Why Is The Human Genome Project Important

Why Is The Human Genome Project Important
The Genome Project
The Genome project is very significant because it is trying to cure illness and diseases. This project was first started in 1990 and it lasted till 2003
and it took thirteen years to complete the genetic sequencing. The discoveries that were made during this project are now being tested and studied to
become more accurate. Furthermore, The genome project is trying to accurately sequence all the genes, cure and prevent different illnesses that affect
people all around the world. Mary Shelly's novel Frankenstein can apply to the Genome project because of the importance of both projects. Genome
project has to do with figuring out all the gene sequences accurately. The human genome project has figured out the gene sequences
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Essay about Human Genome
GENOME PROJECT
Adam and Eve were doomed for trying to be like god, this is the same damnation mankind is headed to. Everyone's dream is to have absolute power
and control of everything. The genome project and DNA engineering gives man the ability to create life and cu omize life to his specific needs of
likes. So how good is too good? Man's ability to make life or create perfect human beings so they can be in a state of Utopia will disturb the balance of
nature. Every individual, every child born on earth is unique i it's own way, not only by looks but also by their character, their DNA. Changing this by
producing two of the same kind, of which one is produced in the laboratory, unbalances nature. A clone is a cell, a group of cells,... Show more content
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The uman Genome Project has been used for the cloning of genes responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, retinoblastoma, cystic fibrosis, and
neurofibromatosis. If other diseases like these are isolated, biologists can learn about the gene's pathology of isorders. For example, before geneticists
cloned the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, to confirm the diagnosis was expensive and very uncomfortable, the tests were also inadequate
to detect carriers. But now, with only a blood sample, geneticists an detect most mutations associated with DMD rapidly. The genome information can
be used to detect any gene mutations likely to happen to future generations of a family.
It helps to predict which individuals have an increase susceptibility to diseases such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes, which result from complex
instructions between genes and the environment. " When biologists compare the human genome with the ge mes of other organisms, they may gain an
insight into molecular evolution including human evolution." (New tools for tomorrow's health research, 1992). Biologists could use the genes to
compare to other genes of other species, they may get more informat n or perhaps even closer to finding out more about the human evolution. The
HGP not only helped in the medical field, but also in technology advancement. Its biggest challenge is to find faster ways to map DNA, which will
yield way to faster development f technology. HGP provides way

Essay on The Human Genome Project
A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it's genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms. These
proteins determine, among other things, how the organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.
DNA is made up of four similar chemicals (bases, adenine , Thymine , cytosine , and guanine ) that are repeated millions or billions of times
throughout a genome. The human genome has three billion base pairs. The order of these base pairs are extremely important and determine everything
in an organism.
The Human Genome Project started in the mid–1980's and was discussed widely throughout the scientific community and public press in the last years
of the decade. In the United States, DOE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The massive amount of data and related technologies generated by the HGP and other genomic research presents a wide array of commercial
opportunities. These opportunities range from medicine and food to energy and environmental resources.
Older companies are racing to retool and newer companies are seeking parts in the information revolution with DNA at it's core. IMB, Compaq,
DuPoint, and other big pharmaceutical companies are among those interested in the potential for targeting and applying genome data.
In HGP there are two types of sequences, the draft and the high quality. To get the draft sequence, scientist determine the order of base pairs in each
chromosomal area at least four to five times to ensure data accuracy and to help with reassembling DNA fragments in their original order. This
repeated sequencing is known as genome "depth of coverage." The draft sequence for the human genome was completed on June 26,
2000. To generate high quality sequencing , additional sequencing is needed to close gaps, reduce mistakes and allow only a single error in 10,000
bases. The finished version will provide an estimated eight to nine times the coverage of each chromosome. Thus far, high quality

The Human Genome Project Paper
Science is an astonishing, intellectual field; it teaches humans about life and allows them to alter it in order to reap desirable results. The diligence and
intellect of scientists who are able to rework the human body has contributed to the sharing of many beautiful and tear–jerking stories about babies who
have been born and patients who have survived. As technology and knowledge about the body increases, people begin to question how much we
should use our intelligence to change the bodies that God has created. However, within the medical sphere, specifically with the process of modifying
genes, scientists should use their God given gift of intellect to control the evil, residing in the form of diseases, that would otherwise destroy all... Show
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The superb story of one heart recipient from Texas, named Blake, showcases how beautiful it is to receive the gift of life. Blake was only four days
old when his parents found out that he had a heart defect, if he wasn't treated immediately then he would die. However, thanks to the process of organ
transplantation, a heart was found for Blake almost immediately. Today, he lives a wonderful life and participates in numerous sports ("We are
incredibly blessed"). To know that this child is able to live a full and happy life because of the astounding process of organ transplantation is just simply

Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the sequence of human DNA and determining the location
of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete in 13
years. This project was started to find the 80,000 – 100,000 human genes and to determine the sequence of the 3 – billion chemical bases that make up
human DNA. The information generated by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those such as
developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the spring of 1987, a report on the human genome initiative was prepared by the Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC)
of the Department of Energy (DOE). In early 1988, further discussion culminated in the publication of two additional, widely circulated, influential
reports. The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report presented a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the scientific
developments that had led to the promise of "mapping and sequencing" the human genome and presented an outline for a multi–phase research plan for
accomplishing the goal of sequencing human DNA over the course of the following two decades. In fiscal year 1988, the Congress of the United
States launched the human genome project by appropriating funds to both the DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) specifically for support
of research efforts to determine the structure of complex genomes. The NIH was delegated $17.2 million and the DOE received $10.7 million in 1988
by the human genome research institute.
It is generally agreed that the overall goal of the Human Genome Initiative is to acquire fundamental information needed to further our basic scientific
understanding of human genetics and of the role of various genes in health and disease. As refined through the discussions over the last half of the
1980's and defined in the NRC report, the Human Genome Initiative has several interrelated goals:
Construction of a

