Here is a comparative and statistical analysis of the top 10 toughest examinations in India.The rankings might be debatable, but it all adds to the importance of the exams.
Dharmsinh desai university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 786200478600007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Cochin university of science & technology prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Cochin university of science & technology
Here is a comparative and statistical analysis of the top 10 toughest examinations in India.The rankings might be debatable, but it all adds to the importance of the exams.
Dharmsinh desai university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 786200478600007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Cochin university of science & technology prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Cochin university of science & technology
Functioning of Affiliated Engineering Colleges in India – A Comprehensive Surveyinventionjournals
The education of engineers of any country is very crucial for ensuring the prosperity of their citizens. This comprehensive survey reviewed the engineering education system with ground realities. This research work presents the facilities in affiliated engineering colleges, reasons for poor functioning of Technological Universities in India, suggestions for improvement of present situation. An exhaustive survey has been conducted on 1658 teaching faculty across 14 states in India and observations are presented in this paper on various issues like facilities at the work place, scale of pay, leave rules, job security, support by Private Managements for research activities, examination system, corrupt practices of University staff, record creation by affiliated colleges, vested interests of University Administration. The suggestions to improve the Accreditation mechanism in India have been presented.
In this Web Portal we can find each and every government job information which is announced official, There are lot of website among them this website have updated information compared to other job portal .
Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences prospectus 2016 17 educationiconne...00007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences
WBJEE Cut off 2018: The WBJEEB will declare the cut off in June 2018. WBJEE Cut off 2018 is the minimum marks required by a candidate to be eligible for admission to B.E./B.Tech/B.Arch/B.Pharma in Universities, Govt. Colleges and Self Financed Institutes in West Bengal. With the announcement of WBJEE Results, WBJEEB also releases the qualifying marks and state ranks.
After getting free from board exam anxiety of the student increase more when they get certificate from the board for class XII in science stream, the first thought that strikes students head is to become either an engineer or a doctor. However, there are lot many best Courses After 12th Science that have grown for the class XII pass outs, in which they can pursue their graduation.
The Knowledge Review, thus, presents, The 10 Best Pharmacy & Nursing Institutes in India, 2019, which are bringing the relevant education and industry exposure to the students so that they can exercise these course-learned skills to the workplaces.
India’s growing demand for Quality DoctorsHemapriyaN2
The deficit of quality doctors is one of the major problems that is plaguing the current Indian medical system. The various loopholes that have been identified in the MCI regulations have made it possible for some private medical colleges without proper infrastructure or an adequate number of patients to get accreditation
Many doctors believe that the younger generation’s attraction to medicine as a career is decreasing and naturally they are concerned about this sorry trend. Medicine used to be a very high profile profession to be in and has always attracted good number of bright and intelligent students. Slowly and gradually, the numbers began to decline. Today, it has reached a stage where students are openly showing least interest in pursuing medicine as their career.“Everybody wants easy money, less hard work and also wants to get settled fast. All of these are not present in the medical line. It takes about 10 years to get over with all the medical studies. So, definitely it’s a tough line and only those who are passionate about it can go on.” i reiterate.
Functioning of Affiliated Engineering Colleges in India – A Comprehensive Surveyinventionjournals
The education of engineers of any country is very crucial for ensuring the prosperity of their citizens. This comprehensive survey reviewed the engineering education system with ground realities. This research work presents the facilities in affiliated engineering colleges, reasons for poor functioning of Technological Universities in India, suggestions for improvement of present situation. An exhaustive survey has been conducted on 1658 teaching faculty across 14 states in India and observations are presented in this paper on various issues like facilities at the work place, scale of pay, leave rules, job security, support by Private Managements for research activities, examination system, corrupt practices of University staff, record creation by affiliated colleges, vested interests of University Administration. The suggestions to improve the Accreditation mechanism in India have been presented.
In this Web Portal we can find each and every government job information which is announced official, There are lot of website among them this website have updated information compared to other job portal .
Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences prospectus 2016 17 educationiconne...00007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Dr. n.t.r. university of health sciences
WBJEE Cut off 2018: The WBJEEB will declare the cut off in June 2018. WBJEE Cut off 2018 is the minimum marks required by a candidate to be eligible for admission to B.E./B.Tech/B.Arch/B.Pharma in Universities, Govt. Colleges and Self Financed Institutes in West Bengal. With the announcement of WBJEE Results, WBJEEB also releases the qualifying marks and state ranks.
After getting free from board exam anxiety of the student increase more when they get certificate from the board for class XII in science stream, the first thought that strikes students head is to become either an engineer or a doctor. However, there are lot many best Courses After 12th Science that have grown for the class XII pass outs, in which they can pursue their graduation.
The Knowledge Review, thus, presents, The 10 Best Pharmacy & Nursing Institutes in India, 2019, which are bringing the relevant education and industry exposure to the students so that they can exercise these course-learned skills to the workplaces.
India’s growing demand for Quality DoctorsHemapriyaN2
The deficit of quality doctors is one of the major problems that is plaguing the current Indian medical system. The various loopholes that have been identified in the MCI regulations have made it possible for some private medical colleges without proper infrastructure or an adequate number of patients to get accreditation
Many doctors believe that the younger generation’s attraction to medicine as a career is decreasing and naturally they are concerned about this sorry trend. Medicine used to be a very high profile profession to be in and has always attracted good number of bright and intelligent students. Slowly and gradually, the numbers began to decline. Today, it has reached a stage where students are openly showing least interest in pursuing medicine as their career.“Everybody wants easy money, less hard work and also wants to get settled fast. All of these are not present in the medical line. It takes about 10 years to get over with all the medical studies. So, definitely it’s a tough line and only those who are passionate about it can go on.” i reiterate.
MBBS IN ABROAD
Indian society has always considered the profession of healthcare as the most superior among all. Since Doctors get the highest honor, the youth of India has always been inclined towards pursuing a career in medicine and health sciences, otherwise known as MBBS. But in this era, the number of students enrolling for MBBS abroad is increasing every day and is higher than what it was a few years back. The question is, why is this happening? Affordable MBBS abroad fees could be one of the reasons.
The restricted number of government seats in Indian Universities and the extravagant tuition fees imposed by private medical colleges have encouraged a high number of Indian students to study MBBS abroad.
Since many other countries have accredited medical universities that offer certified and hard-to-resist MBBS courses, which is why opting for MBBS abroad for Indian students at a low cost is nothing but an intelligent choice.
Medical education is quite difficult when compared with other fields of education, but the perks and satisfaction after pursuing a medicinal career make all the effort worth it. MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) is the most aspiring and certified degree for doctors. Two bachelor's degrees are enclosed in one domain the Bachelor of Medicine and the Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). India uses the pattern inspired by the United Kingdom with many other universities in various countries that follow the same system.
Whereas the US pattern awards both degrees separately as M.D (Doctors of Medicine) and D.O (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine). MBBS is the only degree that lets eligible students carry the term doctor before their name. The duration of the MBBS typically lies between 5.5 years to 6 years (4.5 years of academic education + 1-year internship
MBBS IN ABROAD
• NEET is mandatory for all medical students to apply to any medical Universities Abroad.
• The duration of the course can stretch up to 6 years (including 1-year internship).
• A lot of global medical exposure and international practice.
• Access to large university camMCI-recognized cognized universities and colleges.
• Better student-teacher ratio.
• The cost of the whole course is very pocket-friendly (15-30 lakhs).
• Faculty from all across the world.
• Students after graduating have to qualify for the FMGE/NEXT exam to practice in India.
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is one of the most preferred and prestigious courses in India. By completing an MBBS degree, candidates become qualified doctors. Pursuing MBBS is a challenging task, as students are tested at every stage of becoming a doctor. Candidates dreaming to become a doctor should know the detailed MBBS admission process in India. Every year millions of students dream of studying medicine. However, only a few manage to secure MBBS admission in India. Getting an MBBS seat is a highly competitive affair. More than 15 lakh aspirants compete for just 89,395 MBBS seats recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) every year.
