The 1920s were a period of conflict in the United States. Xenophobia against immigrants was widespread after World War 1 as returning soldiers struggled with competition for jobs. The Red Scare led to raids against communists and prejudice against many immigrant groups. Prohibition went into effect in 1919 due to pressure from temperance groups, but led to increased crime and corruption as underground alcohol markets emerged. Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. The 1920s also saw economic growth under pro-business administrations.

1. The 1920’s Chapter 22 : The 1920’s

2. Historical Themes Contributions of People and Groups Primary Source Documents Conflict and Cooperation Continuity and Change

3. conflict Conflict is a main theme of American events shortly after WWI.

4. Immigration “ Causing” Conflict ___________________ - For xenophobia there are two main objects of the phobia. The first is a population group present within a society, which is not considered part of that society . Often they are recent immigrants, but xenophobia may be directed against a group which has been present for centuries. This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate hostile and violent reactions, such as mass expulsion of immigrants, or in the worst case, genocide. The second form of xenophobia is primarily cultural, and the object of the phobia is cultural elements which are considered alien. All cultures are subject to external influences, but cultural xenophobia is often narrowly directed, for instance at foreign loan words in a national language. XENOPHOBIA Fear of a population group present within a society, which is not considered part of that society

5. On the Homefront Xenophobia was a major problem after World War I when returning soldiers found themselves competing for jobs and housing with foreigners. This lead to riots, racial tensions, etc..

7. Bolshevik Revolution A. Vladimir Lenin leads overthrow of Czar Nicholas II B. Replaces provisional government with communist government C. Communism- a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed D. Allies stay in Russia after the war to try to maintain previous government E. Allies stay in Europe to protect countries from Bolsheviks F. Russia becomes Union of Soviet Socialist Republic G. Suspicion begins in America (fear)

11. Red Scare

12. Labor Gains Disappear (Conflict) Police strike in Boston causes looting and violence Governor Calvin Coolidge sends National Guard to maintain peace US Steel Coal Strike *Government is again regulating organized labor and industry.

14. Social Turmoil.................(Conflict) A. Lynching despite achievements of African-Americans in and out of war B. Race riots in Chicago deemed “Red Summer” by paranoid US Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer C. Bomb Scares, riots,violence …. Revolution? D. Palmer organizes “Soviet Ark”, Buford sends 249 Aliens to USSR. E. Raids on Communist Party meetings- 4000 jailed, 556 deported F. Prejudices surfacing against: Polish, Russian, and Italian immigrants

15. Palmer Raids

16. Superiority v. Inferiority (Conflict) National Origins Act of 1924 reduced quotas on immigrants and barred Japanese, Chinese, and other Asians from entrance into America. “ Pulling up the ladder” again!

17. Rise of the Ku Klux Klan 4.5 million members, against foreigners, Jews, Af-Americans, Catholics… Use terror tactics to intimidate foreign “enemies”

18. Italian immigrant gentlemen accused of robbery in Massachusetts Anarchists no evidence (just prejudice and fear) executed Sacco and Vanzetti

19. Criticism Authors and Journalists begin to criticize the principles and actions of American government

20. Not A Drop A. Temperance movement from 1830’s had picked up more support up to the war. B. By WWI, ½ of the States are DRY C. Prohibition = more grain for troops, strike against German-Americans who brew beer, and ensure sobriety D. January 1919, 18 th Amendment E. In under-staffing the enforcement of Prohibition, (1520 agents) the “booze” trade becomes controlled by mafia, and made thousands of Americans into Criminals

24. Women’s Suffrage From their efforts in the war and on the homefront, women prove themselves finally as FIRST class citizens. “ Depriving half the nation the right to vote…”…Wilson*** 19 th Amendment passes in 1920

26. Warren G. Harding Friendly and likable, but under-qualified to be President After election victory, appoints many friends to his Cabinet. Ohio Gang Foreign Policy was Anti-League Ignored Treaty of Versailles and made a separate peace with Germany Anti-League = ISOLATIONISM

27. Washington Conference A. Largest Disarmament in history i. Five Power Treaty -US, GB, JP, FR, IT reduce number of ships, not build any more forts/ bases on possessions in Pacific ii. Nine Power Treaty - (Open Door countries) respect China’s integrity and not seek land there iii. Four Power Treaty - US, GB, JP, and FR respect other countries possession in Pacific iv. Washington treaty allowed Japan to prosper, and US relations not great w/ JP because of Immigration Act of 1924 Peace Conference 5 9 4

28. Harding’s Platform Higher Tariffs Lower taxes Less Gov’t Spending Help Farmers and Disabled Vets

29. War Debts during Harding Administration

30. Ohio Gang’s Corruption 1. Colonel Charles Forbes (Veterans Bureau) $250 million wasted or stolen in 2 yrs. 2. other members committed suicide to escape horrendous scandals 3. Harding’s friends causing him more grief than Presidential duties 4. On a trip to West Coast and Alaska, died suddenly on Aug 2, 1923. 5. Secretary of Interior, Albert Fall promised leases of gov’t oil fields to private companies for $325,000 in gifts and loans……………………….and a year in prison.

31. Let’s Review 1. What president was likeable, but severely unqualified ? 2. What mistake did he make in appointing his Cabinet? 3. Describe the cyclical payment arrangement of war debts after WWI? 4. What two amendments were passed at the beginning of the 1920’s?

32. “ The business of America is business” -Calvin Coolidge

33. Calvin Coolidge “ The business of America is business” Shared Thomas Jefferson’s belief that government is best which governs least. Defeats John Davis for Presidential election of 1924 Reduces monopoly laws; Supreme Court rules US Steel not a monopoly even though it owns 40% of the industry.

34. Cool Cal Coolidge is proponent of all things business. “ The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there…” Under Cool Calvin, The Federal Trade Commission, and Federal Reserve Board began to help business they were intended to regulate.

35. Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover defeats Alfred Smith Smith: NY accent, opposed to Prohibition, Roman Catholic Hoover, in comparison, stood for big business, small town, Protestantism, and Prohibition. “ He is certainly a wonder, and I wish we could make him President of the United States. There could not be a better one.” -Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt

38. Hoover, on capitalism: “ It is as if we set a race. We through free and universal education provide the training of the runners; we give to them an equal start; we provide in the government the umpire of fairness in the race. The winner is he who shows the most conscientious training, the greatest ability, and the greatest character.”