What additional services are supported by SCTP but are not provided .pdf
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What additional services are supported by SCTP but are not provided by TCP and UDP. Also, what makes SCTP an ideal platform for carrying signaling messages? Solution 2 problems in TCP which are not there in sctp 1)head of line blocking and 2) multihoming 1)head of line blocking: this is a problem where sender independent messages are sent over an order-preserving TCP connection causes delivery of messages sent later to be delayed within a receiver\'s transport layer buffers until an earlier lost message is retransmitted and arrives. These later messages often established as independent telephone calls. 2)multihoming:here a host with multiple points of attachment to the Internet,does not want to wait for a routing convergence to communicate critical messages to its peer communication endpoint.These are dne for redundant processes..
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Review Questions -11.Is web server an end system A. There is no.pdf
Review Questions -1
1.Is web server an end system ?
A. There is no difference between a host and an end system. In the internet, all devices are called
hosts and end systems. So, hosts and end systems are used interchangeably. The types of end
systems are PCs, Workstations, Web servers, email servers, PDAs, TVs, Cell Phones, Tablets,
etc
2. which service was invented first place them in order -web, first email
program,Ethernet,TCP/IP
A. 1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1991: World Wide Web (WWW)
1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail
3. packet switching the store-and-forward feature why?
A. Prior to the deployment of the Internet, computers were connected via a variety of point-to-
point techniques, with many smaller computers using dial-up connections. The UUCP store-and-
forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of
computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward
techniques evolved into packet switching which replaced it for most purposes.
4. our internet has a full mesh topology true or false Why?
A.True, A mesh network is a local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN) or
virtual LAN (VLAN) that employs one of two decentralized connection arrangements: full mesh
topology or partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each network node(workstation or
other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes
are connected to all the others, but others are only connected to those nodes with which they
exchange the most data.
5. how many types of network delays? What are they?
A. Network delay is an important design and performance characteristic of a computer network
or telecommunications network. All of us want Internet and its services to be able to move as
much data as we want between two end users or hosts, instantaneously and without any loss of
data. Unfortunately, this is just an imaginary perception that is cannot be done in reality. Infact
computer networks necessarily introduce delays between hosts and can actually lose packets.
· Processing delay – time routers take to process the packet header
· Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues
· Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet\'s bits onto the link
· Propagation delay – time for a signal to reach its destination
6. what are the difference between transmission and propagation delay?
A. Propagation delay is the time taken by a bit(Mostly MSB ,Here 1) to reach from sender(A) to
receiver(B). Transmission Delay: This is the amount of time required to transmit all of the
packet\'s bits into the link. Transmission delays are typically on the order of microseconds or less
in practice
Propagation delay is how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the \"wire\" to the other
(it\'s proportional to the length of the wire, crudely).
Transmission delay is how long it takes to.
A survey on SCTP
A quick summary on SCTP and how it's different from conventional protocols such as TCP.
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Multimedia network services and protocols for multimedia communications
Multimedia network services and protocols for multimedia communications seminar
Mustansiriya University
Department of Education
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Review Questions -11.Is web server an end system A. There is no.pdf
Review Questions -1
1.Is web server an end system ?
A. There is no difference between a host and an end system. In the internet, all devices are called
hosts and end systems. So, hosts and end systems are used interchangeably. The types of end
systems are PCs, Workstations, Web servers, email servers, PDAs, TVs, Cell Phones, Tablets,
etc
2. which service was invented first place them in order -web, first email
program,Ethernet,TCP/IP
A. 1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1991: World Wide Web (WWW)
1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail
3. packet switching the store-and-forward feature why?
A. Prior to the deployment of the Internet, computers were connected via a variety of point-to-
point techniques, with many smaller computers using dial-up connections. The UUCP store-and-
forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of
computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward
techniques evolved into packet switching which replaced it for most purposes.
4. our internet has a full mesh topology true or false Why?
A.True, A mesh network is a local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN) or
virtual LAN (VLAN) that employs one of two decentralized connection arrangements: full mesh
topology or partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each network node(workstation or
other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes
are connected to all the others, but others are only connected to those nodes with which they
exchange the most data.