All these medical colleges are affiliated with seven universities, with four being government-owned and the remaining three being private universities. These respective universities conduct professional examinations, adhering to the guidelines and norms set by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and the Government of Bangladesh.
To become a speciality doctor, you must get admitted to an MD/MS programme. Both the Master of Medicine (M.D.) and the Master of Surgery (M.S. A three-year PG degree is pursued by students after they complete the MBBS programme.
MD MS Admission 2023 in India
Depending on their ability and interests, MBBS graduates commonly pursue either an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or MS (Master of Surgery).
The study for doctors who practice surgery is called MS, and the study for doctors who practice medicine is called MD (Physician).
A surgeon can carry out a doctor's duties, however a doctor is only allowed to practise medicine in their area of expertise. MD and MS are both highly appreciated in the market. It is up to doctors' desire to select their fulfilling professions.
MD/MS Course Duration
Admission to the 3-year post-graduate MD/MS course is solely contingent upon merit.
General physicians decide to specialise in their area of interest in order to advance their careers. Choices between MD and MS are frequently made since they both pay well. Having a master's degree in medicine not only earns you a nice salary, but it also shows you care about the community.
MD/MS Course Specialities.
Candidates for MD or MS will have knowledge in a certain field. The most popular courses in INDIA are shown below:
• Anesthesia
• Generally Speaking
• Leprology, Venereology, and Dermatology
• Paediatric
• Psychiatry
• Radiology
• respiratory medicine, pulmonary medicine, and TB & Chest
• General Surgery ENT
• Pregnancy and gynaecology (OBG )
• Ophthalmology
• Orthopedics
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Biochemistry
• Pharmacology
• Pathology
• Microbiology
• Community Health
• Criminal Medicine
Every aspirant's aim is to be a part of a prestigious organisation and have a fulfilling job.
Why Reputable Institutions?
Beside academic excellence, specialised doctors are supposed to have a few other noble attributes.
Reputable institutions place equal emphasis on managerial talents as they do on key specialisations, including: listening skills, interactive skills, observing skills, adaptable skills, administrative skills, and many more.
Reputable organisations frequently worry about their reputation and standards. Their sense of obligation to a modern society will be reflected in the calibre of the doctors they generate.
The NEET scores are used to determine eligibility for admission to a conventional institution.
Need For NEET
Any establishment must continually address its flaws and deficiencies in order to succeed in this cutthroat environment. For this reason, effective firms employ root-cause analysis to address the primary issue for long-term gain.
In comparison to its contemporaries, the medical field is more complex because it involves dealing with people's lives. Any standard concession is unacceptable to doctors. Understanding the idea is necessary in order to solve any problems.
Compared to high school exams, the NEET is more competitive. The concepts will be the basis for
MBBS in China allows for practice in India. Until 2018, over 214 medical universities accepted students in the medical program (MBBS) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) program in English and Mandarin. Some Indian agents attempted to enroll students in the TCM program rather than the MBBS program.
The duration of the MBBS program in Armenia is 6 years, aligning with the new guidelines set by the National Medical Commission (NMC), which mandate a specific duration for MBBS programs abroad.
Embarking on the journey of medical education in India requires a comprehensive understanding of the financial landscape, particularly concerning Medical College Fees. This description serves as a guide, unraveling the intricacies of the costs associated with pursuing a medical degree across the diverse spectrum of institutions in the country.
At the heart of financial considerations lies the tuition fees, a fundamental component of Medical College Fees. The fees vary widely across institutions, with government medical colleges generally having lower tuition fees compared to their private counterparts. Prospective students need to delve into the details of these charges to make informed decisions aligned with their budget and aspirations.
Beyond tuition fees, medical education incurs supplementary charges, including examination fees, laboratory charges, and other miscellaneous costs. Understanding these additional financial commitments is crucial for aspiring medical professionals and their families, contributing to a transparent and comprehensive view of the overall financial investment.