Gene Sequencing And The Human Genome Project
Gene sequencing is a method that helps us to read the genetic code and to compare normal genes with disease causing genes (Kratz, 2015). It is
helpful to determine the precise order of the bases in a DNA strand, and mostly used for genetic variation or mutation that might lead to a development
of a disease. This disease causing change can be a substitution, deletion or addition of a single base pair (National Human Genome Research Institute,
2014). Since the human genome project has completed its first draft in 2001, researchers are more keen to find out more about the human genome, the
variability of the gene sequences amongst humans, and the relationship between the gene sequence variation to human health (Green et al., 2013).
After a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patents are used to protect the gene sequence worldwide where the patent owner considers there will be a viable market in that area (Merz and
Cho,2008).Patenting genes have become popular after the human genome was complete and became more a topic that people debated about (Caulfield
and Gold, 2000). The patenting system in gene sequencing is important to discover new medicines and other advances in healthcare (Nuffield Council
on Bioethics, 2002). The European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) are looking for ways to develop the current patenting and licensing system in
order to make the public handle the situation in a well manner, respect to the current legislation (European Journal of Human Genetics, 2008). Being
quite a controversial topic there are a number of ethical issues that arise from the society which will be discussed below.
Human dignity
Patenting gene sequences has been a topic that has been debated and problematic for quite a while. One main issue that is discussed is human dignity.
Thinking about patenting human genes can give the idea of owning the gene sequence. In fact a response from a lawyer would be that patenting is not
exactly ownership. This statement is true but doesn't change the way people think about dignity. Many people still think that human genes are
commodities.
Even though patenting DNA reduces the risk of

The Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Project
Almost every aspect that makes a person unique is due to genetic factors, from the color of an individual's eyes to the functions of white blood cells.
The one thing that makes an individual's unique characteristics the hardest to understand is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in different
patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine are the only things that differ one human from the next. This genetic code is
contained in every cell that is found in the human body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth century. His
discovery was the basis that has now made it possible for humans to learn more about the genetic code. Mendel's ... Show more content on
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The next two goals of the project are to store all of the data on databases and create tools to analyze this information. The final goal of the project is to
tackle the ethical, legal and social issues that may arise during the time it takes to complete the project (2).
The completion time of the project has been accelerated due to new advances in technology. The new goals include having a working 90% draft
sequence by the summer of 2000 and finishing the project by the year 2003. The finished project in 2003 would be a 100% high quality sequence
of all of the base pair sequences of the human genome. The DOE and the NIH have also stated that one of the highest priorities of the HGP is to
not only complete the project but to make all of the information available to the public (3). The early completion of the HGP does not come at a
bargain price. The estimated budgets for 1999 alone are $89.8 million for the DOE and $225.7 million for the NIH, bringing the grand total to $315.5
million for one year (4).
The HGP is progressing faster than what was expected, but a race to be the first to complete the human genetic sequence has emerged and become
very aggressive. For example, in 1998, the Perkin–Elmer Corporation and Dr. J. Craig Venter, head of the Institute for Genomic Research, announced
that they intended to start a new genomics company. The companies' intent was to

Human Genome Project
Human curiosity is one of the most powerful engines that drive new knowledge, development, advancements and life improvements today. Some
100,000 or 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged, and up to today humans are still searching for answers such as what we are and where we came
from.
For all of the diversity of the world's more than five billion people, full of creativity and contradictions, every human mind and body is built and runs
with fewer than 100,000 kinds of protein molecules. And for each of the proteins, a single corresponding gene is responsible to ensure an adequate and
timely supply. Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for life and are found in the DNA, carrying ... Show more content on
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But if we are ever to uncover the mysteries of carcinogenesis, if we are ever to know how biochemistry contributes to mental illness, if we ever hope
to really understand the processes of growth and development, we must first have a detailed map of the genetic landscape. That's what the HGP
promises and what makes this international effort so breathtaking.
Human Genome Background and History
The idea of the HGP was initiated in 1977, when simple and efficient methods for sequencing DNA were described. Before that time the possibility of
sequencing the entire human genome was no more than extreme wishful thinking. In the 1980's it was becoming increasingly apparent to many
scientists that an understanding of basic biology would be greatly enhanced if the detailed structure of DNA was understood. Over the last two
decades, automated DNA sequencers have made the process of obtaining the base–by–base sequence of DNA easier. In 1984, for the first time a
meeting was sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) to address the problem of detecting extremely low levels of very rare changes in DNA
(mutations) in humans exposed to radiation and other environmental hazards. At that time, it was realized that the level of effort including the
automation of DNA analysis techniques would be similar to the requirements for sequencing the human genome.

The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international
multidisciplinary scientific research project which was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life' talks about personalizing medicine by
understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the
importance of DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all implicate the importance of personalized
medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of sequencing DNA beforehand so that a
personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain which when understood can help us to make significant
contributions to the field of medicine. The topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the future'. As
the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is

The Human Genome Project ( Hgp )
In 2000, the $3 billion dollar project––The Human Genome Project (HGP)––came to completion. Geneticists can now provide a patient with a
comprehensive map of their DNA sequence. Obtaining such information can tell a patient if they have the gene variant associated with many different
genetically linked diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, heart conditions or even cancer. This medical revolution can indicate what drugs to take, at
what dosage and what lifestyle choices can be made in order to prevent the disease or at the least, control the symptoms at the earliest stages as
possible. However, this new diagnostic tool has raised some ethical issues: Will your privacy be protected? Will insurance companies pressure you into
getting your... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a percentage of the Human Genome Project budget was devoted to the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) research. This program
was founded to identify and address issues raised by genomic research, including conflicts of interest affecting all the concerned parties. These issues
also include worries about insurers using genetic information to impose high premiums and deny coverage or companies refusing employment
opportunities. Yet with new technology comes new laws; for example, in the United States, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was passed
on May 21st 2008[1]. As the name implies, this law prohibits employers and health insurance companies from using genetic information, protecting
citizens from discrimination based on their predisposition to developing a genetic disorder. If DNA sequencing were to become standard medical
procedure, such laws will have to be enacted in order to protect the patient's rights.
In the process of developing the Human Genome Project, multiple gene expression–based cancer markers were identified. Furthermore, geneticists
began to note that cancer pathologies are most often not restricted to one single genomic mutation. On the contrary, a large number of different
alterations in a patient 's DNA come together and cause the malignant transformation. The combination of mutations, structural variations and

