle that the same secret key is shared by all parties
(sides) of the communication. The same key is also used for both encryption and decryption.
Example of symmetric cryptographic algorithms would be DES (today there is stronger version
known as triple-DES or 3DES) and AES. Various key sizes are mandated to make it unbreakable
by brute force, i.e. by trying of every possible key value of the same length. As long as all
participants can secretly agree on a secret key value and keep it secret, all is good. But that’s
not easy to achieve, especially if those parties are remote from each other and / or if they can’t
necessarily trust each other.
Asymmetric cryptography is based on principle that every participant has their own key pair,
which is comprised of PUBLIC and PRIVATE key components. Participant’s public key can be
shared with anyone else, while private key must stay protected. Public key is used for
2. encrypting information and the corresponding private key is used for decrypting. On the other
hand, private key can be used to digitally sign the information, as a proof of non-repudiation
and public key can be used to verify that digital signature. Public and private keys are tightly
mathematically related, in a way, that it is practically impossible to reverse engineer private key
from the public key, by using classic computers, in any usable timeframe. By some estimates,
even by using classic supercomputers, one would need several billion years to reverse engineer
private key from RSA public key that is at least long 2048 bits (or 256 digits). This is in fact
fantastic news, as it means that we can freely share our public key with anyone we want to
communicate, without fear that them ever being able to figure out our private key value. Two
most popular PKI cryptography algorithms are RSA (acronym for Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman,
the inventors) and ECC (acronym for Elliptic Curve Cryptography).
For secure internet communication used in e-commerce, mobile / online banking and B2B / P2P
payments communicating parties use the combination of symmetric and asymmetric
cryptography. In simple terms, they first exchange with each other their public keys. Then each
side combines their private key and the other party’s public key, and uses well-known algorithm
(Diffie-Hellman), to generate the secret ‘session’ symmetric key that is used to encrypt and
decrypt the messages, during the lifetime of that particular communication session.
Why can’t today’s classical supercomputers reverse engineer private key from the public key,
even with all of the computing power they have, when those two keys are tightly related? The
answer is - because classic computers are highly iterative in nature. If you imagine a single
memory register that is 2048 bits long, it can hold only one of the possible values from the
range [0 … 22048
-1], at each moment in time. That means that classic computer can basically
only manipulate a single value at a time. You also intuitively feel that 22048
is an beautifully large
number (about as large as 10682
). Now, in order to process that large value range, only single
value at the time, even with today’s ultra-fast CPU clock speeds, it will take an awfully large
amount of time. Certainly, a lot longer than the usefulness of the information we were trying to
protect in the first place. That inability of mainstream modern classic computers (even
supercomputers) to process and examine very large ranges of values and discover any secret
patterns or rules buried in there, is basically the strong foundation for today electronic security.
The Quantum Computing Threat
However, quantum computers are completely different type of machines. They differ from
classic computers, first and foremost, because they are governed by and can take advantage of
the laws of the sub-atomic world, known as quantum mechanics. In quantum world bits are
called Qbits and they can be implemented in variety of ways, for example as photons polarized
in different ways, or electrons spinning in different directions, etc.
According to the laws of quantum mechanics, each Qbit can be in both states ‘0’ and ‘1’ at the
same time, with equal probability amplitude, equal to
!
√#
. Following the same logic, a
hypothetical quantum register, long 2048 Qbits, can be at the same time, in all of the possible
states from the [0 … 22048
-1] range (known as ‘linear superposition’). This also means that on
3. quantum computer, the same mathematical transformation can be applied to all of the linear
superposition states from the [0 … 22048
-1] range, all AT THE SAME TIME, without need for
iterating.
Next, according to the same laws of quantum mechanics, each Qbit behaves as a ‘quantum
wave’, and those Qbits can be creatively manipulated to constructively interfere (i.e. ‘add up’
their quantum wave amplitudes) or destructively interfere (i.e. ‘cancel out’) for certain states of
the linear superposition.
Last but not the least, pair of Qbits (or even whole Qbit registers) can be made to be entangled,
so that changes made in one register immediately set the state of its ‘entangled brother’ in
certain way, governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
All of these characteristics, combined together, give quantum computers huge and unfair
advantage over classic computer ‘cousins’ – especially for certain types of mathematical
problems, which are ultra-hard to be solved using classical computers alone.
Breaking the RSA Cryptography with Quantum Computers
Unfortunately, breaking the PKI cryptography (both RSA and ECC type), are examples of
mathematical problems, which may be ultra-hard for iterative classical computers, but are very
natural and easy for quantum computer, given large enough number of Qbits.
The RSA algorithm’s security is based on inability of classic computers to discover which two
distinct prime numbers p and q were multiplied to produce very large value n (called modulus).
The currently used length of n is 2048 bits. The values of prime numbers p and q, are also used
to calculate the private exponent es and public exponent ep. The public key is then pair of values
[n, ep], while private key is pair of values [n, es].
Peter Shor, a mathematician and cryptographic scientist, back in 1994, had formulated an
algorithm, which can combine steps executed on classical computer, together with steps
executed on quantum computer, for efficiently finding the prime factors p and q of a given
large number n, thus effectively breaking RSA’s security.
First thing that Peter Shor realized, by being a master of the number theory, was that in order
to factor n into p and q, all one needs is the ability to find the period of a special function
f(x) = (ax
mod n), for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...etc
where integer a < n, such that gcd (a, n) = 1, and ‘gcd’ stands for ‘greatest common divisor’.
The period is defined as the smallest integer r, such that
f(x) = (ax
mod n) = f(x+r) = (ax+r
mod n)
i.e. the ‘number of steps’ after which the results of applying f(x), start repeating.
Once the period r is found out, the target q and p values can easily be calculated, using the
classic computer, as:
4. p = gcd (n, ar/2
– 1)
q = gcd (n, ar/2
+ 1)
Finding the period of f(x) = (ax
mod n) function is extremely difficult computational problem to
be solved iteratively, when n is very large number (i.e. 2048 bits long), because this is not
smooth periodic function and the results of f(x) look rather like random noise to classic
computers.
However, for the quantum computer, having couple of large enough of Qbit registers, and due
to all of unique quantum mechanics characteristics mentioned above, this is a very natural
problem to solve. That’s is exactly what Peter Shor proposed.
On a very high level, without going into real details of his exact algorithm, Shor basically
proposed following:
• applying f(x) = (ax
mod n) function to a linear superposition of Qbit register states in one
of the Qbit registers
• creatively producing (and detecting using Quantum Fourier Transform) constructive
interference between Qbit waves of that register and another register, entangled with it
o Constructive interference is produced for states equal to the period r (or
multiples of the period r), while destructive interference happens for all other
states.
Pure genius. Done. RSA security broken easily, in a matter of hours, as long as there is readily
available access to a stable quantum computer, with two registers and enough number of Qbits
in each.
Shor then went on further and specified an algorithm for cracking the ECC security as well, by
using quantum computations for similarly critical steps (in this case it was ‘discrete logarithm
calculation’), ultra-hard problem for classic computer to solve.
Conclusion
Should we be worried now? Comforting news is that currently, quantum computers with such
large Qbit registers do not exist yet. However somewhat discomforting is that quantum
computing field is rapidly developing, with major world governments and all high technology
giants (Apple, Google, Microsoft, IBM, etc) actively funding their own quantum computing
research and are collaborating with advanced university institutes focused on quantum
computing. We now already have experimental quantum computers with close to 100 Qbits
available. That’s how Shor’s algorithms have been proven to work in practice. Microsoft is even
developing high level programming language called Q# with its own IDE. Educated forecasts
speculate that within a decade, we can expect to have quantum computers with large enough
Qbit registers, available for cracking 2048-bit long RSA keys. Especially if bad actors get access
to them.
5. There is lot at stake here, basically the electronic security of the whole financial system may
potentially be invalidated in about 10 years from now, if quantum computing progresses
without alternative quantum-safe PKI algorithms emerging in parallel.
Even with quantum-safe cryptographic algorithms becoming available, the industry must plan
for orderly transition and replacement of the legacy RSA and ECC algorithms with quantum safe
equivalents.
This upgrade is not going to be an easy and trivial task, as RSA and ECC algorithms are
embedded in all today’s protocols like VPN, SSL/TLS and payment protocols like EMV, etc. The
right time to start planning and acting is NOW. Financial industry needs to be proactive and
engage with quantum computing experts from universities, private research facilities and high-
tech giants, in order to stay well ahead of the curve and avoid being caught by surprise.
Ten years will fly very quickly. Before we realize, it will be gone. Let’s not hope someone else
will solve these issues, because none of us can stay isolated and hope they will not be affected,
because we will. Also let’s not hope that we can protect access to future quantum computing in
the cloud, by using legacy PKI J