Defines sexual violence and gives info. on prevalence rates, examines emotion dysregulation in at-risk youth, child sexual abuse research findings, and introduces a developing resilience-based app for at-risk youth.
Wekerle CIHR Team - Child Sexual Abuse & Adolescent Development: Moving from ...Christine Wekerle
Child Sexual Abuse & Adolescent Development: Moving from Trauma To Resilience - Findings from The Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Research Study
Contributors: Frank Putnam, MD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
William Harris, PhD, Children’s Research and Education Institute
& New School for Social Research, NYC, NY
Alicia Lieberman, PhD, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
Karen Putnam, PhD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
Lisa Amaya-Jackson, MD, Duke University, Durham, NC
Intimate Partner Violence and LGBT Relationshipsjayembee
This presentation describes how LGBT relationships are impacted by intimate partner abuse (IPV), and how these effects are similar or different to heterosexual relationships. A brief review of policy and law is included.
Wekerle CIHR Team - Child Sexual Abuse & Adolescent Development: Moving from ...Christine Wekerle
Child Sexual Abuse & Adolescent Development: Moving from Trauma To Resilience - Findings from The Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Research Study
Contributors: Frank Putnam, MD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
William Harris, PhD, Children’s Research and Education Institute
& New School for Social Research, NYC, NY
Alicia Lieberman, PhD, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
Karen Putnam, PhD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
Lisa Amaya-Jackson, MD, Duke University, Durham, NC
Intimate Partner Violence and LGBT Relationshipsjayembee
This presentation describes how LGBT relationships are impacted by intimate partner abuse (IPV), and how these effects are similar or different to heterosexual relationships. A brief review of policy and law is included.
Raising awareness on what Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is, who it effects, how to help & be helped. Provides actual statistics as well as myths which are assumed with this serious social problem.
Presentation on Gender and LGBTQ Issue in the University of Southern Mississi...Kamden Strunk
A presentation by Kamden Strunk on The University of Southern Mississippi Campus Climate survey. This presentation focuses on gender and LGBTQ issues, and was originally presented to the USM Committee on Services and Resources for Women
This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
"One in four women will be sexually assaulted during her college career. Sexual assault and rape effect victims and survivors in a number of detrimental ways. The victims’ and survivors’ academic and social lives are often torn apart, creating a disparity between their lives and the lives of others on campus. Title IX, part of the Education Amendments of 1972, protects women against sex-based discrimination and harassment in academia. