Asthmatic child is a great concern for family. Its a life long condition which needs specific management.
Presenting to you a case on topic wheezing by Vidya Abraham.
Contents :
Case scenario of a child
Identifying data
Cheif complaint
History of present illness
Additional questions to ask
Review of systems
History
Physical examination
Salient features
Initial impression
Differential diagnosis
Final diagnosis
Childhood asthma
Its risk factors
Pathophysiology
Investigations
Management
Medications
Optimal goal
Prevention and advise.
Sepsis is leading cause of death in children. septic shock and multi organ dysfunction is final common pathway for death in various infections. We discuss here evidence based management of sepsis and septic shock in children.
Septic shock, updated presentation, including latest guidelines from Intensive care societies and how to approach to the diagnosis with few notes about Early Goal Directed Therapy and role of steroids
Sepsis is leading cause of death in children. septic shock and multi organ dysfunction is final common pathway for death in various infections. We discuss here evidence based management of sepsis and septic shock in children.
Septic shock, updated presentation, including latest guidelines from Intensive care societies and how to approach to the diagnosis with few notes about Early Goal Directed Therapy and role of steroids
this guideline based on recent articles by major education establishments concerned with building national guidelines. please dont be hurry to make comments about use of IV aminophylline. aminiphylline used under some extra care and when other treatment options are failing. benefits of those treatments yet remain controversial. IV aminophylline has its own risks including the possibility of toxicity.
Case presentation on mengoencephalitis |Inflammation of the brain NEHA MALIK
Inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues, usually caused by infection.
Meningoencephalitis is a condition that's usually caused by a virus, bacterium, parasite or other microorganism. Examples include West Nile virus, mumps or tuberculosis.
Symptoms vary, depending on the cause. They may include fever, confusion, vomiting, seizures or, if left untreated, death.
Treatment may include antibiotics, antivirals or supportive care, depending on the origin of the disease.
By Anjala Nizam & Sarah Bouka
Pediatric clinical approach to a child presenting with cough and fever. This includes:
1. History Taking
2. Physical Examination
3. Investigations
4. Management
this guideline based on recent articles by major education establishments concerned with building national guidelines. please dont be hurry to make comments about use of IV aminophylline. aminiphylline used under some extra care and when other treatment options are failing. benefits of those treatments yet remain controversial. IV aminophylline has its own risks including the possibility of toxicity.
Case presentation on mengoencephalitis |Inflammation of the brain NEHA MALIK
Inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues, usually caused by infection.
Meningoencephalitis is a condition that's usually caused by a virus, bacterium, parasite or other microorganism. Examples include West Nile virus, mumps or tuberculosis.
Symptoms vary, depending on the cause. They may include fever, confusion, vomiting, seizures or, if left untreated, death.
Treatment may include antibiotics, antivirals or supportive care, depending on the origin of the disease.
By Anjala Nizam & Sarah Bouka
Pediatric clinical approach to a child presenting with cough and fever. This includes:
1. History Taking
2. Physical Examination
3. Investigations
4. Management
Student Name:
Course Name:
Assignment Due Date:
Week 3 SOAP Note
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: coughing, follow-up lab results.
History of Present Illness: 37 year-old- Hispanic male, , who presents to the clinic for a follow up visit on abnormal triglyceride levels that were done 2 weeks ago, and a complaint of intermittent non-productive coughing x 2 weeks with mild clear nasal drainage and watery eyes. Cough worsens at night in supine position interfering with his sleep and is decreased during the day. Denies any. Constitutional symptoms or associated symptoms such as nasal congestion, headache, dyspnea or chest pain. Does anything make it better? Any OTC remedies? That all goes below.
Medications:
Lisinopril 20 mg once a day
Simvastatin 20 mg once a day
Metformin 1000 mg twice a day
Glimepiride 4 mg once a day
OTC- Loratadine 10mg once a day
Allergies: No known drug allergies or food allergies. Has seasonal allergies during spring and summer.Possibly environmental as well.
Past Medical History: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and seasonal allergies.
Past Surgical History: No past surgical history.
Personal/Social History: smokes one pack of cigarettes per day for 7 years. Still currently smoking. Drinks alcohol on occasion. Denies any drug use. States he does not exercise regularly and is not on any special diet, but is trying to start a diet and exercise program.
Immunizations: Up-to-date. Last DTAP was 2 years ago, flu shot was in November 2012.
Family History:. His father has diabetes and hypertension. His mother has hypertension and arthritis. He has one brother, still living with no medical problems. He is single, and has no children.
Review of Systems:
General: admits he is mildly obese, no recent weight change or loss, no fever, fatigue, or weakness.
Skin: reports no rashes, mumps, sores, itching, dryness.
Eyes: No changes in vision. No vertigo. No eye pain. Has watery eyes. Need to explain positive finding using the 7 variables
Ears: No recent hearing loss. No tinnitus. No ear discharge or ear pressure.
Nose: Seasonal allergies for which he takes Claritin but has been out for two months. Now symptoms are worsening. No nasal congestion. Has mild watery clear nasal discharge intermittently for three months with occasional cough at night. No epistaxis.
Throat: Denies sore throat. No hoarseness. No bleeding gums or dry mouth.
Neck: Denies neck pain or stiffness.
Respiratory: See HPI. Non-productive cough. No hemoptysis. No wheeze.
Cardiovascular: No palpitations, chest pain, edema, shortness of breath. States having history of diet controlled hypertension. Takes periodic readings at local pharmacy and ranges 130-140 systolic and 70 to 80 systolic. Has had difficulty controlling hyperlipedimia due to diet- likes eating fried food.
Gastrointestinal: No nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation.
Endocrine: History DM type 2 which is control via diet and medication. Does not recall l.
First clinocopathological conferece presentation by
Awab Hassan
Ammara Mahroof
Elishbah Naveed
Ali Raza
Abila Shakor
Bahroz Khan
The pathophysiology along with the treatment and drugs used in asthma are briefly covered.
Comment by Morgan, Dorothy Tali Do not forget to include a runniLynellBull52
Comment by Morgan, Dorothy Tali: Do not forget to include a running head to follow APA guidelines
Health History
Yensi Aguilar
Benjamin Leon School of nursing
NUR1060C: Adult Health Assessment
Professor Dorothy Morgan
April 7, 2021
Health History
Identifying data
Date of history: 28/02/2021
Examiner: Yensi Aguilar
Name: L.P.
Address: 3403 SW 6h Street
Phone Number: 786-597-3071
Age:46
Sex: Female
Race: White
Place of Birth: Honduras
Marital Status: Married
Significant Other: Husband
Occupation: Teacher
Religion: Christian
Primary Language: Spanish
Secondary Language: English
Source of referral: The patient found the hospital’s address on the internet
Source of history: Documents with the patient’s health history gave information concerning the patient. The patient also talked concerning her health status.
Reliability: Currently, the patient seems to have a stable mental and physical state.
Chief Complaints/Reasons for Visit: According to the patient, she started experiencing high fever, blood-stained sputum, night sweats, coughing, and weight loss.
Present Illness
Time of onset: according to the patient, she started experiencing symptoms two weeks ago.
Type of onset: The patient says that she started by occasionally sweating, mild cough, headache, and pain in the abdomen area. Over time, these conditions became severe.
Original Source: The patient complains of pain in her chest and respiratory tract.
Severity: During the day, the patient does not feel many discomforts, but it becomes worse at night due to lower temperatures. Hence, the condition does not deter the patient from executing tasks during the day. The severity of her state is at 5 out of 10 on a 0-to-10-point scale.
Radiation: At night, the patient feels severe pain throughout her chest region
Time Relationship: At first, this condition was still developing and was easy to handle. However, it has evolved and has gotten worse.
Duration: It has been two weeks since the patient started experiencing the symptoms.
Association: The symptoms experienced by the patient are similar to those of flu.
Source of Relief: According to the patient, she feels better when resting after doing some light physical exercise.
Source of Aggravation: The symptoms become worse during the night. Again, exposure to allergens such as dust or cold increases the symptom’s severity.
Past History
General State of Health: The patient’s general condition is fair, considering she is suffering from a chronic illness.
Childhood Illnesses: She suffered from smallpox and measles as a child
Adult Illnesses: Hypertension, Anemia, and asthma
Psychiatric Illnesses: She has experienced mild depression in the past
Accidents and Injuries: Never had an accident or injuries
Operations: The patient denies any surgical operations
Hospitalizations: After visiting the hospital, the patient got an admission to the Jackson Hospital for one week to undergo treatment for asthma and hyper ...
Cough Physiology, mechanism. Approach to cough. Acute vs chronic cough. Types of cough. Sputum Color, History and Examination. Hemoptysis Physiology, common causes. Hemoptysis vs Hematemesis. Case scenarios. Cardiac vs Respiratory cause of cough
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. A three year old comes in with a complaint of coughing for 2 weeks. Coughing is present every night. He has
also had a mild fever, but his temperature has not been measured at home. His parents have been using a
decongestant/antihistamine syrup and albuterol syrup which were left over from a sibling. Initially the cough
improved but it worsened over the next 2 days. He is noted to have morning sneezing and nasal congestion.