5. how many types of network delays? What are they?
A. Network delay is an important design and performance characteristic of a computer network
or telecommunications network. All of us want Internet and its services to be able to move as
much data as we want between two end users or hosts, instantaneously and without any loss of
data. Unfortunately, this is just an imaginary perception that is cannot be done in reality. Infact
computer networks necessarily introduce delays between hosts and can actually lose packets.
· Processing delay – time routers take to process the packet header
· Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues
· Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet\'s bits onto the link
· Propagation delay – time for a signal to reach its destination
6. what are the difference between transmission and propagation delay?
A. Propagation delay is the time taken by a bit(Mostly MSB ,Here 1) to reach from sender(A) to
receiver(B). Transmission Delay: This is the amount of time required to transmit all of the
packet\'s bits into the link. Transmission delays are typically on the order of microseconds or less
in practice
Propagation delay is how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the \"wire\" to the other
(it\'s proportional to the length of the wire, crudely).
Transmission delay is how long it takes to.
A survey on SCTP
A quick summary on SCTP and how it's different from conventional protocols such as TCP.
EC 6802 WIRELESS NETWORK_ BABU M_ unit 3 ,4 & 5 PPT
WIRELESS NETWORKS _ BABU M_ unit 3 ,4 & 5 PPT
EC 6802 WIRELESS NETWORKS PPT
POWER POINT PRESENTAION ON WIRELESS NETWORKS
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR/ ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI, THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
Transport Layer In Computer Network
This slide contains the description about the transport layer of protocol layer.
It6601 mobile computing unit2
UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
Ctcp a cross layer information based tcp for manet
Traditional TCP cannot detect link contention losses and route failure losses which occur in MANET and
considers every packet loss as congestion. This results in severe degradation of TCP performance. In this
research work, we modified the operations of TCP to adapt to network states. The cross-layer notifications
are used for adapting the congestion window and achieving better performance. We propose Cross-layer
information based Transmission Control Protocol (CTCP) which consists of four network states.
Decelerate state to recover from contention losses, Cautionary state to deal with route failures, Congested
state to handle network congestion and Normal state to be compatible with traditional TCP. Decelerate
state makes TCP slow down if the packet loss is believed to be due to contention rather than congestion.
Cautionary state suspends the TCP variables and after route reestablishment resumes with conservative
values. Congestion state calls congestion control when network is actually congested and normal state
works as standard TCP. Simulation results show that network state based CTCP is more appropriate for
MANET than packet loss based traditional TCP.
how can you solve system of equations by graphingSolutionEach.pdf
how can you solve system of equations by graphing?
Solution
Each equation represents a line on a graph (for 2 dimensions). The solution you are searching for
is the intersection of the lines. There are three possible outcomes: 1) The lines intersect and the
corresponding x,y coordinates are the solution to the system of equations. 2) The lines are
parallel and the system is what we call inconsistent meaning there is no solution. 3) Lastly the
equations could represent the exact same line, which means that they intersect everywhere and
the solution is the entire line..
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of.pdf
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of rebellion?
Solution
Rabat – For a rebellion against a government to be useful and to benefit people, it should be
legitimate in the sense that it should at least be morally and politically right.
Morally, it should be against injustice, and politically it should be for the benefit of the people
and not to the benefit of an elite, political group, or military junta. In other words, it should be
for the long term benefit of the nation. History shows us that revolutions often lead to positive
post-revolutionary political systems, such as the case of France after the 1789 revolution.The
abolition of the Old Regime and the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen are legacies
which constructed modern democratic France. These positive changes brought through popular
rebellion can be contrasted with disastrous results such as in the case of the Bolshevik revolution
which led to state totalitarianism disguised under the name of communism.
That said, citizens should have a legitimate right of rebellion against governments who
deliberately do not protect their personal security because such governments lose their political
and moral legitimacy in failing to protect the security of the nation. This will be supported by the
following ideas: First, the fundamental reason for the existence of governments is to protect the
security of the people. Second, one should assess whether that government voluntarily or
involuntarily does not protect the security of its citizens (a despotic and corrupt government
which fails to protect security of the people should not be assessed the same way as a
government supported by the people but which fails to protect the latter because of other factors
such as war or external threats). Finally, it is the right of the people to revolt against their
government because governments should not have a higher importance than the people. In fact,
the people are the raison d’etre of the government or state.