For students considering on-campus living, hostel and accommodation fees become significant factors. These fees vary based on factors such as the type of accommodation, facilities provided, and the location of the medical college. Navigating through these considerations ensures a balanced decision between comfort and budget, adding another layer to the financial planning process.
Recognizing the financial strain on students, many institutions across India offer scholarships and financial aid programs. These avenues aim to alleviate the burden of Medical College Fees, making education more accessible and ensuring that financial constraints do not hinder academic aspirations.
In conclusion, understanding Medical College Fees in India is pivotal for making informed decisions about one's academic and financial future. By unraveling the various components of fees and exploring available support systems, prospective medical professionals can navigate the financial landscape of medical education with confidence and clarity, ensuring a well-informed investment in their future careers.
Indian culture has reliably seen the calling of clinical consideration as the most common of all. Since Experts get the most raised honor, the youngsters of India have perpetually inclined towards looking for a deep-rooted in drug and prosperity sciences likewise called MBBS.
Nevertheless, in this period, the amount of students enrolling for MBBS abroad is growing reliably and is higher than it was several years back. The request is, the explanation is this occurrence?
MCI approved medical college in Uzbekistan pdf.pdfMBBS ABROAD
These programs are recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Some of the popular medical universities in Uzbekistan include Tashkent Medical Academy, Bukhara State Medical Institute, and Andijan State Medical Institute.
Everyone wants to study in Delhi as there are so many well-recognized colleges and students from all over India want to get entry to these colleges to get quality knowledge and education. As many students look forward to M.B.B.S. Colleges in Delhi so here we will suggest to you the best M.B.B.S Colleges in Delhi from the huge no. of colleges.
As we all know that it is not easy to get admission to these best medical colleges in Delhi but if you know that you can get admission by giving your effort so here you will get the best suggestions of the Top 10 Medical Colleges in Delhi or can say best M.B.B.S. Colleges in Delhi.
As we all know that it is not easy to get admission to these best medical colleges in Delhi but if you know that you can get admission by giving your effort so here you will get the best suggestions of the Top 10 Medical Colleges in Delhi or can say best M.B.B.S. Colleges in Delhi.
MD Microbiology also known as Doctor of Medicine in Microbiology, its a course of postgraduate level done after MBBS. Basically, it is a study of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of all infectious diseases and understanding of the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Read more about MD Microbiology In India https://medicaldialogues.in/medical-courses/md-microbiology-in-india-check-out-admission-process-fees-medical-colleges-to-apply-eligibility-criteria-99008
Similar to Why Indian students fly out to persue career in Medicine by Dr.Mahboob Khan (20)
In India, Young Graduates Struggle by Dr. Mahboob Khan to Get Jobs.pdfHealthcare consultant
In the world’s most populous country, tens of thousands of graduates and postgraduates, many with professional degrees, such as engineering, spend years studying at the tutoring centers that have mushroomed in Indian cities, hoping to qualify for a highly sought-after government job. The chances are slim. Less than one-half of 1% of the more than 1 million who take the exam each year pass.
The middle class in India is growing unexpectedly, however they're still dealing with demanding situations in accessing excellent and low-priced healthcare. This is because of a number of of factors, such as inefficient healthcare gadget, high price of healthcare, and lack of know-how.
Chat GPT for Doctors -Revolutionizing Healthcare Communication by Dr.Mahboob.pdfHealthcare consultant
Learn how Chat GPT for doctors can revolutionize healthcare communication by improving efficiency and accuracy of patient-provider interaction.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform healthcare. One area that has received particular attention is communication between patients and healthcare providers. The emergence of chatbots powered by AI has provided a new tool for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare communication. One of the most promising applications of AI-powered chatbots is Chat GPT for doctors.
As an expert in hospital management and administration i have written this book -Hospital Management is a new theory in management faculty. Earlier a senior doctor used to perform the role of a hospital manager. However, nowadays everything demands a specialist. Almost all the things related to hospital have changed. Many categories concerning medical sciences and hospital have altered totally. There are various types of hospitals today, including ordinary hospitals, specialty hospitals and super specialty hospitals. The categories are regarding to the types of facilities they offer to the people.