There are colds going around the pre-school. He has had similar episodes in the past, but this episode is
worse. He has no known allergies to foods or medications.
His past history is notable for eczema and dry skin since infancy. He is otherwise healthy and he is fully
immunized. His family history is notable for a brother who has asthma. In his home environment, there are no
smokers or pets.
Case
3. ● Exam: VS T 38.1, P 100, RR 24, BP 85/65, oxygen saturation 99% in room air.
He is alert and cooperative in minimal distress if any. His eyes are clear, nasal
mucosa is boggy with clear discharge, and his pharynx has moderate lymphoid
hypertrophy. He has multiple small lymph nodes palpable in his upper neck.
His chest has an increased AP diameter and it is tympanitic (hyperresonant) to
percussion. Rhonchi and occasional wheezes are heard on auscultation, but
there are no retractions. Heart is in a regular rhythm and no murmurs are
heard. His skin is dry, but not flaky, inflamed or thickened.
6. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
2 weeks PTA Patient started coughing and is present every night
He also had mild fever but temperature not
monitered at home
After taking decongestant/
antihistamine syrup and
albuterol syrup
Intially the cough improved but it worsened
over the next 2 days
Has morning sneezing and nasal congestion
7. ● Is there sputum while coughing? Or dry cough ?
● How long does one episode of cough last?
● Is the cough recurrent or persistent?
● If there is sputum, what is its color and amount?
● Is there blood in cough ?
● Does physical activity increase or decrease cough?
● Does it interfere with sleeping?
● Is there difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath due to cough?
● Is there chest pain ?
● Is the breathing noisy?
● How many similar episodes in past?
● Is this symptoms occur seasonal or present through out the year?
● Is there vomiting due to extreme cough?
● Is there choking while taking food ?
● Can the child do daily activities?
Additional questions to ask:
11. ● He has had similar episode in past
● After using decongestant/antihistamine and albuterol syrup initially the
cough improved but it got worsened over the next 2 days
● Notable for Eczema and dry skin since infancy
● He has no known allergies to foods or medication
Past medical history:
•Additional questions:
•When did the episode start ?
•How long does it lasted? :
•Dry cough or with sputum?
12. FAMILY MEDICAL HISTORY:
(+) Asthma – brother
Additional questions :
•Does any other family members have asthma or are exposed to TB?
•Does any of the family members have diabetes mellitus or high blood presure
or any other illness
13. ● Not given
BIRTH AND MATERNAL HISTORY:
Additional questions :
•Age of the mother during pregnancy?
•Is the chile born preterm or term? Age of gestation?
•Method of delivery
•Any complications or respiratory distress in child after birth?
•Parity and gravidity?
•Intake of drugs or alcohol or smokind during pregnancy?
•Infections during pregnancy?
•Any complications or illness during pregnancy
•Birth weight
14. ● Fully immunized
IMMUNIZATION HISTORY
Additional questions :
•What are the vaccines ?
•Is Covid Vaccine included ?
•Is flu shots included?
15. NUTRITIONAL HISTORY
Not given
Additional questions :
•Type of feeding during infancy ?
•What are the foods taken by child ?
•His likes and dislikes ?
•How about his appetite ?
•Any vitamins taken?
16. Developmental History :
Not given
Additional questions :
•Did the child Achieved various milestones in appropriate age?
17. SOCIAL HISTORY:
• There are colds going around the preschool
• No smokers or pets in his environment
Additional questions
•Did the child travel anywhere recently other than preschool
•Is the child happy with everyone? Any suspect of abuse ?
•How is the hygiene maintained at home?
•What is the source of water?
18. Alert and cooperative in minimal
distress if any
● Temperature: 38.1 C (Febrile)
● Pulse Rate :100 bpm (Normal)
● Respiratory Rate: 24 bpm (Normal)
● Blood Pressure:85/65 mm/Hg (slightly low
BP)
● O2 saturation: 99% in room air
Vitals:
Dry but not flaky, inflamed or thickened
Skin :
Physical Examination:
General:
19. HEENT
:
•Eyes are clear.
•Nasal mucosa is boggy with clear discharge.
•Pharynx has moderate lymphoid hypertrophy.
•Multiple small lymph nodes palpable in the upper neck.
20. Chest/Lungs:
• Chest has an increased AP diameter and
it is tympanitic (Hyperresonant) to
percussion.
•Rhonchi and occasional wheezes are
heard on auscultation, but there are no
retractions.
21. CREDITS:
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Cardiovascular/Heart:
•Regular rhythm and no
murmurs are heard.
22. ● No edema or clubbing, normal range of motion
ABDOMEN
EXTREMITIES
● Flat abdomen without any visible masses, scars or swellings.