Essay about The Human Genome Project
"Genetic engineering is, at best, a debatable branch of science. For some, it is the wave of the future: a method for perfecting the human genome,
discarding flaws from infants before they are born and ensuring they live longer, healthier lives. For others, it is an abomination: a method of
circumventing what nature gave you, and wholly unnatural. Which one is right?" (Bird). Naturally, genetics is the scientific study of inherited variations
in the DNA strand. This topic sparked curiosity among numerous scientific individuals that they begun a research project on it titled the Human Genome
Project. To illustrate, the Human Genome Project worked out the sequence of the three billion chemical 'letters' of the human genome, and it produced
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human genetics should be a considerable option in the future to benefit our world.
For example, gene therapy can be used to cure genetic diseases like leukemia. For instance, a young man from Douglas, Arizona, a town boarding
Mexico, underwent chemotherapy, but if he had gone through gene therapy instead of the harmful chemotherapy radiation that could have been
performed many toils would have been prevented for the young man and his family. Gene therapy is an experimental way of using inheritable factors
to treat or prevent diseases it is also an experimental technique that is used to substitute a gene that works right for a non–working gene. In fact, in
human genetics, gene therapy is the use of genetic material as medicine involving the transfer of working or therapeutic copy of a gene into specific
cells of an individual to repair a copy of a faulty gene. In the future, this technique may be used to allow doctors to treat any disorder instead of using
drugs or surgery by inserting a gene into a patient's cells. Several researchers are testing numerous approaches to gene therapy, including "taking out"
or deactivating a mutated gene that has improper functioning, and introducing a new genetic factor into the body that will help fight a disease. In fact,
several areas of criteria must be met for the procedure to work.
After all, many believers claim it is unethical to use this technology, genetic engineering, because these genius

The Human Genome Project A Go Or No?
Is the Human Genome Project a Go or No? Rapid growth in the health field over the past several decades has brought with it many advancements even
in the prenatal stages of life, one may think this is all positive, but is it really? With all new technology and advancements in the health field the lives of
humans can be heavily impacted by these advancements in the study of human genes.
The study of the human genome began in the early 1990s and involved into a global project. The purpose was to gain more information about human
genes. Which was very difficult to do, with this project in place a better understanding of the human genome was possible. Today women who are
expecting go threw an array of tests and screenings to see if their child will have certain genetic diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will
impair the child's life. This is possible due to the testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests
can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population, reduces disease, creates new medications and gives
a better understanding of humans. The other side argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacy, and discrimination to the life of a
person who has a high risk to certain aliments. In order to remedy this dispute between both sides there needs to be some boundaries, the testing of
genes cannot simply be aborted, and also the direction

Outline
Thesis: Large corporations, such as insurance companies, and governments are looking to save money on future policyholders through the use of
genetic testing.
General information on the Human Genome Project
Time of discussion leading up to implementation
Who was involved
Where does the funding come from
Insurance Companies and discrimination
Discrimination against unborn children
Genetic testing for &#8220;bad'; or unwanted traits
Fix vs. Abort
Not covering unborn with unwanted traits
Denying Benefits to Current Members
Forcing Genetic test to continue coverage
Not covering spouses, children, etc.. who come up &#8220;Bad';
Denying coverage to new members
1. New members who want to join but have unwanted traits
People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HGP is a scientific study and mapping of the estimated 50,000–100,000 genes in the human body. It is being hailed as one of the most important
projects in the world by scientists and scholars alike. The information that these researchers uncover could be helpful for generations to come. The
research will allow doctors to correct genetic disorders before children are born, eliminate the often–fatal problems associated with babies born
prematurely, and to cure diseases such as AIDS. The problem with thisproject is not the doctors, scientists, and other researchers investigating the
genes. They are out to help people and are not doing this to get rich. Large corporations, such as insurance companies, and governments are looking to
save money on future policyholders through the use of genetic testing. These illustrate the negative and corruptive aspects of the HGP.
The Human Genome Project was originally founded by the Department Of Energy (DOE) and is now jointly researched by the DOE and the National

Institute of Health (NIH). Research on the project began in 1990. They used a four–letter system to decode the long strands of deoxyribonucleic acid.
As understood from previous research, there are four nitrogenous base pairs that make up DNA. &#8216;A&#8217; stands for Adenine,
which is paired with &#8216;T&#8217; for Thymine, and &#8216;G&#8217; stands for Guanine, which is paired with
&#8216;C&#8217;,

Embedded deeply in our body is the complex biological story. The Human Genome Project is the exploration of this intricate yet crucial storyline. The
Genome is a complete set of genes that make up an organism. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxynucleic acid) which subsequently is made up of long
paired strands. These paired strands attach in a specific manner, for example, Adenine (A) attaches itself to Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C) to Guanine
(G). The genome is the perplexing key in instructing cells to do their duty. Cells interact together to create tissues. Tissues connect together to create
organs. Organs function together to produce an organism.
The first fully completed human genome was completed and publish on April 2003. This took ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists then take pictures of each snippet of the genome. By have a vivid illusion of the order of the colors can allow us to read the sequence. This
is then stitched together using computer programs to have the final copy of the fully sequenced genome. There are many other methods out there to
decipher the genome but this is the most common method of usage.this method can also be known as the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a
laboratory technique that uses primers to amplify a specific area and then copies the sequence a billion times over. Another method worth mentioning is
the combined use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Gel Electrophoresis. RFLP is when restriction enzymes are used as
markers which cut DNA in specific known locations. This samples derived from RFLP are then run through the Gel Electrophoresis which can
configure these macromolecules by separating them. There is also the Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) which is human
–engineered DNA
molecule used to clone DNA sequences in yeast cells.Another one similar to the YAC is the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) which instead of
the yeast cells use bacterial cells.
The ultimate goal of the HGP is to provide an encyclopedia of detailed information of the location, structure and function of the complete set of human
genes. The HGP also loyally supports and sponsors genome studies on other organisms