Steve Jobs logged off too soon. He was a serial innovator whose illness cost the world a bright talent who was also a great company leader. I hope that the music from the hymns of praise sung to him in his waning days is playing on his iPod as he ascends into the firmament of the greatest American business leaders. If there were a Nobel prize for business, surely he would have won it. He did what he set out to do and more. He saw the potential for computing power for the masses, useful and accessible to everyone. In a phrase that drove the early Apple, he created bicycles for the mind.
“He is a charismatic leader who inspires people to follow him. A strategic thinker who can master the details. A tireless worker with incredible focus and problem-solving skills. He is well-liked by his employees but is also able
to make and execute unpopular decisions. Above all, he is an exceptional communicator who can convey a vision to any audience, from Wall Street to
the most junior employee.”
Some of the lower vibrations, as you can see on the chart are anger, grief, shame, fear. Some of the higher vibrations are love, joy, appreciation and excitement.
Going to higher vibrations means more energy ,lower vibration is easily achieved and is default in everyone of us and is easily aggravated by gravity.
thats why anger, grief,shame and fear are more common than love ,joy appreciation and excitement.
Hospitals profitability can be increased by boosting patient satisfaction, reducing readmissions and understanding revenue cycle performance.
In this period of healthcare reform, numerous organizations continue to change their business practices so they can obtain more hospital profitability while also delivering quality care. Healthcare expenditures are expected to reach $4.4 trillion by 2022, and this high level of spending activity has hospitals currently under a lot of pressure to reduce costs.
Development of the digital economy started way before COVID-19. The exact date of the beginning may be defined in different ways, depending on different definitions of “digital economy.” The popularly understood “digital economy” phenomenon began when T-Mall was set up in 2003 and when Alipay came online in 2004. While the digital technology brings about the fourth industrial revolution, just like the steam engine, electrical machines, and computers, respectively.
Strategy is not complex. But it is hard. It’s hard because it forces people and organizations to make
specific choices about their future—something that doesn’t happen in most companies. Dr .Mahboob
Khan
Couch potatoes as they are called are the ones who stick on to their sofas just watching the idiot box that has caused many such unwarranted developments in health.
Probably a long vacation could be a precipitating factor for inactivity while the unexpected strife in the country’s developments has brought with it some unexpected holidays. This is the time when children tend to relax but when they cross the line the human body becomes mentally and physically inactive.
While Metaverse is evolving, it holds new potential in healthcare that combines the technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Internet of Medical Devices, Web 3.0, intelligent cloud, edge and quantum computing along with robotics to provide new directions to healthcare.
Robotic Process Automation in Healthcare-An Urgency! By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
More and more industries are adopting RPA because RPA exceeds adopters’ expectations not only when it comes to the rapid rate of ROI(Return on Investment) increase, but also when it comes to facilitating compliance (92%), improved quality and accuracy (90%), or improved productivity (86%).
As per a study conducted by McKinsey, the healthcare sector had a 36% technical potential for automation. It also stated robotic process automation as one of the emerging technologies that will reshape healthcare and create between $350 billion and $410 billion in annual value by 2025.
Apply This to Your Life
We know this is boring, but you know you need to do it!
Clear an hour in your schedule somewhere in the next week, and set your filing system up!
Many inventions originated in wealthy countries and these were responsible to produce global public goods and medical goods.In which everyone got benefitted even developing and poor countries too.This transfer of knowledge is now compromised by the extension of intellectual property rights and held by high-income countries.
Precision medicine will drive new standards of care in post COVID -19 world. In simplest terms precision medicine is the right test for the right patient and at the right time. A physician must choose from an array of complicated tests that are appropriate for a diagnosis and creation of a treatment plan for their patient in a timely manner.
