The document is a presentation on communication protocols focusing on Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). It covers the components, frame format, services, and the distinction between PPP and Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), as well as detailed descriptions of ISDN services and devices. The presentation also discusses ISDN channels and interfaces, explaining their functionality and technical specifications.

1. PRESENTERS
AMNA FAZAL
19011556-013
ZARGONA
TANVEER
19011556-015
SHAYAN
19011556-035
MEER HAMZA
NAWAZ
19011556-037
AMBREEN
TARIQ
19011556-040
Group 2

2. TOPICS
1.
• POINT TO POINT
PROTOCOL (PPP)
2.
• INTEGRATED SERVICES
DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)

3. PRESENTER
AMNA FAZAL 19011556-013

4. POINT TO POINT
PROTOCOL

5. PROTOCOL
◦ A protocol is a set of rules and regulations that governs the exchange of
information between two or more entities.

6. Point to Point Protocol
◦ Point to Point Protocol is data link layer protocol used to establish a
direct connection between two nodes via a WAN or LAN along
with components and characteristics.
◦ In simple words, Point to Point is a protocol for communication
between two computers using a serial interface (Phone).

7. PPP Components
• Encapsulation
• Link Control Protocol (LCP)
• Network Control Protocol (NCP)

8. Encapsulation
◦PPP encapsulates any packets of Network Layer.
◦PPP encapsulates & carries multiple layer packets over a single
link.

9. Link Control Protocol
Link Control Protocol (LCP) is used for
• Establishing
• Configuring
• Testing
the data link layer.

10. Link Control Protocol
◦ Build and maintain data link connection.
◦ Searches of errors in configuration.
◦ Terminate the link if requirements exceed the parameters.

11. Network Control Protocol
◦ Encapsulates and negotiate options for the multiple network layer.
◦ Include functional fields containing standardized codes to indicate
the network layer protocol that PPP encapsulates.

12. PPP Phase Diagram

13. PRESENTER
ZARGONA TANVEER 19011556-015

14. PPP Frame Format
Flag Address
Field
Control Protocol Payload FCS Flag
Flag:
1 byte that marks the beginning and the end of the frame. The bit pattern of the
flag is 01111110.
Address:
1 byte which is set to 11111111 in case of broadcast.
Control:
1 byte set to a constant value of 11000000.

15. PPP Frame Format
Protocol:
1 or 2 bytes that define the type of data contained in the payload field.
Payload:
This carries the data from the network layer. The maximum length of the
payload field is 1500 bytes. However, this may be negotiated between the
endpoints of communication.
FCS :
It is a 2 byte or 4 bytes frame check sequence for error detection. The
standard code used is CRC (cyclic redundancy code)

16. Services Provided by PPP
◦ Defining the frame format of the data to be transmitted.
◦ Defining the procedure of establishing link between two points and exchange
of data.
◦ Stating the method of encapsulation of network layer data in the frame.
◦ Stating authentication rules of the communicating devices.
◦ Providing address for network communication.
◦ Providing connections over multiple links.
◦ Supporting a variety of network layer protocols by providing a range of
services.

17. SLIP vs PPP
SR
NO.
SLIP PPP
1. SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. PPP stands for Point-to-Point Protocol.
2. SLIP is a Predecessor protocol of PPP. While It is a Successor protocol of SLIP.
3. SLIP support TCP/IP. PPP support every protocol like HTTP,
TCP, FTP etc.
4. SLIP does not provide authentication. While PPP provides authentication.
5. SLIP is a static IP addressing assignment. While it is a dynamic IP addressing
assignment.
6. In SLIP data is transferred in synchronous form. While in this, data is transferred in both
synchronous and asynchronous form.

18. INTEGRATED SERVICES
DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)

19. Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN is a telephone network based infrastructure that allows the termination of voice
and data simultaneously at a high speed with greater efficiency.
ISDN was developed by ITU-T in 1976.
These are set of communication standards for simultaneously digital transmission of
voice, video, data and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public
switched telephone network.
Before ISDN, the telephone system was seen as a way to transmit voice, with some
special services available for data.
The main feature of ISDN is that it can integrate speech and data on the same lines,
which were not available in the classical telephone system.

20. PRESENTER
SHAYAN 19011556-035

21. ISDN Services
Bearer Services
Teleservices
Supplementary Services

22. ISDN Services
Bearer Services:
Transfer of information (voice, data and video) between users without the
network manipulating the content of that information is provided by the bearer
network.
Bearer services belong to first three layers of OSI model. They are well defined
in the ISDN standards. They can be provided using circuit switched, packet
switched, frame switched, or cell switched networks.

23. ISDN Services
Teleservices:
In this network may change or process the contents of the data. These services
corresponds to layers 4-7 of the OSI model. Teleservices relay on the facilities
of the bearer services and are designed to accommodate complex user needs.
The user need not to be aware of the details of the process. Teleservices include
telephony, teletex, telefax, videotex, telex and teleconferencing. Though the
ISDN defines these services by name yet they have not yet become standards.