Dangers Of Human Genome Editing
Scientists, for some time now, have been concerned about the dangers of altering the human germ line. Until now, the worries have been purely
theoretical. But a technique invented recently makes it possible to edit the genome precisely and with much greater ease. The technique holds the
power to repair or enhance any human gene. Genetic labs around the world are adapting this technique for they believe the benefits to be boundless.
However, considering the ethical complications of genome editing affecting future generations, scientists have called for a moratorium on human
genome editing, that would alter human DNA in a way that can be inherited until issues of safety and efficiency are addressed. I believe there should
be a more or less permanent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If genomes are being altered to suit parents' preferences, do children become more like commodities than precious gifts? (Collins– Gene Editing)
How will gene editing be used? To shape a child so she will have more advantages in life or will better fit the preferences of her parents? Is a ban on
child genome editing even likely? Doing so would restrict both parental rights and reproductive freedom. Parents will have to think about the
downsides of trying to control who their child will grow up to be. Parenting involves choices and responsibility but most important of all accepting
their child for who they are.
Banning gene editing isn't our best option for it would drive practices underground to black markets but at this stage, it would be irresponsible to
proceed. This may be one of the best medical research, it will be noted, and be looked back on as a turning point. It isn't crazy to think someday
this will be widely accepted and valued, many controversial types of research have. However, we've had various circumstances where blameless
technology was used badly, there is little reason to think gene drives would be an exception. There may come a time when gene drives are used not
only for curing diseases but also military purposes. We could be dealing with overpopulation, irreversible ecological damage, and intentional misuse of
gene drives.

The Human Genome Project?
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. Genome
science will have a real impact on all our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
of most, if not all, human diseases."
– Bill Clinton, June 2002.
The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 's as scientist from around the world aimed to map where every human gene is
found on our chromosomes. The Project was a great success as scientists were successful, but now in order to extend the project, scientists are trying
to work out what each gene codes for. This information would be vital as it could help ascertain how a particular gene might be damaged or how
mutations on some genes can lead to illness or disorders. Using such information, faulty genes could be easily replaced.
The idea of undertaking a coordinated study of the human genome arose from a series of scientific conferences held between 1985 and 1987.
The project got underway in 1990 in the United States and one of the first directors of the project was American scientist, James Watson– who was also
in 1962 – along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins– awarded the Nobel Prize Award for the discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The DNA that is

Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project(HGP) provided valuable information that changed biology and medicine. Beginning in the 1990's a research project was
created with the intent of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that made up human DNA. The Collaboration was key to completing this
project, it was an international project that required, funding, certain technologies, and research methods. The Human Genome project provided
important information that benefited medical science. This project helped scientist understand different genetic diseases that plagued mankind and
opened the doors to many other scientific findings. Although the Human Genome Project was met with initial resistance it has proved to be significant
in many aspects of science. The Human Genome project was widely anticipated, the possibility of understanding human disease, causes of disease, and
human evolution was at the forefront of science. In 1985 a project was formally proposed with the goal of determining the complete nucleotide
sequence of the human genome. Although the proposal had the possibility to change science it was met with much resistance. The main concern was
privacy of genetic information, educating health care professionals, and ethical issues involving the design of genetic research. Finally, in 1990 under
the direction of U.S. department of energy and the national institutes of health the Human Genome Project was officially initiated in

Ethical Issues With The Human Genome Project
As time progresses mankind continues to explore inward to discover more about our species and further our knowledge on the genetic blueprint of a
human being. The Human Genome Project did just that. Through one of the greatest projects in history, we have already been able to further our
knowledge on humans and map out all of the human genes (genome), and there is much more to come. But with this new knowledge comes a plethora
important ethical questions regarding if what we are doing is right. A lot of ethical issues are questioned in areas such as in vitro fertilization, genetic
counseling, prenatal testing for developmental defects, abortion, prenatal surgery, and care of extremely premature or severely handicapped infants.
Modern reproductive

Human Genome Project Benefits
The Human Genome Project is beneficial to society because it helps create individualized medicine. The Personal Medicine Coalition writes, "Patients
with melanoma, leukemia, or metastatic lung, breast, or brain cancers are now routinely offered a "molecular diagnosis" in some clinical centers; this
allows their physicians to select tailored treatments that can greatly improve the chances of survival"(4). According to The Personal Medicine
Coalition, they explain how the advances in technology has helped create individualized medicine for sick patients. The Human Genome Project uses
sick patients and research to then come up with the solution of individual medicine because not everyone is the same and react differently to certain
types of medicine. The individualized medicine is increasing the survival rate of the people who have deadly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They explain how with the breakthrough of The Human Genome Project scientists will be able to understand a person's body and how they would
react to certain medicine that does not fit well with them. Also, scientists are able to expand their knowledge on causes of future diseases and how
they can be stopped before it can occur. Julia Stamps writes, "The increasing abilities to manipulate and analyze DNA are bringing profound changes to
society,..(par.14). According to Julia Stamps, The Human Genome Project has the abilities to do many things and individualized medicine is the main
one that is most beneficial to society. Being able to manipulate DNA fragments is a great new finding for the society. Through The Human Genome
Project we learn many things about DNA, its sequence and how it affects the society that we live in today. Individualized medicine is just the first step
to our growing

Gene Essay Assignment: The Human Genome Project
A genome is the complete DNA set of an organism. These DNA molecules are made up of two strands. Every strand is composed of four nucleotide
bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Complementary strands are paired in certain ways. Cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine
always pairs with thymine. The human genome holds about 3 billion base pairs, found in the chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes are
composed of thousands of genes, which transmit the instructions to make proteins. Each gene in the human genome produces approximately three
proteins. "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and
understanding of all the genes of human beings."
The HGP was the greatest biological venture ever embarked upon. There were several goals of the project. Researchers attempted to correctly identify
disease–causing variations in the human genetic code and determine the role of specific genes in disease and health. In addition, they aimed to advance
DNA sequencing technology and genomic analysis technology. The Human Genome Project intended to make the DNA sequence of humans
accessible to both the scientific community and public.
The HGP was a historical accumulation of genetics research. In the year 1911, Alfred Sturtevant came to the realization that he could pinpoint the
locations of the mutated fruit fly genes the Thomas Hunt Morgan

