The document outlines key concepts of American federalism and its evolution over time, detailing the distribution of power between national and state governments as defined by the U.S. Constitution. It also covers various types of federalism, the role of elites in decision-making, and the impact of social movements on political change, particularly in civil rights. Additionally, it discusses the contemporary challenges and dynamics of power, including the implications of federal mandates and the flow of authority toward the federal government.

1. West Coast American Leadership Academy
Political Science 1 – US Government
Summer / Fall 2015 – Power Point 8

2. Course Lecture Topics
1. American Federalism
2. Powers Flow To The National Elite
3. Five Patterns Of Federalism
4. Redefining Federalism Patterns
5. California Political History
6. Pressure Groups In The Golden State
7. Protecting Interests From Sacramento
8. Citizen Use Of Media For Manipulation
9. Progressive Movements
10.Civil Rights Movement

3. Political Message
Comedy serves as the best
medium for promoting a
message. Is this the case
with this cartoon? If this is the
case then can you identify
the message?

4. American Federalism
AMERICAN FEDERALISM: STATES AND COMMUNITIES
1. American federalism involves the distribution of power
between the national government and the state
governments.
2. Constitution originally defined federalism in terms of
powers government exercised.
3. Powers are delegated to the national government.
4. There is national supremacy.
5. Powers are reserved to the states.
6. Powers are denied to both government levels.
7. States have a role in national government composition.

5. Flow Of Power (1)
American federalism evolved into different arrangements
of government power and different state structures.
1. There have been five patterns of federalism.
2. Congress and the Supreme Court have redefined the
federalism patterns.
3. There have been four patterns of elite structures in the
states.
4. Old community economic elites have been replaced by
new community political elites.

6. Flow Of Power (2)
American federalism evolved into different
arrangements of government power and
different state structures.
1. There have been five patterns of federalism.
2. Congress and the Supreme Court have redefined
the federalism patterns.
3. There have been four patterns of elite structures in
the states.
4. Old community economic elites have been
replaced by new community political elites.

7. 1. The Constitution divides power between two separate
authorities, the nation and the states, each of which can
directly enforce its own laws on individuals through its own
courts.
2. There are more than 86,000 separate governments in the
US, of which more than 60,000 have the power to levy
taxes.
3. The Constitution endows states with all governmental
powers not vested specifically in the national government
or reserved to the people. All other governmental
jurisdictions are subdivisions of states. States may create,
alter, or abolish these other units of government by
amending state laws or constitutions.
Federalism Division Of Power (1)

8. 1. American federalism does not allow the central
government the constitutional authority to
determine, alter, or abolish the power of the
states.
2. The American system shares authority and power
constitutionally and practically. The Constitution
defined federalism in terms of delegated powers
(powers exercised by the national government)
and the national supremacy clause, the powers
reserved to the states, powers denied by the
Constitution to both levels of government, and
provisions giving the states a role in the
composition of the national government.
Federalism Division Of Power (2)

9. Powers To Congress
1. The Constitution lists eighteen grants of power to
Congress, the last of which is the power “to make all
laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers and all other
powers” of the federal government.
2. This is the “necessary and proper” clause. When coupled
with the assertion of “national supremacy” in Article VI,
these ensure a powerful national government.

10. Reserved Powers
1. The states retained considerable governing power. The
Tenth Amendment states that “the powers not delegated to
the United States . . . are reserved to the states respectively,
or to the people.”
2. The states generally retain control over property and
contract law, criminal and family law, education, and social-
welfare activities. The states control the organization and
powers of their own local governments. Finally, the states,
like the federal government, retain the power to tax and
spend.

11. Powers Denied
1. The Constitution denies some powers to both national and
state government, namely, the powers to abridge individual
rights. The first eight amendments apply to the national
government, and since the Fourteenth Amendment 1866,
provided that the states must also adhere to fundamental
guarantees of individual liberty.
2. The Constitution denies the states some powers to promote
national unity: to coin money, to make treaties with foreign
nations, to interfere with the “obligations of contracts,” to
levy taxes on imports and exports, and to engage in war,
among others.

12. The State’s Role
1. The states are the basic units in the organizational
scheme of the national government.
2. The House of Representatives apportions members to
the states by population, and state legislatures draw up
their districts.
3. Each state elects two U.S. senators, regardless of its
population. The president is chosen by the electoral
votes of the states. Finally, three-fourths of the states
must ratify amendments to the Constitution.