As mentioned above, the fundamental reason for the existence of the state is to protect the
security of the people. If not, what is the state’s purpose? To be at the service of a political or
financial elite? Such as what we witness in a number of nation-states? In western political theory
at least this fact is not desirable. In Hobbes’ canons, the sovereign’s existence is meant to take
human being’s out on an undesirable state of nature which is a ‘war of all against all’ (Hobbes)
and to introduce the latter in a civil society where security is guaranteed by the sovereign. That
is, a society where government guarantees security, stability ‘and happy life as far as it is
possible’ (Hobbes).
Some would argue that these values of justice and equality are desired by the people only in the
western liberal world. It will be argued here that the opposite is true. Justice and equality is a
universal aspiration. This can be proved by analyzing current world affai.
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EC 6802 WIRELESS NETWORKS PPT
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BABU M
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CHENNAI, THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
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Ctcp a cross layer information based tcp for manet
Traditional TCP cannot detect link contention losses and route failure losses which occur in MANET and
considers every packet loss as congestion. This results in severe degradation of TCP performance. In this
research work, we modified the operations of TCP to adapt to network states. The cross-layer notifications
are used for adapting the congestion window and achieving better performance. We propose Cross-layer
information based Transmission Control Protocol (CTCP) which consists of four network states.
Decelerate state to recover from contention losses, Cautionary state to deal with route failures, Congested
state to handle network congestion and Normal state to be compatible with traditional TCP. Decelerate
state makes TCP slow down if the packet loss is believed to be due to contention rather than congestion.
Cautionary state suspends the TCP variables and after route reestablishment resumes with conservative
values. Congestion state calls congestion control when network is actually congested and normal state
works as standard TCP. Simulation results show that network state based CTCP is more appropriate for
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Solution
Each equation represents a line on a graph (for 2 dimensions). The solution you are searching for
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parallel and the system is what we call inconsistent meaning there is no solution. 3) Lastly the
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Rabat – For a rebellion against a government to be useful and to benefit people, it should be
legitimate in the sense that it should at least be morally and politically right.
Morally, it should be against injustice, and politically it should be for the benefit of the people
and not to the benefit of an elite, political group, or military junta. In other words, it should be
for the long term benefit of the nation. History shows us that revolutions often lead to positive
post-revolutionary political systems, such as the case of France after the 1789 revolution.The
abolition of the Old Regime and the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen are legacies
which constructed modern democratic France. These positive changes brought through popular
rebellion can be contrasted with disastrous results such as in the case of the Bolshevik revolution
which led to state totalitarianism disguised under the name of communism.
That said, citizens should have a legitimate right of rebellion against governments who
deliberately do not protect their personal security because such governments lose their political
and moral legitimacy in failing to protect the security of the nation. This will be supported by the
following ideas: First, the fundamental reason for the existence of governments is to protect the
security of the people. Second, one should assess whether that government voluntarily or
involuntarily does not protect the security of its citizens (a despotic and corrupt government
which fails to protect security of the people should not be assessed the same way as a
government supported by the people but which fails to protect the latter because of other factors
such as war or external threats). Finally, it is the right of the people to revolt against their
government because governments should not have a higher importance than the people. In fact,
the people are the raison d’etre of the government or state.
As mentioned above, the fundamental reason for the existence of the state is to protect the
security of the people. If not, what is the state’s purpose? To be at the service of a political or
financial elite? Such as what we witness in a number of nation-states? In western political theory
at least this fact is not desirable. In Hobbes’ canons, the sovereign’s existence is meant to take
human being’s out on an undesirable state of nature which is a ‘war of all against all’ (Hobbes)
and to introduce the latter in a civil society where security is guaranteed by the sovereign. That
is, a society where government guarantees security, stability ‘and happy life as far as it is
possible’ (Hobbes).
