This document discusses paradigms and paradigm shifts, providing examples from mathematics. It defines a paradigm as a point of view or belief system, and a paradigm shift as seeing something differently by stepping outside existing ways of thinking. The document notes that paradigm shifts occurred when Ptolemy's earth-centered view of the universe was replaced by Copernicus' sun-centered view. It also asks the reader to consider paradigm shifts that could happen in their own life or in mathematics education. Advantages of paradigms include precision, while limitations include an inability to consider questions outside the existing framework.

1. By
Shahram A. Mustafa
Firat university
Faculty of science
Department of mathematic
2017-2018

2.  What is a paradigm?
 examples of paradigms.
 What is a paradigm shift?
 What is mathematics
 Paradigm shift in mathematic
 Advantage and disadvantage

3. The way you see something, your point of view,
frame of reference, or belief.

4. The paradigm touches every field of life on this
planet.
From politics to intuitive, economics, history, low,
religion, culture, international relations, morality.

9. A paradigm shift is a way of looking at something
differently.
We are stepping “outside the box”.
When we make a paradigm shift we can see, think,
feel and behave differently.

10. The point will come when abnormality within the
existing system can no longer be tolerated and
ultimately a paradigm shift occurs. An alternative
concept framework is proposed.

11. Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of
the universe.
Copernicus believed the sun was the center
of the universe. (a paradigm shift occurred)

12. What is a paradigm shift (goal) you can
make?
REMEMBER: Not all paradigm shifts are instant,
some happen gradually over time.

13. Mathematics is the science that deals with the
logic of shape, quantity and arrangement.
Math is all around us, in everything we do. It is
the building block for everything in daily lives,
including mobile devices, architecture (ancient
and modern), engineering, and even sports.

14. What paradigm shifts have there been in
mathematics education in the past 20 years?
Changes in
1. Philosophies of mathematics
2. Learning theories
3. Teaching methods
4. Research methodologies
5. Social role of math teaching

15. Why?!!
Find the X in this equation
here it is

16. The advantage is that of precision: it permits the
asking of precisely formulated questions.
The disadvantage is one of limitation only certain
question can be posed within a given paradigm.