13. Power Flows To The Elite (1)
Governmental power centralized in Washington.
1. Broad interpretation of the “necessary and proper” clause.
2. Obscured notion of “delegated powers” and allowed the
national government to do anything not specifically
prohibited by the Constitution.
3. National government victory in the Civil War
demonstrated that states could not successfully resist
federal power by force of arms.
4. Establishment of a national system of civil rights based on
the Fourteenth Amendment.

14. Power Flows To The Elite (2)
5. Growth of federal power under the interstate commerce
clause grew as a national industrial economy emerged,
and the growth of federal grants-in-aid to state and local
governments as a major source of revenues for these
governments and a major source of federal intervention
into state and local affairs.

15. Dual Federalism
1. The pattern of federal-state relations during the nation’s
first hundred years has been described as dual
federalism.
2. The states and the nation divided most governmental
functions. The national government concentrated its
attention on the delegated powers while the states decided
the important domestic policy issues. This separation of
policy responsibilities is like a layer cake, with local
governments at the base, state governments in the middle,
and the national government at the top.

16. Cooperative Federalism (1)
1. The development of a national economy, the income tax,
two world wars and the Great Depression all combined to
end the strict distinction between national and state
concerns. The new pattern of federal–state relations was
labeled cooperative federalism.
2. Both the nation and the states exercised responsibilities for
welfare, health, highways, education, and criminal justice.
3. This merging of policy responsibilities is compared to a
marble cake.

17. Cooperative Federalism (2)
4. Congress generally acknowledged that it had no direct
constitutional authority to regulate public health, safety, or
welfare. Congress relied primarily on its powers to tax and
spend for the general welfare in providing financial
assistance to state and local governments to achieve
shared goals. Congress did not usually legislate directly on
local matters.

18. Centralized Federalism
1. It became increasingly difficult to maintain the fiction that
the national government was merely assisting the states in
performing their domestic responsibility.
2. By the time of Johnson and the Great Society in 1964, the
federal government clearly set forth national goals.
3. Virtually all problems confronting America were declared to
be national problems. Congress legislated directly on any
matter it chose. The Supreme Court no longer concerned
itself with the reserved powers of the states; the Tenth
Amendment lost most of its meaning. The pattern of
federal–state relations became known as centralized
federalism.

19. New Federalism (1)
1. The term new federalism refers to efforts to
return power and responsibility to states and
communities.
2. Nixon first used the term in the 1970s to describe
his general-revenue-sharing proposal with the
direct allocation of federal tax revenues to state
and local governments to use for general purposes
with no strings attached.
3. Later, the term referred to a series of proposals by
Reagan to reduce state and local dependency on
federal revenues and return powers to states and
communities through the consolidation of
categorical grants into block grants.

20. New Federalism (2)
4. These block grants provide greater flexibility in the
use of federal funds and allow state and local
officials to exercise more power over programs
within their jurisdictions.
5. These efforts succeeded for a time in slowing the
growth of federal grant money to the states and in
reducing state and local reliance on federal funds.

21. Representational Federalism
1. Despite the attempts at the new federalism, the flow of power
toward federal government continued.
2. The Supreme Court ended all pretense of constitutional
protection of state power in its 1985 Garcia decision. Before
this case it was generally believed that the states were
constitutionally protected from direct congressional coercion in
matters traditionally “reserved” to the states. The Supreme
Court upheld a federal law requiring state and local
governments to obey federal wage and hour rules. The Court
declared that there were no constitutionally protected state
powers and that the only protection given the states is in
congressional and presidential elections. This weakened view
of American federalism is called representational federalism.

22. Coercive Federalism
1. Federal mandates are direct orders to state and local
governments to perform a particular activity or service
to comply with federal laws and performance of their
functions.
2. Federal mandates occur in a wide variety of areas, for
example the Age Discrimination Act (1986), the Safe
Drinking Water Act (1986), the Clean Air Act (1990), the
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), the National
Voter Registration Act (1993 and the No Child Left
Behind Act (2001). Many of these mandates impose
heavy costs on state and local governments. When no
federal monies are provided to cover these costs, the
mandates are said to be unfunded mandates.