Questions On Human Genome Project
Layan Kojan
BIOL 1010
Assignment #3 – Option 2 The Human Genome Project
Tuesday November 17, 2015
What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality? These three factors separate each individual from one
another and it is what makes them different. Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which are
known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicating material that is found throughout every living organism. It's a large
macromolecule that transforms characteristics into life. DNA is made up two strands that run in opposite directions therefore they are known to be
antiparallel. The lagging strand runs in the 5 '–3 ' direction while the leading strand run's in the 3 '–5 ' direction (International Baccalaureate
Organization, 2009). There's a phosphate group attached by a covalent bond to the carbon atom which is covalently attached to a nucleotide base. The
two DNA strands are attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds found between Thymine and Cytosine and three
hydrogen bonds found between Guanine and cytosine (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). Many studies have been done in order to
gather information about the human DNA. The sequence of base paring in DNA was determined by The Human Genome project (International
Baccalaureate Organization, 2009).
The whole idea of the

The Code Of Life And The Human Genome
As was said in the beginning of the video, the ultimate achievement that one can make scientifically is to look at our own human genome, or
instruction book if you will, and try to figure out what it is telling us, what it reads. This began happening in the late 1990s, to 2000s, when people
began diving deeper into what DNA really tells us. In a sense, we have found the key to unlock, or crack, the code of life, and this is also the key to
diagnosing and curing genetically transmitted diseases. This key is what the Human Genome Project searched to find, and what "Cracking the Code of
Life" is all about. A single message, which we call DNA, has been passed down from the very first microscopic organism all the way to us today. It
travels in a continuous thread that flows through all living things, and is the secret of all life. This message within all of us is made up of four
nitrogen bases, Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Adenine (A), which are connected in a double helix, which looks like a twisted ladder.
These bases come in pairs, as G connects with C, and A with T, and the order of these base pairs is what creates the variance we see in every organism
today. There are approximately 3 billion base pairs in the human genome, but only about 30,000 are actually our genes. However, one wrong letter out
of 3 billion can cause extreme various in humans To put this into perspective, every human body is 99.9% identical in its genetic code. That means that
.01% of

The Human Of Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project has been introduced to us more than twenty–five years from now. It was Initiated and sponsored by the National Human
Genome Research Institute, the project was introduced aiming at researching more human genes in order to understand, read genes and find cure for
diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project
isn't wrong or questionable but some believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the
instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on
how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carlos Cruchaga and his team searched for dementia–related genetic variations in some of these families and Their results were published in 2014 in
the journals Nature and Nature Medicine. The team identified variations in genes called phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and UNC5C that appear to promote
the risk of late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The results of what they found inspired them to keep looking for more. Dr. Cruchaga received his
Association grant in 2011 for a study entitled "Exome Sequencing of Late–Onset Alzheimer 's Disease Families. Dr. Cruchaga selected 14 families to
observe who have inherited Late–Onset Alzheimer. His team and him later analyzed the exomes from certain members of these families, searching for
gene variations linked to Alzheimer's.
This process initially identified a variation in PLD3 that was shown to double the risk of Alzheimer's disease in some cases. Previous research has
found that people with Alzheimer's tend to have lower than normal levels of the PLD3 protein in their brains. This finding indicates that PLD3 may
protect the brain against Alzheimer's–like changes.
In 2005 there were various report on gene therapy trials delayed disease progression. It wasn 't a successful cure, but the results were promising enough
which triggered further research in that area. Scientists took skin cells from patients and modified them to secrete the protein nerve growth factor
(NGF) form brains. These NGF producing

What Is The Human Genome Project?
What Is The Human Genome Project?
Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help people with them. Where there is no longer a
regular doctors check up and now they would now take a look at what's inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find
the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a
treatment. Due to the Human Genome Project, dreams like these can actually become reality. It can help scientists or anyone get to know how the
human body works and how humans have evolved throughout time. Even scientists just wanting to know more about the world of genes by what they
are and what they do. Through this new technological project things like diseases and cancers wouldn't be a problem and people can focus on more
scientific projects that can benefit the world. Through this one project many other projects have benefitted and many have been created. Even though
many people may not know about the Human Genome Project, it could be one of the best technological project advancement that has shook and
impacted the scientific community greatly. The Human Genome Project was created in 1990. This project was an international research effort from
scientists all around the globe that wanted to identify and sequence the human genome and the genes that are inside the genome (" The Human
Genome"). This project

Ethical Issues With The Human Genome Project
"As a Christian, but also as a scientist responsible for overseeing the Human Genome Project, one of my concerns has been the limits on applications of
our understanding of the genome. Should there be limits? I think there should. I think the public has expressed their concern about ways this
information might be misused", Francis Collins an American physician–geneticist (BrainyQuote, 2001–2016). A genome is an organism's complete set
of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop (Engagement,
2015). Uproar of ethical questions spreads throughout the world concerning who would help financially, it being a "genetic modification" that would
ruin the natural system.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthcare is a big industry worldwide that obtains a large amount of money. There are companies who donate money to help move on the project,
such as a pharmaseutical. The Human Genome Project is expanding so much that it may actually become an industry itself, meaning there will be
more job opportunities in the medical field (APECSEC.org, 2015). Their main goal is to advance in medication and to be known. The more people
know about this project, the more support they will be able to gain and it could grow from then on (Group, 2015). But what if society is spending all
of this money for a project that doesn't have a guarantee of working? We may be paying for something that might not advance inscience and can put
people in danger for being around different chemicals. Finding new medications means they have to be tested after being made; which can put citizens
into more danger because scientists aren't certain this process will

The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 with funding from the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health with the goal of
decoding the human genome. Researchers from across the world are working in conjunction to understand the sequence of amino acid base pairs and
how they interact with one another to elicit specific genetic reactions. Once the decoding of the genome takes place, scientists will be able to develop
individual treatment plans and understand a number of diseases. Research has found that there are over 3 billion amino acid base pairs which make–up
20,000 genes. Of these 20,000 genes, the human genetic code is defined by forty–six tightly packed bunches called chromosomes. Due to the vast array
of amino acid base pairs, the project has taken over ten years to complete the sequencing of the specific parts, but the task of understanding how the
parts interact one another and the influence they have on diseases has yet to be accomplished. The genetic material in chromosomes defines human
attributes and is developed from proteins. Proteins are a series of amino acids, which are strung together, and the unique combination of nucleic acids
(A, T, C, and G) in the protein give specific directions to the cell to produce certain combinations of amino acids. This process creates proteins varying
in form and function based upon the series of amino acids. The differing proteins cause numerous actions in the body to be carried out, and are

The Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the
estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the
functioning of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical science in
the twenty–first century and will be of great value to the field of medicine. The project will help us to understand and eventually treat more than 4,000
genetic diseases that affect mankind. The scientific products of the human genome project will include a resource of genomic maps and DNA sequence
information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall budget needs for the effort are expected to be about $200 million per year for approximately 15 years.
Lasers are used in the detection of DNA in many aspects of the project; a very important use is in sorting chromosomes by flow cytometry. Lasers are
also used in confocal fluorescence laser microscopy to excite fluorescently tagged molecules in genome mapping, in addition to other mapping uses. In
diagnostic applications, lasers are used with fluorescent probes attached to DNA to light up chromosomes and to create patterns on DNA chips.
From the beginning of the human genome project it was clearly recognized that acquisition and use of such genetic knowledge would have momentous
involvements for both individuals and society and would pose a number of consequential choices for public and professional deliberation.
As Thomas Lee writes, "the effort underway is unlike anything ever before attempted, if successful, it could lead to our ultimate control of human
disease, aging, and death".
Whatever its justification, the human genome project has already inspired society with the hope of "better" babies, and one way to deploy
pragmatism in the analysis of genetic engineering is to look at this promise of "better" babies in its social context: parenthood. Parents hope
for healthy children and, if they could afford it, make choices (such as choosing parental care) to help "engineer" healthier babies.

Evolution Of The Human Genome Project
While many diseases and viruses are caused by outside sources, some diseases occur from within the human body. Regular ailments can be cured with
medicine, or fought off overtime by getting a vaccine, but certain diseases and anomalies cannot be directly treated. This is because they are
genetically inherited by certain parts of one's DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is inherited from the parents of a person. These
strands, found within the nucleus of all cells, determine the appearance and genetic structure of a person. Through one's DNA, there may be diseases
inherited from the parents, such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher's disease and Parkinson's disease. In order to heal and fix patients, doctors needed to
learn more about the Human Genome. In 1990 work began on the Human Genome Project, which would map the entirety of the genes in the human
species. However, the participants would not have been able to work without the discoveries made by those before them. In order for The Human
Genome Project to exist, the background of genetics must be known, for the discoveries made in the field would be what eventually led the project
itself. Genetics in itself is a fairly new concept, which officially began in 1865 in central Europe. A monk named Gregor Mendel learned about heredity
and inheritance through breeding pea plants. After retiring from his teaching and scientific life, he became the abbot of his church. Unfortunately, the
importance of his discovery was

Human Genome Lab Report
Abstract: As I read more about the theory of macroevolution, I wanted to investigate the similarities between genomes of different species. The blast
lab's program allowed me to compare specific human proteins' genome libraries in the Blast tool and figure out which species of animals were close to
humans on the chart. I used the human keratin, Pax1, and myosin proteins' genome and studied them using the Blast tool. As I compared the results
with the human proteins, all three genes were almost identical to those of primates. Only 1% of the genome library, more or less, was different between
the two species. These results coincided with the theory that humans and primates must have shared a common ancestor according to macroevolution.
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both species of chimpanzees and bonobos proved to be the closest to human with numbers as low as 1% difference between human and primate genes
such as myosin. Using the macroevolution based results from the BLAST tool, I was able to make theoretical inferences regarding the theory itself.
Due to the similarity in the respective proteins of both humans and primates, there are various views of the dynamics of macroevolution that could
argue for the theory of humans and primates sharing a common ancestor. This type of macroevolution, either through gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, could have resulted in the distinct genomes of both humans and primates, but also show the similarity of both sequences. As I analyzed
the BLAST lab and its results, I was able to understand more behind the theory of macroevolution and test for myself some of the evidence that is used
to back it up. I am still interested in comparing more genomes and have future questions on the similarity or difference between distinct species such as
fish and

The Development Of Human Genome Development
Cellular process that are crucial for health or disease are orchestrated by the expression of multiple genes in a network of differential complex signaling
pathways, consisting of many physical and functional interactions.
Unlike the stable genome structure, the highly dynamic interactome represents a major challenge for quantitative mapping of protein–protein
interactions . In this article, I will discuss the latest systems science advances by using breakthrough technologies to gain an understanding of the whole
picture of the spatiotemporal signaling network as a response to dynamic individual genome–lifestyle interactions and translating it to the clinic.
The intracellular signal transduction network involves the two complex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Current and emerging sequencing– and arrays–based methods are changing life sciences. Understanding how genome structural variation influences
gene–expression regulatory networks and organ homeostasis, leading to disease, will change medical implementations, improving healthcare by
achieving personalized clinical practice, particularly in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics . Combining next–generation sequencing with advancing
mass spectrometry–based proteomics and phosphoproteomics , living cells imaging technologies and 3D genome mapping now provide powerful
strategies for understanding input–output circuits at the protein, gene, chromosome and whole–genome level. Collectively, these genome–mapping
novel technologies and systems and synthetic biology advances, along with mathematical and computational strategies , allow us to shift from amazing
cell lines and network modeling research to the initial steps of clinical genome and clinical cell signaling transduction circuits , which build the
foundation for medical practice.
Signaling transduction pathways
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active transport. Passive transport does not require
energy whereas active transport requires energy to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