Some would argue that these values of justice and equality are desired by the people only in the
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Complete the output to include the following steps: the null and alternative hypothesis, the z -
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p1=11/50 =0.22
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=(0.22-0.42)/sqrt(0.22*(1-0.22)/50+0.42*(1-0.42)/50)
=-2.19
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social inequality describes a situation in which poverty and unemployment are persistent
problems
social inequality means that people have unequal access to valued resources in society
2.) Which of the following is true about intentional deception in research?
Researchers are exempt from lawsuits as long as they are using deception to learn about the
human condition
Participants could be harmed if they are not properly informed about the nature of the study
Research participants who intentionally deceive researchers may be banned from participating in
future research
All of the above
3.) A sociologist conducts research on the ways in which Hispanic American students are
historically underprivileged in the American education system. Which theoretical approach is the
sociologist using?
Conflict Theory
Ethnocentrism
Symbolic Interactionism
Structural Functionalism
4.) Karl Marx was a pioneer of the structural functionalism perspective of sociology
True
False
5.) When a researcher immerses her or himself in a culture over an extended period of time in
order to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a group of individuals and their practices, this
is called what?
Geneology
Participant observation
Cultural analysis
Ethnic Observation
6.) In his book Suicide, Durkheim sought to explain how religious affiliation related to suicide.
According to Durkheim, which of the following is true?
Suicide is the final step for religious conversion
Protestants are less likely than any other group to commit suicide
Catholic laws weakened social bonds among protestants
The looser social ties found in protestant religions lead to less social integration and higher rates
of suicide
7.) In order to be value-neutral, sociologists must be aware of their own moral judgments and
values, and avoid incorporating them into their research, their conclusions, and their teaching.
True
False
social inequality means that some people rely on food stamps and welfare more than others
social inequality means that some people have less income than others
social inequality describes a situation in which poverty and unemployment are persistent
problems
social inequality means that people have unequal access to valued resources in society
Solution
Ques-1: answer: social inequality means that people have unequal access to valued resources in
society
Reason:
Social inequality means that people have unequal access to valued resources, government
resources & government positions in society therefore, according to capitalism, libertarianism,
goods and government services must be equally distributed for social justice & social equality to
improve economy of the communities for instance, if 5% of the people should not hold entire
economy of the wealth. Therefore, it is crucial to .
What is the endothelium part of the tunica externa in arteries amp.pdf
What is the endothelium? part of the tunica externa in arteries ample squamous epithelium that
is in contact with the blood the internal elastic membrane that has fenestrae concentric \"holey\"
(laminae) of elastic connective tissue interspersed between smooth muscle layers of the tunica
media Blood vessels of the large arteries and veins that are greater than 1mm in diameter are
called the lamina propria anastomoses fenestrae metarterioles vasavasorum sinusoids Select
all of the following that are TRUE of muscular arteries. largest diameter arteries subclavian
artery is an example the tunica media has more smooth muscle than elastic fibers they are also
referred to as distributing arteries they contain both the internal elastic membrane and the
external elastic membrane proportionately, has the thickest tunica media of ail vessels common
iliac artery is an example Find the correct statement regarding our capillaries. capillaries that
have tight junctions between endothelial cells, making them less permeable to large molecules
than other capillary types are referred to as sinusoidal capillaries or discontinuous capillaries
continuous capillaries are found in the endocrine glands where large molecules cross the
capillary walls fenestrated capillaries are the most common type of capillaries the distal portion
of the metarteriole that has no smooth muscle is called a thoroughfare channel Select all of the
TRUE statements regarding our blood vessels. arterioles can be called our \"resistance vessels\"
because this is where blood encounters its creates! decline in blood pressure b a venous
anastomosis is where two or more veins dram an area in common there are about 10 billion
capillaries. yet only about 5% of our blood is in them at any one time venules have only the
tunica internal and the tunica external, they have NO tunica media about 40% of the blood is in
veins at any given time capillaries are known as blood reservoirs for extra blood veins of the
appendages that are greater than 2 mm in diameter have valves made of fold in the intima and are
similar to shape and function of the semilunar valves compared to their companion arteries,
veins have a very thick tunica intima which contains an internal elastic membrane, a thin tunica
mod a with no external elastic membrane and a vety tunica adventitia (externa)
Solution
1. Endothelium is:
b. simple squamous cells that is in contact with the blood
2. Vasa vasorum
3. Tunica media has more smooth muscles than elastic fibers
They are also called distributing artery
4. The distal portion of the metarteriole that has no smooth muscle is called a thoroughfare
channel.
Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf
Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7.
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7.
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7.
Solution
Ans. Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is an acid
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is “pH lower than 7”
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7. Correct option
Correct option: E
Explanation: Acid is a molecule or ion that donates proton.
An aqueous environment may facilitate acceptance or release of proton to/from a molecule, but
the environment can’t be termed an acid or base because it does not represent a specific molecule
or ion. For example, adding HCl to NaCl solution (say, normal saline) cause donation of proton
from HCl molecule to the solution. Here, NaCl- the aqueous environment, accept a proton- BUT
NaCl solution is NOT a base because it does NOT represent a specific molecule or ion. So, for
being an acid or base- it must be a molecule or ion, NOT an aqueous environment. Though H2O
(water) alone can act as acid or base depending on the acid/base added to it; but the term
‘aqueous environment’ is NOT exclusive for water. So, it can’t be treated as an acid or base.
Therefore, options C, D are incorrect.
pH = - log [H]. Addition of an acid to water (solvent) cause an increase in [H+] ions in water
because acid donates proton to water. Increase in [H+] lowers the pH , i.e. pH is reduced below
7.0; say pH lowered from 7.0 to 4.0. Thus “Substances that release protons when they dissolve in
water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.”
So, options A, B are incorrect..
Write down the reaction for the catabolism of ATP Does that occ.pdf
Write down the reaction for the catabolism of ATP: Does that occur by dehydration or
hydrolysis? Is energy released or required when ATP is broken down?
Solution
Answer:
ATP catabolism:
ATP + 2H2O ----------> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + Energy (G = -30.5 kJ/mol of ATP)
The above reaction is hydrolysis. It is an energy yielding process.
ATP hydrolysis, water is used to split apart ATP to create ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to get
energy..
48. The figure above shows the graph of a polynomial function f. What.pdf
48. The figure above shows the graph of a polynomial function f. What is the least possible
degree of f (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five (E) Six
Solution
This has three bumps , it\'s an even-degree polynomial (being \"up\" on both ends), and the zero
in the middle is an even-multiplicity zero. Also, the bump in the middle looks flattened, so this is
probably a zero of multiplicity 4 or more. With the two other zeroes looking like multiplicity-1
zeroes, this is a likely graph for a sixth-degree polynomial.
Option E is the correct answer
six.
The following sequence alignment between several species shows many c.pdf
The following sequence alignment between several species shows many conserved residues that
may take part in the catalytic function. The mutants R292G and R292A of the Ar-BVMO
monooxygenase enzyme showed very small residual activities compared to the wild type
enzyme. What is the catalytic role of this arginine residue considering the enzyme reaction
mechanism?
Solution
ANS:
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs):
It is a flavin-containing enzyme, which are mainly participates in specific catalytic Baeyer-
Villiger oxidation. In this reaction the carbonyl moiety of the substance was oxidized. This
protein helps in conversion of ketones into esters and lactones. Heteroatom oxidations (nitrogen
and sulfur) are also catalyzed by BVMO enzymes.
All BVMO enzymes can incorporate one oxygen atom into the substrate (oxygen atom inserts
into C–C bond) while converting the other oxygen into water.
Arginine importance inBVMO:
The protein arginine residue reacts with Alfa or Beta dicarbonyl compounds to form cyclic
derivatives.
The active sites of Arginine 292 residue can catalysis Ar-BVMO in Baeyer-Villiger reactions. so
due to this activity arginine is crucial for Baeyer-Villiger reactions.
The active site Arginine 292 is required for its Baeyer Villiger activity. If the amino acids
glycine or alanine are replaced in the place of arginine 292 the enzyme activity is greatly reduced
or no Baeyer-Villiger activity.
Mutants R292A and R292G have no BV activity while still maintaining their S- and N-
oxygenation capabilities..
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