23. Elites Responding To Mass Protest
Protest movements and organizations are used to
achieve civil rights and feminist goals.
1. Slavery & segregation ended by protest against them.
2. Women rights were granted by protest.
Equality of opportunity and equality of results are
goals used to petition the government.
1. The Supreme Court said segregation was
unconstitutional in Brown v. Topeka (1954).
2. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
3. Presidents ordered, Congress passed, and the
Supreme Court supported affirmative action programs.
4. Congress passed the Civil Rights & Women’s Equity of
1991.

24. Barriers
Barriers to equality of opportunity and equality of
results persist.
1. There are mass opinions against affirmative action.
2. The Supreme Court is indecisive about affirmative action.
3. A dual labor market and earnings gaps hurt women and
African Americans.
4. A glass ceiling prevents women from achieving many
elite positions.

25. Presidential Use Of Force
Little Rock School Integration
Each branch of the federal
government may “check” the other.
The Executive Branch, or the
President, may choose to “check” the
Judicial Branch by refusing to use
force in order to enforce a judicial
ruling by the Supreme Court. The
1954 Brown decision was made
meaningful when President Dwight
D. Eisenhower decided to use
military force in 1957 to secure the
enforcement of a federal court order
to desegregate Little Rock’s Central
High School.

26. Governor Wallace Resisting
Governor George Wallace of Alabama
said in his inaugural speech on January
14, 1963, “In the name of the greatest
people that have ever trod this earth, I
draw the line in the dust and toss the
gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and
I say segregation now, segregation
tomorrow, segregation forever.” To stop
desegregation, he stood in from of
Foster Auditorium at the University of
Alabama on June 11, 1963. He only
stood aside after being confronted by
federal marshals, Deputy Attorney
General Nicholas Katzenbach, and the
Alabama National Guard.

27. How Elites Make Decisions
Public Policy Making is the Power Domain of the Elite.
1. There is an elite preference in the policy process.
2. Elites achieve policy goals through foundations, policy
planning organizations, media, & other government elites.
3. Agenda setting is the result of decisions and non
decisions by the same institutional structures.
Republicanism and Federalism are Elite Protection
Against Mass Threats to the Status Quo.
1. James Madison recommended a republican and federal
government to regulate agenda setting.
2. Today elites use the republican, federal government to
realize their preferences in the policy process.

28. What was to be a peaceful march
for Civil Rights instead became a
bloody clash in 1965 in Selma,
Alabama. A voter registration
protest resulted in a violent clash
with police at the Edmund Pettus
bridge. Known thereafter as
“Bloody Sunday” this
confrontation helped to foster
national attention and passage of
the Voting Rights Act .
Progressive Movements (1)

29. Progressive Movements (2)
This is the famous march on
Washington DC where Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr. made
his famous “I Have A Dream”
speech. Many of you have
watched just the speech in
past classes or at home. What
makes this video interesting is
that it is not clipped. This was
shown to the nation in its
entirety. Enjoy the video.

30. Progressive Movements (3)
Producer Richard D. Heffner of the
NBC Sunday television program
"The Open Mind" interviews King
and former federal Judge J.
Waties Waring, who wrote the sole
dissenting decision against school
segregation in Briggs v. Elliott.
NAACP youth secretary Herbert
Wright helped enlist King for this
NBC Negro History Week program
on "The New Negro." Heffner's
first question followed a brief
introduction of his two guests.

31. How Masses Perceive The Parties (1)
Activists are most likely to participate
in campaign activities. These are the
most partisan among typical voters.
Two of the most common activities
aside from voting is donating personal
labor and financial resources. Political
pandering refers to how parties cater
to their core base of activists. Those
found in the Republican Party tend to
be more conservative than the
average Republican voter.
Democratic activists on the other
hand tend to be more liberal than the
average Democratic voter.

32. How Masses Perceive The Parties (1)
Let us now see how Hollywood views the parties from the
perspective of the average Joe or Jane. Our example comes
from the movie “Bulworth” starring Warren Beatty. Two scenes
are shown to demonstrate pandering as seen from the
perspective of Hollywood. What are your thoughts after
watching these clips? Do they coincide with your personal
belief systems in any way?
Hollywood + ReligionRace Based Politics

33. How Masses Perceive The Parties (1)
Let us now see how Hollywood views the parties from the
perspective of the average Joe or Jane. Our example comes
from the movie “Bulworth” starring Warren Beatty. Two scenes
are shown to demonstrate pandering as seen from the
perspective of Hollywood. What are your thoughts after
watching these clips? Do they coincide with your personal
belief systems in any way?
Hollywood + ReligionRace Based Politics

34. Obama & Apple
Constituents have witnessed influential campaign
advertisements that are authored by the average person.
The clip on the left was created from an Obama supporter
with commonly available computer equipment who
manipulated the famous 1984 Apple commercial that
introduced the world to Macintosh.