Human Genome Project Pros And Cons
Although the Human Genome Project has allowed for enormous amounts of new scientific breakthroughs and has the potential for many more
opportunities, there are many dilemmas with the use of its information and much opposition towards it. One of the biggest scientific topics heavily
debated is whether or not to use the information provided from the Human Genome Project. If it is ruled ethical to use the information from the Human
Genome Project, the next biggest question would be whether to use certain aspects and pieces of information from the Human Genome Project or to
use it entirely.
In order to extract information from the Human Genome Project, first, a physical map must be produced by mapping, or characterizing, the
chromosomes. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many other new projects are expected in the near future, one of which is The Cancer Genome Atlas. The goal of The Cancer Genome Atlas is to
determine the genetic abnormalities in fifty major types of cancer. ("Human"). Medicine has been revolutionized because of the Human Genome
Project. New drugs will soon be administered that will be much more specific, effective, and fortunately cause less side effects. With the information
of someone's genome sequence information, medical professionals will be able to create more personalized medicine. The more specific medicine
will be more preventative and have more specific strategies to aid the person in their recovery. ("Human"). New methods of interventions can also be
put into action that will decrease inheritance risks of an individual's offspring. (Collins). Genetic tests can be strikingly beneficial for someone but
unfortunately out of reach for the majority of people because of the extremely high prices. The National Institute of Health has made moves towards
trying to lower the cost of sequencing an individual's genome to around $1000 or possibly less. ("Human"). Recently, it has been speculated that DNA
could possibly be connected with non–medical conditions, such as an individual's level of intelligence and personality

Dark Matter In The Human Genome Essay
The new revelation in the human genome that scientists have developed an understanding of the useless junk are actually noncoding DNA, also known
as dark matter. The understanding of the dark matter focus on genetics, deoxyribonucleic acid; also known as DNA, especially non coding DNA in the
human genome. During the Human Genome Project, the first establish genome sequence shows that there were a lack of use of DNA in our body. Only
a certain amount of the human genome's DNA encode protein sequences while the rest are non coding DNA. The non coding DNA serves a purpose in
the body, but without proof they were announced as dark matter, thus signifying that the dark matter in the human genome are useful not useless. The
new revelation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The telomerase carry its own RNAs molecule as a template to restoring the telomere back to its proper length after the cell division. Since the
telomere is consist of dark matter that helps protect the cell from losing any important DNA. The DNA that which is located in the cell nucleus.
Telomere, "a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome" ("What Is a Telomere?), which protects the end of the
chromosome from deterioration, from combining with neighboring chromosomes. However, if the telomere is shortened the enzyme telomerase will
do its best to fix itself and the telomere can not be fix regardless of how hard the telomerase tries to restore its length. Once the telomere is shortened
the "SOS response, and the cell will do one of two things: stop replicating by turning itself off, becoming what is known as senescent; stop replicating
by dying, called apoptosis" ("What Happens When DNA Becomes Damaged?"). If the telomere decides to continue to divide, becoming abnormal and
potentially dangerous for the human body it can lead to having cancer. Overall, if understanding the gene expression of the enzyme telomerase restoring
a dark matter shows that dark matter are the instructor that gives instruction to encoding

Human Genome Modification Essay
The warrant in my position is the evidence and testimonies of the success in human genome modification. According to my sources in my annotated
bibliography, human genome modification has granted infants a second chance of life. Diseases that lie within an embryo from the parents can be
extracted and destroyed to prevent premature deaths. This procedure can prevent the embryo from spreading a mutation or disease to their offspring in
the future. Additionally, the different aspects of my sources covers questions regarding how the procedure is done, ethics, the benefits, and successful
testimonies. The procedures are conducted by scientists and doctors who follow the restrictions on human genome research of their respective counties.
Furthermore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since scientists and doctors nearly mastered the procedure, ethicists are concerned that curiosity may result in further customizations of physical
features of an embryo or, the new "liberal" eugenics. For example, some parents may be open to the option of changing their child's eye color, natural
physical skills, hair color, and number of fingers. However, this is nearly impossible to do since authors of scholarly journals, articles, and periodicals
that supported my claim proved otherwise since restrictions of human genome research is prominent by governments where this research is aloud.
Therefore, this warrant supports my claim the eugenics won't reemerge from human genome modification since the government has existing
regulations to prevent and punish any experiments leading to the horrifying acts of eugenics. As I mentioned above, since this life saving research was
conducted on embryos, researchers have found new ways eliminate existing mutations and diseases. For example, if an embryo developed a blood
disorder, the scientist would be able to prevent the soon–to–be infant from premature death or passing it on to its offsprings in the future. The sources
that were used in my annotated bibliography are all primary examples of the unlikely emergence

Human Genome Project Paper
The Human Genome Project is a very well–known scientific research project made to determine the sequencing of chemical base pairs which make up
human DNA. The Human Genome Project is also made to identify and map all of the human genes from both physical and functional parts. But how
does this really affect us?
The Human Genome Project has aimed to provide us with detailed information about the Human Genome. This will be extremely effective towards
studying people with specific diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The DNA sequences of any two people
are actually very alike. The little difference is those that cause a high risk of an individual developing a certain disease. During the course of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privacy issues have also been rising throughout the project. Having this information being shared across governments or companies and the
availability of this information for anyone's interest is a great risk (NLCATP 2015). However, there are many scientists who don't believe in the HGP
simply because no one knows how a single gene change can affect humans. Clearly, if used correctly The Human Genome Project can become a
beneficial factor in curing life–threatening diseases. The information from genetic tests, provided by the scientific community, will be shared with the
public and medical communities. By sharing the information, it helps doctors save lives of patients. However, sometimes scientists still remain unsure
on how to interpret the results of tests. Many agreements were made during the project, resulting in the publication of scientists' findings. By having
the information visible to all, it allows advance understandings and the making of medical advances

Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? Can the information produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil?
For example, X chromosome markers can be used to identify ethnicity. A seemingly harmless collection of information from the Human Genome
Project. But let's assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into countries, determine social class, or who gets preferential treatment.
Whether or not this type of treatment is acceptable to a moral society remains to be seen.
The major events of genetic history are important to understanding the Human Genome Project. Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of
specific traits. The basic beginnings of genetic history lay in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Research and technology efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing large portions or entire genomes are called Genome
projects"(Congress, 202). Genome projects are not the effort of a single organization, but instead are groups of organizations working in
government and private industry throughout the world. The controversies surrounding the Human Genome Project can be better explained by
explaining the structural and moral aspects of the project. Begun in 1990, the US Human Genome Project is a 15–year effort coordinated by the US
Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. It's purposes are to identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, determine the
sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, and develop tools for data analysis.
The objectives of the Human Genome Project are carried out by organizations such as the National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, and various other private organizations. These organizations all have two shared objectives, placing "new methods and instruments into
the tool–kit of molecular biology" and "building research infrastructure for genetics"(Murphy, 17). Any attempt to resolve moral
issues involving new information from the Human Genome Project

