This document provides an overview of astronomy and the solar system. It defines astronomy as the study of anything seen in the sky and beyond. It describes how astronomy uses observation and integration with other sciences due to the difficulty of conducting experiments. It then reviews the key components of the solar system, including the sun, terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and smaller objects. Finally, it discusses units for measuring astronomical distances and provides examples to demonstrate the immense sizes within the universe.
The Solar System is composed of the Sun and the celestial objects which are gravitationally bound to it: planets, moons, dwarf planets and their four known moons, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
The Solar System is composed of the Sun and the celestial objects which are gravitationally bound to it: planets, moons, dwarf planets and their four known moons, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
Investigating Astronomy Timothy F. Slater, Roger A. F.docxnormanibarber20063
Investigating Astronomy
Timothy F. Slater, Roger A. Freedman
Chapter 4
Exploring Our Evolving Solar System
Welcome to chapter 4: Exploring Our Evolving Solar System. This week we're going to study our solar system in the big picture view by looking at the major components: the planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects, and comets. We’ll look at how our solar system probably formed and how this suggests that planetary formation is common.
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Comparing the Planets: OrbitsThe Solar System to Scale* The four inner planets are crowded in close to the Sun. The four outer planets orbit the Sun at much greater distances.
*Planets are not to scale!
This diagram shows the orbits of the eight major planets of our solar system to scale. Please note, however, that the size of the planets themselves at this scale would be microscopic, so this is only a scale of the relative sizes of their orbits around the Sun. There are four inner planets that are all very close to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Then there are four outer planets whose distances from the Sun are significantly greater: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
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Comparing the Planets:
Size and CompositionInner planets: rocky materials with dense iron cores and high average densitiesOuter planets: primarily light elements such as hydrogen and helium, low average densities
Now let's compare the planets by size and composition. The important thing to note here is that the groupings remain the same, whether we compare orbit size, planet size, or composition (or even, as we’ll see in a moment, number of moons). The inner planets are all relatively small and are made largely of rock with dense iron cores. Their average densities (the mass divided by the volume) are high. The outer planets, on the other hand, are all very large and are primarily gaseous (mostly hydrogen and helium, though with some other elements). Their average densities are low.
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Moons are Natural SatellitesAll planets have moons, except Mercury and Venus.The outer planets have many more moons than the inner planets.Seven satellites are almost as big as the inner planets.
The word moon is applied to any natural satellite of a planet or other solar system body (aside from the Sun). The inner planets have few if any moons. Earth, of course, has one. Mars has two. But Mercury and Venus have none. The outer planets all have many moons (numbered about in the dozens), with a few being the same size as our Moon or larger, a couple almost rivaling the size of the planet Mercury.
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Determining Composition:
Bodies with Surrounding Atmospheres
Some of these planets and moons have atmospheres. How can we determine what those atmospheres are made of? We can use spectroscopy to look for the chemical fingerprints of different elements and molecules. Saturn's moon Titan has a very dense atmosphere (so much so that we had to send a radar and a lander there to get a view of the surface… we'll see more abou.
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A comprehensive study of Geography for PCS examination
This module is very helpful for the Students who are preparing for the Competitive Examination Like UPSC, BPSC & other State Public Service Commission.
2. What is Astronomy?
Astronomy is the study of anything we
see in the sky, and beyond
Overlaps with physics, chemistry,
geology, and other sciences
3. The Scientific Method in
Astronomy
Astronomy is one of the most difficult
sciences to do, because we can’t do very
many things in a lab
We have to combine our observations with
our understanding of other sciences to make
good predictions
Sometimes, our “lab” is a computer
4. Astrology
Astrology - the belief that the stars and planets
affect your life
Despite the –ology, it’s not a science!
Gravity of other planets is not as strong as the
gravity of your obstetrician!
Does not use the scientific method
It’s complete poppycock
5. Observing the Universe
Astronomy began with people observing
their surroundings
What did the sky look like when herds
moved? When a season changed?
When was it good to plant?
Planets, sun, moon, and stars all seemed
to move independently
6. What have you Observed?
An incomplete list:
Moon
Planets (Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn)
Stars
Meteors (shooting stars)
Aurora
Comets
7. What’s Out There, Anyway?
Atmospheric phenomena
Solar System
Sun and planets; comets, asteroids, etc.
Milky Way
Our galaxy
Extra-galactic
Other galaxies
Some objects like our galaxy
Some completely different phenomena
Things between galaxies
9. Solar System Objects and
Phenomena
The Sun
Eclipses
Planets & Moons
Asteroids
Comets
10. Galactic Objects and
Phenomena
Stars & star clusters
Nebulas
Supernova Remnants
Dead Stars
White Dwarfs
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
Dark Matter
55. Units for Measuring
Astronomical Distances
Astronomical Units (AU)
Defined as the distance from the Sun to the Earth
About 1.496x1011 m (about 150 million km)
Light-years
Defined as the distance light travels in one year
About 9.46x1015 m
Parsecs
Derived from the way stars appear to shift slightly
in the sky as the Earth orbits the Sun
Equal to about 3.26 light-years
56. How Big Is It?
Our Earth
12,756 km across
Earth to the Moon
384,400 km
Earth to the Sun
150 million km
= 1 AU
= 500 light-seconds
57. How Big Is It?, cont.
Sun to Jupiter
5.2 AU
Sun to Pluto
Between 30 and 49 AU
Oort Cloud
Theoretical, unobserved edge of the Solar
System
Out to about 50,000 AU (= 0.79 light-year)
58. How Big Is It?, cont.
Nearest star
4.2 light-years away
Our Galaxy
100,000 light-years across
To the nearest large galaxy
2.5 million light-years away
59. How Big Is It?, cont.
Virgo Cluster of Galaxies
Nearest cluster of galaxies to us
About 50 million light-years (debated)
Quasar 3C 273
One of the nearest and brightest quasars
About 2 billion light-years
Edge of the observable Universe
About 13.7 billion light-years away
60. Light travel times…
Across earth: 0.04 seconds
From moon: 1.3 seconds
From sun: 8 minutes
From Neptune: 4 hours
61. Light travel times…
From nearest star: 4 years
From galactic center: 25,000 years
From Andromeda galaxy: 2 million years
From hot early universe: 14 billion years