35. Obama & Apple
Constituents have witnessed influential campaign
advertisements that are authored by the average person.
The clip on the left was created from an Obama supporter
with commonly available computer equipment who
manipulated the famous 1984 Apple commercial that
introduced the world to Macintosh.

36. Cultural Conflict - New Cold War?
1. Tensions between civilizations are supplanting the
political and ideological rivalries persistent during the
Cold War.
2. Samuel Huntington argue, "the values that are most
important in the West are least important worldwide.”
3. World politics will be directed in the future by conflicts
that according to Kishore Mahbubani will be between
"the West and the Rest".
4. Samuel P. Huntington adds "...and the responses of
non-Western civilizations to Western power and
values.”

37. Conflict, Violence, And War
1. Non-Western civilizations isolate themselves from the
Western-dominated global community.
2. "Band-Wagoning" can lead non-Western countries to
join with the West and accept its values and institutions.
3. Non-Western countries can attempt to "balance" the
West by developing an alternative economic and
military power and ally with one another to effective
counter Western dominance.

38. Causes Of War
1. Nationalism
2. Ethnicity
3. Religion
4. Culture
5. Natural Resources

39. “Kin-Country” Syndrome
1. States try to rally support from states that share a
similar culture.
2. Replaces political ideology and traditional balance of
power as the principal basis for cooperation and
coalitions.

40. Redefining Civilization Identity
Samuel Huntington’s Three Requirements For Torn
Countries To Redefine Its Civilization Identity:
1.The Country’s economic and political elites have to
enthusiastically endorse the transition.
2.Its public has to endorse whatever new definition is
adopted.
3.Dominant groups in the recipient civilization have to
embrace the convert.

41. West Vs. The Rest
1. Samuel P. Huntington stresses that civilization-
consciousness is increasing and that global politics will
be focused on "the West and the Rest".
2. This applies to conflicts between the Western powers,
especially the United States, against "others".
3. The first conflict(s) will be between the West and
several Islamic-Confucian states.
4. Samuel Huntington made these arguments in the article
“The Clash of Civilizations (1993)”.

42. American Military Power
The main reasons for the US to maintain such a high
military expenditure are:
1.US commitments on a global basis. US military forces must
be able to project power to regions located thousands of
miles away.
2.US forces require high technology in order to defeat its
enemies with limited casualties.
3.US maintains a much more expensive all-volunteer force.

43. Foreign policies are the strategies governments use to
guide their actions in the international arena.
1.Spell out the objectives state leaders have decided to
pursue in a given relationship or situation.
2.Foreign policy process: How policies are arrived at and
implemented.
Making Foreign Policy (1)

44. • Comparative Foreign Policy
• Study of foreign policy in various states in order to
discover whether similar types of societies or
governments consistently have similar types of
foreign policies.
• Foreign policy outcomes result from multiple forces at
various levels of analysis.
Making Foreign Policy (2)

45. 1. Range of views on foreign policy issues held by the
citizens of a state.
2. Has a greater influence on foreign policy in
democracies than in authoritarian governments.
• Legitimacy
• Propaganda
• Journalists as gatekeepers
Public Influences Policy (1)

46. In democracies, public opinion generally has less
effect on foreign policy than on domestic policy.
1. Attentive public
2. Foreign policy elite
3. Rally ’round the flag syndrome
4. Diversionary foreign policy
Public Influences Policy (2)

47. Conduit through which interest groups and public
opinion can wield influence.
1.Presidential systems; separate elections.
• Legislatures play a direct role in making foreign
policy.
• Different rules apply, however, to the use of military
force.
2.Rally ’round the flag.
• May challenge the president if they have power of the
“purse”.
Legislatures (1)

48. Parliamentary systems; political parties are dominant.
1.Often parliamentary executives do not need to submit
treaties or policies for formal approval by the legislature.
2.Call elections; new executive.
3.Legislatures play a key role in designing and
implementing foreign policy.
Legislatures (2)