Essay On The Sequencing Of The Human Genome
The sequencing of the human genome involves the vision of an advanced medical science and academic research. Nowadays, genetic databases are
making a loud noise to easily determine the relationships between lifestyle, environmental exposures, and genetic diseases. These databases large lean
on collective data in contribution to genetic information and research materials that deal with the genetic cases of diseases. For the reason that genetic
databank has a great potential of massive profit and technologic advancements that could improve our understanding of a range of diseases, private
companies seek to get access to these genetic databanks of patients. However, this research can only proceed with consideration of the ethical, legal and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethical principles for the prospective use of human genetic material and data have been introduced in several European countries. The British Clinical
Genetics Society and the Danish Council of Ethics said that the quality assurance of these tissues in the biobanks are assured in the governing rules of
the regional bodies but solely depend on the boards of each institution. One of the examples in the Data Surveillance Authority in Denmark which has
the sovereignty over its genetic banks which was created in 1996. The Health Council of the Netherlands publicly announced the recommendation that
human material cannot be stored 'without a good reason' (1994). In 1996, France authorized that no institution nor any person could get samples with
the motivation that has a collection of human genome or use and in a way, the samples taken if they have not informed the legal authority in
concerned thereof . On the other note, the very arising issue in the economic factor of the storage and collection of there biobanks has been opened up
with only a few talks and did not receive much of an importance in general . Recently, numbers of recent "charitable trusts" turns the focus on the
economic and political aspects that should be considered in connection to issues that are mainly associated to this like ethical, legal and social factors.
According to several researchers, there is no objective

Genetic Testing And The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project introduces significant scientific findings to the world, but raises a lot of controversies. Many of these controversies
concern the application of this new scientific finding and its ethicality. Genetic information from a project, once aimed towards mapping the human
genome in hope for curing diseases, are now being used in businesses. It shouldn't be permissible for employers to require that all employees, as well as
potential employees, be screened for genetic vulnerabilities and to use the results of such screening when they make hiring, retention, and job
assignment decisions. These genetic vulnerabilities may include diseases, unsuitable personality traits and other traits the company deems undesirable.
Employees shouldn't be judged by their genes, because the results do not adequately speak for what the employees will do in life, the employee's
position in the society, and the employee's financial standing. Genetic testing should be an option for the employees to decide on job assignment rather
than influence the hiring decisions of employers. Genetic testing only shows genetic potential, not potential growth. Conducting genetic testings on
employees infringes on their privacy and encourage more social gaps with genetic classes. There are possible objections to this controversy due to the
possible advantages of the genetic tests. It can be argued that genetic tests can match people with the right occupations and enhance the best given traits

Human Genome Editing Essay
Human genome editing was once viewed as an unattainable goal. It was seen as something that was only seen in sci–fi movies. However, thanks to
rapid improvements in biotechnology, it is no longer a question of if, but a question of when.
According to the Center for Genetics and Society, human genome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
inserted, deleted, or replaced in the genome (genetic material) of a living organism. This deliberately changes the genes passed onto the children –– in
other words –– creating genetically modified humans. The changing of DNA can be used to help those suffering with genetic diseases or syndromes
or even to give a child blue eyes. Human genome editing is a current debate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also beneficial to plants. Genetically modified plants, also known as GMOs, have become a hot topic to debate. A GMO is a result of
artificially altering a plant's DNA. The idea of a GMO has been around since the beginning of the agricultural revolution. If one crop had more berries
on it than another, a farmer would use the seed of the crop with more food. This causes the plant's offspring to have more berries than the average
crop. The trend continues until all crops left have a larger amount of berries than usual. Michael Specter, a journalist focused on science and
technology, furthers this idea by :
All the food we eat – every grain of rice and kernel of corn – has been genetically modified. None of it was here before mankind learned to cultivate
crops. The question isn't whether our food has been modified, but how.
However, genetic modification has advanced, with changes to increase the plant's resistance to insects and weather. In addition, they have also been
used to elongate shelf life, to change the taste of a food, or to adjust the nutrient value in a food. Food can be shipped to more remote areas and
survive in weaker growing conditions. As the population of the world is ever increasing, having the ability to modify food gives reassurance that
humans will always have enough to

Essay On Human Genome Sequencing
1.Current challenges in human genome sequencing
Technologies in sequencing are highly accurate but have limitations in read–depth and read length. Read–depth refers to sequencing the highly
repetitive regions of DNA with few to no errors. Illumina HiSeq and PacBio have allowed geneticists to fill in the gaps of the human genome saving
time and money. In the scope of the read depth issue, researchers are still having issues with undetectable structural variants (SV) including copy
number variants (CNV) and small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). (Bickhart, et al. 2017).
Illumina HiSeq is one of the more accurate forms of DNA sequencing technology, about 99% accurate. The newest version of HiSeq is TruSeq nano
and NEBNext Ultra. Sequencing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New approaches to sequencing include Illumina, PacBio SMRT Chip technology and the nanopore minION. Illumina is accurate about 99.9% of the
time. PacBio is by far the most accurate of the three sequencing technologies. Although the nanopore minION is not as accurate as PacBio SMRT and
Illumina, this technology is able to detect anomalies in the genome. All of these sequencing technologies have a cost associated with them, but the
Oxford Nanopore minION is the most expensive.
Illumina is a less expensive way to sequence. At 99.9% accuracy, Illumina is able to provide short read lengths to be analyzed using Phred. Phred is a
base calling algorithm that calculates the location of a fluorescent peak and records the base for that particular fluorescent label. This technology is not
ideal due to portability and sequencing prep. The DNA still has to be amplified to create a cDNA library using bridge amplification. Illumina requires a
polymerase and fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) followed by Sequencing by synthesis (SBS). This is the final step in
generating the wavelength reading of nucleotide bases. (White, et al. 2016)
The Oxford Nanopore minION sequencer is able to produce reads up to 300kb. Unlike Illumina and PacBio, Nanopore technology can detect structural
variants and cytosine modifications including hydroxymethylcytosine, formylcytosine and methylcytosine. The purpose of this

Why Is The Human Genome Project Important

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