- Science involves creating and testing knowledge claims about the natural world using methods and standards of evidence. It aims to build an objective body of knowledge through experiments and observation. - There are four main scientific disciplines: physics, chemistry, biology, and earth/space sciences. The boundaries between them are blurred with overlapping fields like biophysics. - Science uses mathematics and technology as tools. It teaches both facts and "big ideas" like that everything is made of chemicals in chemistry. The purpose is to prepare both future scientists and an informed public.

1. What is Science?
David Geelan

2. There are at least four parts to a definition:
• A set of methods and standards for creating and
testing knowledge claims
• A body of knowledge that has been created by
scientists and has (so far) succeeded in passing such
testing
• The domain of human knowledge that deals with the
natural world
• A world view or set of values – a commitment to the
methods and standards of science in their appropriate
domain

3. Four Broad Disciplines
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Biology
• Earth and Space Sciences – geology, meteorology,
astronomy

4. • The boundaries of the disciplines are blurred (and
artificial) – chemical physics, physical chemistry,
biophysics, bioinformatics, molecular biology, etc
• Science uses mathematics and technology as tools

5. What’s The Big Idea?
• In teaching it is useful to identify a few ‘big ideas’ that
we want students to know
• More important than memorising facts and factoids
• e.g. in Chemistry, one big idea is ‘everything is made
out of chemicals’

6. What is science to children?
• Fun!
• Activities
• A school subject
• A way of knowing about the world

7. Two purposes of science teaching
• Preparation of future scientists, doctors and engineers
• Preparation of all students to be informed,
participating members of society

8. ‘Scientia’
• The word ‘science’ comes from the Greek word
‘scientia’, meaning ‘knowledge’
• Science is about making and testing ‘knowledge
claims’ - claims that we know something
• We test our claims to know about the world, against
the world itself, using experiments

9. Scientific Methods
• (read the relevant literature to know what has been
done before)
• Propose an hypothesis
• Determine what kind of evidence would verify
(support) or falsify the hypothesis
• Gather the evidence (dependent, independent and
controlled variables)
• Analyse it to test whether it supports the hypothesis
• Critically evaluate your methods and actions

10. A Fair Test
• Adolescents love fairness!
• When we claim to know something in science, we
have to be able to support that claim with evidence that
we have used the right procedures
• The procedures (scientific methods) are what make us
confident about our claims

11. My Claim
• More coffee makes lecturers perform better
• To test my claim, what will we need to measure?
(dependent variable)
• What will we need to change? (independent variable)
• What will we need to keep the same? (controlled
variables)

12. Graphs
• One way to represent our evidence is with a graph
• We put the independent variable (what we change) on
the bottom axis and the dependent variable (what we
measure) on the left axis

20. Another claim
• Bouncy balls will bounce higher when they’re warm
than when they’re cold
• What will we measure?
• What will we change?
• What will we keep the same?