● No abdominal distention
● Non tender with normoactive bowel sounds
24. ● 3 year old
● Coughing for 2 weeks
● Coughing present every night
● Mild fever
● After using decongestant/antihistamine and albuterol syrup initially the cough improved but it got
worsened over the next 2 days
● Noted to have morning sneezing and nasal congestion
● Colds around pre school
● Similar episodes in past but this is worse
● Past history of eczema and dryskin in infancy
● His brother has asthma
● Nasal mucosa is boggy with clear discharge
● Pharynx ha moderate lymphoid hypertrophy
● Multiple small lymphnodes palpable in upper neck
● Chest has increased AP diameter and is hyperresonant
● Rhonchi and occasional wheezes are heard
SALIENT FEATURES
30. TUBERCLOSIS
Rule in Rule out
(-) Chest pain
(+) Persistent Cough (-) Loss of appetite
(+) fever (-) Dyspnea
(+) wheezing (-) night sweats
31. CHILDHOOD ASTHMA
Rule in Rule out
(+) Coughing especially at night
(+) Rhonchi and wheezing
(+) Eczema
(+) Mild fever
(+) Sneezing and Nasal congestion
(+) Frequent cold
(+) rhinorrhea
(+) Family History of Asthma
33. ● Asthma is a chronic inflammatory
condition of the lung airways resulting in
episodic airflow obstruction
● This chronic inflammation heightens the
twitchiness of the airways—airways
hyperresponsiveness (AHR)—to
provocative exposures.
● 2 types of asthma (1) recurrent
wheezing in early childhood (2)
chronic asthma associated with allergy
that persists into later childhood
CHILDHOOD ASTHMA
36. ● A combination of environmental and genetic factors in early life shape how the
immune system develops and responds to all environmental exposures.
● This factors may lead to development of innate and adaptive immunity with
increased predisposition to an immune reaction (atopy)
● Respiratory microbes, inhaled allergens, and toxins exposed by the child can injure
the lower airways targeting the disease process to the lungs.
● The child airways and immune system shows abberent immune and repair reponses
so the function gets compromised.
● This leads to persistant inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, remodelling,
change in airway growth and differentiation and altered airways at mature ages.
● Leading to asthma
● Once asthma has developed, ongoing inflammatory exposures appear to worsen it,
driving disease persistence and increasing the risk of severe exacerbations.
37. INVESTIGATIONS
Pulmonary function test : to diagnose and monitor asthma
Spirometry (in clinic): (for child > 6 year old )
• Airflow limitation:
• Low FEV1 (relative to percentage of predicted norms)
• FEV1:FVC ratio <0.80 ( indicates air flow obstruction )
Bronchodilator response (to inhaled β-agonist):
• Improvement in FEV1 ≥12% and ≥200 mL (for asthmatic patient)
Exercise challenge:
• Worsening in FEV1 ≥15% (due to bronchospasm)
Exhaled nitric oxide test : a marker of airway inflammation, can confirm asthma
Daily peak flow or FEV1 monitoring: (to assess airflow at home)
day to day and/or A.M.-to-P.M. Diurnal variation ≥20%
Chest X ray
38. MANAGEMENT
● Assesing the asthma severity is the initial step of therapy.
● Educate the child and parent about the disease and how to keep it in
control by using daily controller medication.
● Control environmental factors and comorbid conditions:
● Medications
● Exacerbations
Comorbid conditions :
Rhinitis
Sinusitis
GERD
Environmental factors :
Tobacco
Smoke
Dusts
Allergens
Chemical odors
40. Medications :
● The patient is 3 year old and has moderate persistent asthma so we
will use the step 3 and 4 to attain well controlled asthma.
● Daily medications are given
● Medium dose inhaled corticosteroids as monotherapy is given
● If asthma is not controlled a combination of medium dose inhaled
corticosteriods with long acting beta agonist is given
● Oral corticosteroids as controller therapy can be used to reduce
inflammation
● As the child has fever paracetamol is also prescribed
41. ● If the child showed well controlled response to asthma treatment for 3
months we can decrease the dose of medications
● But if the child symptoms worsen or acute excerbation of attacks occur
then treatment is stepped up to high dose
Excerbations :
Quick releivers are given to prevent status asthmaticus
42.
43. Prevention and advise
● Avoid allergen and triggers causing asthma attacks
● Stick to daily controller medication even when feeling well
● Quick relievers are used to prevent asthma attacks
● Carry child’s rescue medications
● Encourage the child to be active
● Take vaccine shots against flu.
● Have a written asthma plan
● Further follow up has to be done