Ways That Quantum Technology Could transform Health Care. By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
You probably don’t grasp the finer points of how quantum mechanics works, but scientists are using its tricky rules to make medicine faster, less painful, and more personalized.
How is COVID-19 Reshaping the role of Institutional strategy? By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
While workers around the globe are keeping essential services running, it is imperative for business leaders, particularly senior strategy executives, to reflect on the lasting implications of COVID-19 and what they can do to best position their people, their businesses, and society to recover and thrive in the long term. Five key shifts can help chief strategy officers (CSOs) successfully guide their organizations through the pandemic.
Retaining Healthcare Quality During COVID-19 and Future of Care Delivery. By....Healthcare consultant
With the onset of COVID-19, healthcare delivery organizations around the world were collectively faced with one primary challenge: How to effectively deliver quality healthcare to all patients, regardless of the entry point into the system, while protecting the well-being of non-COVID-19 patients and the healthcare workforce.
Quality work is the psychological safety and wellbeing of our workforce. The original first tenet of our quality transformation plan centered on building a culture of safety to encourage transparency, trust, and wellness in frontline staff. As COVID-19 plundered our communities, addressing emotional distress and psychological safety remained at the forefront of our efforts.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Why Indian students fly out to persue career in Medicine by Dr.Mahboob Khan
1. 1
Why Indian students fly out to persue career in
Medicine
By.Dr.Mahboob Khan
In a country where becoming a doctor is considered a lifetime
achievement, the journey to the title is anything but easy for the
aspirant.
For the past three years, Delhi-based Ashish Kumar has been trying to
crack the National Eligibility and Entrance Test (NEET) for an entry
into the Bachelor of Medicine and a Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)
course at a good medical college in India. While he has been clearing
the test, his marks have dangled between 400 and 450 out of the grand
total of 720. His low marks always meant that he could not qualify for
any government medical college. While he could have easily gotten
admission in a private college, he did not have the means to afford its
exorbitant fee, unlike many others who could, even with lower ranks.
Kumar is now considering countries that offer medical education at a
cheaper rate as pursuing the course in India seems unviable.
2. 2
Like Kumar, thousands of students scour for universities abroad for
their undergraduate medical courses while not many from other
countries consider India as their destination for medical studies. This
can be attributed to the cost of education, accessibility and also the
vague and opaque regulatory process for medical colleges.
In India, admission to the undergraduate medical courses, including
MBBS, in all medical institutions goes forward only after the student
has cleared the contentious NEET conducted by the National Testing
Agency. In 2021, out of 16 lakh students who took the test, about 8
lakh cleared it. Generally, candidates who score 600 and above can
eye government colleges and the ones below that, between 450 and
600—the ones just like Kumar—are left to the mercy of private
colleges.
Here is the plot hole: India does not have enough seats in government
colleges to accommodate all the students who clear the test. In 2021,
for instance, the available seats could take in only 10 per cent of the
successful candidates. Over the past few years, the number of medical
seats in colleges has increased from 60,000 to 80,000 with the
government setting a target of 1,00,000 seats before the academic
session of 2022-23 commences. Of the current number of seats,
around 42,000 are in government colleges and the rest are in private
colleges.
It is clear that the increase in seats is not commensurate with the
increasing demand as more students are clearing NEET every year.
The next impediment in students’ medical journey—exorbitant fee in
private colleges—has also remained largely unaddressed by the
government. While the government colleges offer subsidised
undergraduate medical education at around Rs 5 lakh for MBBS, the
3. 3
lowest fee for the complete course in any private college is over Rs 70
lakh.
On September 25, 2020, the Medical Council of India (MCI), India’s
former apex regulator for medical education, was replaced by the
National Medical Commission (NMC) under the National Medical
Commission (NMC) Act, 2019 which replaced the Indian Medical
Council Act, 1956.
Under the new act, guidelines were to be framed by the NMC to fix
the fee of 50 per cent seats in all private medical colleges in
accordance with that of government colleges. Following this, the
NMC recently issued a circular asking India’s private medical colleges
to charge a fee equivalent to that of government colleges on 50 per
cent of their seats. While the circular is being seen as a step in the
right direction, its implementation seems to be plagued with problems,
making it seemingly unfeasible.
