Werelddag van de Stedenbouw. Sigmaplan: ecosysteembenadering in het Schelde-estuarium. Tom Maris Schelde-estuarium

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De 17de editie van de Werelddag van de Stedenbouw (7 november 2014, Vlaams parlement Brussel) focust op gebiedsontwikkeling. Bij deze aanpak gaan actoren en sectoren in een bepaald gebied samenwerken om een gedeelde ruimtelijke visie en een nieuwe dynamiek te realiseren. De presentatie van Tom Maris gaat over onderzoek, ontwerp en monitoring van overstromingsgebieden.

Government & Nonprofit

Sigmaplan: ecosysteembenadering in het
Schelde-estuarium
Tom Maris & Patrick Meire

2
Antwerpen Schelde estuary
macrotidal
160 km long
Netherlands
Belgium
France

4
Antwerpen
catchment
salt
brackish
fresh

Wettelijke bescherming!
Maar hoe beschermen in de praktijk?

Driving forces:
- Dredging & embankments
- Changes in the basin
- Pollution
loss of
ecosystem functions
Impact on:
- safety
- economy
- ecology
Structure
Function

11
Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
Ecology

Geomorphology
Habitats
dredging
embankments

Geomorphology
Habitats
dredging
embankments
Depth (m)

Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
dredging
embankments

Changing tidal characteristics
16
after Van Braeckel et al., 2006
salt brackish fresh
more inland
increase

risk for floodings increased: 1977 Ruisbroek

Drainage
of polders
HW
Overstromingsrisico in de Zeeschelde is
momenteel 1 op 70 jaar
subsidence
Up to 6 m

Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
dredging
embankments
changes
in basin

Biggest density of canals in the Schelde catchment!

Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
changes
in basin
dredging
embankments

Will the marshes drown?
MHWL 1931
MHWL 2000
old marshes
Young marshes
Temmerman et al., 2004
Marshes grow
with the tide
(when enough
SPM available)

25
BUT: Increased tides
 increased currents
 lateral erosion
(coastal squeese)
Altered tides/discharge
 tidal assymmetry
 tidal pumping
= sedimentation

Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
changes
in basin
dredging
embankments
Ecology
pollution

Ecology: primary production
27
Zm
Zp Zp: photic depth,
depending on turbidity
Zm: mixing depth,
depending on depth
and shallow areas
Fytoplankton
(algae)
needs light to grow
 modified
 modified

0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.5
2.5
0.5
3.5
biomassa (mg C l-1)
225 250 275 300
AUG SEP OCT
Time (Julian days)
200
0
50
150
100
discharge (m3 s-1)
Ecology: primary production (algae)
Peak due to short
intens rainfall
Flushing of
phytoplankton

Algen zijn voedsel voor benthos!
System primary production (gC.m-2.y-1)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
System-averaged macrofauna biomass
g AFDW m-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
B=-1.5 + 0.105 P
r
2
=0.77
GR
OS
VM
WS
B1
B2
ED
EW
SCFBB
LIS
LY
COL
YT
BF
Source: P. Herman NIOO-CEMO

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
macrobenthos biomass * surface intertidal flats
number
Benthos is voedsel voor vogels
Data Tom Ysebaert NIOO- CEMO
B * A

Geomorphology
Habitats
Hydrodynamics
sealevel rise
changes
in basin
dredging
embankments
Ecology
Draughts
peaks
pollution
Habitat restauration Climate change
changes
in basin
nature
conservation

Ecosysteemdiensten in het bekken:
2000 2005
 Bufferen van water, nutriënten en sediment

Ecosysteemdiensten in het estuarium:
 Geactualiseerde Sigmaplan
33

Structure
Function
De klok terugdraaien is
onmogelijk.
Terugkeren?
Waarheen?

Structure
Function
De klok terugdraaien is
onmogelijk.
Duurzame oplossingen:
Functies herstellen
Vertrekken vanuit
ecosysteemdiensten

Flood Control Area
SAFETY
During a storm
(once a year)
Overflow dike

37
SAFETY
During a storm
(6-12-2013)
Overflow dike
FCA –CRT Bergenmeersen

Flood Control Area with Controlled Reduced Tide
Nature restoration
Twice a day
Inlet – outlet sluice
neap tide
msperianng ttiiddee

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