24. ISDN Services
Supplementary Services:
Additional functionality to the bearer services and teleservices are provided by
supplementary services. Reverse charging, call waiting and message handling
are examples of supplementary services which are all familiar with today’s
telephone company services.

25. ISDN Services
Telephony
Teleconferencing
Telefax Teletex Telex
Tele-
services
Bearer
services
Supplementary
services
Message
Handling
Reverse
charging
Call Waiting
Circuit
switching
Packet
switching
Frame
switching
Cell
switching

26. ISDN supports a variety of services:
Voice calls
Facsimile
Videotext
Teletext
Electronic Mail
Database access
Data transmission and voice
Connection to internet
Electronic fund transfer
Image and graphics exchange
Document storage and transfer
Audio and video conferencing

27. PRESENTER
MEER HAMZA NAWAZ 19011556-037

28. ISDN Devices
ISDN devices can be classified into three types:
1. Terminal Equipment i.e.TE1 and TE2
2. Terminal Adapters (TA)
3. Network Termination devices (NT1 and NT2)

29. ISDN Devices
Terminal Equipment
◦ End device
1. TE1:
◦ Carry digital form of data
◦ Directly Connected to Network terminal (NT2)
2. TE2:
◦ Carry Analog Signals
◦ Use Terminal Adaptor (TA) for Network Terminal Connection

30. ISDN Devices
Terminal Adaptors
◦ Transmit data from Terminal Equipment to ISDN Network
◦ Don’ t modulate between Analog and Digital Signal

31. ISDN Devices
Network Terminal Devices
Terminate the connection between Terminal Equipment and ISDN Network

32. ISDN Reference Points
1. R (Rate)
2. S (System)
3. T (Terminal)
4. U

34. ISDN Channels
1. B Channel
2. D Channel
3. H Channel

35. ISDN Channels
1. B Channel:
◦ Basic User Channel
◦ Data rate of 64 kbps
◦ Carry Digital Information
◦ Full Duplex

36. ISDN Channels
2. D Channel:
◦ Data Channel
◦ Data rate of 16 or 64 kbps
◦ Carry Control Signaling

37. ISDN Channels
3. H Channel:
◦ Hybrid Channel
◦ Data rates of 384 kbps(H0), 1536 kbps(H11), 1920(H12)
◦ High Rate Applications
◦ Video and Teleconferencing

38. PRESENTER
AMBREEN TARIQ 19011556-040

39. ISDN Interfaces
Basic Rate Interface
Primary Rate Interface

40. Basic Rate Interface
In BRI digital pipe consist of two B channels and one D channel, therefore denoted as
2B+1D.
Two B channels have data rate of 64 kbps each and D channel is 16 kbps.
Thus BRI has usable bandwidth of 144 kbps (128+16). The two B channels can be
used for one 128 kbps connection or two independent connections on the two
channels.
The signaling information for the two channels is sent onto D channel.
However, framing, synchronization and other overhead bits require 48 kbps of
operating overhead.
BRI therefore requires a digital pipe of 192 kbps.
BRI designed to meet the needs of residential and small office customers.

41. Basic Rate Interface
64 (B1) + 64 (B2) + 16 (D) + 48(overhead) = 192 Kbps

42. Primary Rate Interface
In PRI digital pipe consists of 23 0r 30 B channels and one 64 kbps D channel
In North America and Japan, 23 B channels and one D channel is used. Hence
denoted by 23B+1D.
In Europe, Australia and other parts of the world 30 B channels and one D channel is
used. This is denoted by 30B+1D.
In PRI, 23 B channels of 64 kbps each and one D channel of 64 kbps equals 1536
kbps.
In addition, PRI service itself uses 8 kbps of overhead. Therefore, 23B+1D requires
data rate of 1544kbps. In case of thirty B channels and one D channel, total bit rate
2048 kbps.

43. Primary Rate Interface
64*23 (B1 to B23) + 64 (D) + 8 (overhead) = 1544 kbps

44. E1 & T1 Lines
Initially they are introduced to carry voice information within the telephone company
network.
The bit rate of a single channel is 64 kbps.
E1 is European standard.
T1 is American standard.
 These lines allow the long distance communication with higher quality.

45. E1 Lines
E1 carries 30+2 channel
30 channels for voice/data
2 channels for controlling
Channel=8 bits
Total bits= 8*32= 256
Sampling frequency = 8KHz
Data rate per channel= 8*8000 =64 kbps
32*64 = 2048 kbps = 2.048 Mbps
TS0 TS1 ………. TS16 ………. TS31

46. T1 Lines
T1 carries 24 channel
24 channels for voice/data + It has 1 framing bit
Channel=8 bits
Total bits= (8*24) +1= 192+1=193
Sampling frequency = 8KHz
Data rate per channel= 8*8000 =64 kbps
(64*24 =1536) + (1*8=8) =1536+8 =1544kbps = 1.544 Mbps
F bit Channel 1 ……………… Channel 24

47. THANK YOU