“If we admit 50 per cent of students on the fee charged in the
government college, then we will have to charge Rs 5 lakh instead of
Rs 75 lakh from those students. Who will compensate for the loss?”
asks a private medical college owner. “If the government asks us to
recover it from the remaining 50 per cent seats, those seats will cost
close to Rs 1.5 crore and medical education will become more
unaffordable,” he adds, explaining his conundrum.
A Costly Affair
Private medical colleges owners in India believe that every aspect of
medical education in India is overregulated with unnecessary essential
requirements related to land, number of faculty members, nurses and
administrative staff. The requirements, which incur a huge cost in
4. 4
opening and running a medical college, haven’t been touched by the
new act.
However, it has relaxed certain other aspects. For instance, to get
recognition under the previous law, a new medical college had to
undergo an inspection every year for five years. In the process, many
used to fail in terms of compliance and lose permission to admit fresh
batches for that academic year. Many colleges were also shut down
due to an allegedly discriminatory approach by the erstwhile MCI
over a small percentage of deficiency in faculty, the status of admitted
patients and infrastructure, claim some colleges.
The new law has discarded that provision and colleges will now be
inspected only twice—once at the time of its opening and once five
years later—to see if they have complied with the norms related to
faculty, administrative staff and infrastructure. However, many
colleges have alleged that NMC is violating the legal provision and
carrying on annual inspections as used to happen earlier.
It was only in 2020 that the 20-acre campus rule, set by the MCI, was
eased by the NMC and the land clause was done away with. However,
as the infrastructural requirements to open a medical college remain
the same, colleges say that removing the land clause hasn't brought
any relief. For instance, as per the previous as well as the new norm, it
is mandatory for a recognised medical college to have a 650-bed fully
functional hospital.
To assess the costs involved, let us take a look at what it takes to
establish a 150-seat medical college. As per government norms, in the
first year, a batch of 150 students must have a 300-bed hospital with
faculty, nurses, emergency services, an out patient department with a
5. 5
footfall of 1,000 patients every day, among other things. By the time
the college admits its fifth batch, the hospital would have to upgrade
to at least 650 beds, of which 75 per cent will have to be occupied at
all times, with added infrastructure and manpower. Besides the
hospital staff, it would need 212 faculty members to teach 600 —first
to fourth year—students.
“In the first two years, students only study anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, forensics and community
medicine. These are pre- and para-clinical subjects for which students
do not need any hospital setting,” explains an official at a private
medical college in Haryana.
“It is only the third year onward that they need to learn clinical
subjects such as surgery, paediatrics, gynaecology, etc. So, for 450
students, we have to create a huge set-up in a 650-bed hospital with
212 faculty, 370 nurses, over 100 technicians and several other
facilities,” he adds.
All in all, the cost of opening a medical college can range anywhere
between Rs 700 crore and Rs 1,000 crore, depending on the city and
the area.
“Who will spend Rs 1,000 crore? Only big businessmen and
politicians. If they are investing so much money, they would hope for
high returns as well,” says an official of a private college in Uttar
Pradesh, adding that the cost to cover the essential requirements to
open a medical college in India is so huge, and irrelevant, that the cost
of education is bound to go up manifold. The colleges have to cut
corners, resort to unfair means and manipulate norms to fulfill it, he
says.
6. 6
If a college does not comply with the norms, it loses its recognition
status and is barred from admitting a fresh batch of students. “This
whole process causes corruption to breed and quality to be
compromised with,” says the owner of a Haryana-based private
college.
Foreign Grounds, Familiar Challenges
The dejected students, who miss the government college bus and
cannot afford to pay the high fees of private colleges, find themselves
in a tough spot. While some give up on their doctor dreams and drop
out, the others flock to countries that offer cheaper medical education
at a cheaper cost.
Countries like Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China, Russia and
the Philippines, which see an influx of Indian medical students, have
colleges with a minimum fee for a course—MBBS, for instance (4.5-
year course plus 1-year internship)—that is two to four times lower
than what it costs in India.
Studying abroad, in itself, is not bereft of challenges. Once these
students finish their course there, a screening test—the Foreign
Medical Graduate Examination—awaits them back home. Only the
ones who clear this test get registered as doctors in India. Further, the
NMC has enacted new regulations for foreign medical graduates on
November 18, 2021, which have imposed strict conditions on students
going abroad making it more difficult for them to fulfil their dream.
Experts say that only 20-30 per cent of all the students who take the
test clear it and become doctors in India and the rest look for alternate
career options. They attribute it to the poor quality of education these
7. 7
students get in some of the countries abroad which justifies its cheap
value.
“The passing percentage in the screening test is less than 30. This is
because countries like China and Russia offer differential medical
education systems in which they follow strict regulatory norms for
their own students but compromise with training and facilities for
international students, including Indians,” says Dr R.K. Srivastava,
former chairman of board of Governors of the dissolved MCI. He says
that medical colleges in these countries calculate the return of
investment by compromising with the standards of establishing a
medical institution, faculty and skill training as they know that these
doctors (foreign students) have to go back to their own country to
work.
“In the USA, the cost of medical education is three times more than
that in India because they follow a more robust, long-duration and
high-quality education system,” he adds.
Some education counsellors and owners of private medical colleges in
India, however, disagree with Dr Srivastava’s view. They feel that the
low passing percentage cannot solely be an indicator of teaching
quality and skill training.
Anuj Goyal, an education counsellor who runs a firm called Get My
University, says that Indian students who go to countries like
Bangladesh and the Philippines perform better in screening tests as
compared to those who go to low-density countries like Russia.
He explains why: “Students going to high-density countries like
Bangladesh or the Philippines find a similar training environment as in
India. The student-patient ratio, population density, climatic condition,
8. 8
teaching language, among others, are multiple factors that influence
the passing percentage.”
Delhi-based counsellor Ravi Kaul suggests that the passing marks for
NEET should be raised above 300 from the current 138 for the general
category and 108 for SC/ST candidates so that students with poor
marks do not have to look for options abroad.
“Today, if you have 108 out of 720, admission is out of the question in
India. So, students choose an inferior college abroad. Such students
bring down the passing percentage of screening tests,” says Kaul.
Meanwhile, the new act has made provisions for an exit exam—the
National Exit Test— for both Indian and foreign students after
completing their medical courses from 2024 onward. Education
counsellors say that quality comparison will become more meaningful
after that.
The Way Forward
Some experts suggest that the intake capacity of each college should
be increased by two to three times to accommodate and train more
students using the same infrastructure. Then there are others who
believe that increasing the number of seats will bring down the
quality.
“In medical education, the more you get to see the patients, the better
you become as a doctor. The increase in seats will impact the patient-
doctor ratio,” says an MD student from AIIMS.
One section of experts feels that the government should not just give
permission to open medical colleges but also affiliate them with stand-
alone hospitals so that students can get their training in these hospitals.
9. 9
However, some medical experts are skeptical about this model being
successful as both teaching and hospital businesses have their own
interests and targets.
“This can only be successful when the ownership of the college and
the hospital remains in the same hand. The government should
encourage big hospital groups, especially Max, Fortis, Apollo, etc., to
enter medical education as well,” says Dr Gulshan Garg who runs an
NGO called Sankalp. “If the regulatory framework needs to be
tweaked to make these big hospital chains enter medical education, it
should be done,” he adds.
Dr Srivastava, on the other hand, suggests a minimum viable product
model for colleges to make affordable medical education a reality. He
feels that the cost will come down considerably if medical colleges
spend on basic necessities instead of expensive buildings and
luxurious infrastructure.
“Instead of low-volume and high-cost investment, which is happening
at present, it should rather be high-volume and low-cost. The
government, the regulator and medical colleges should think about it,”
he says.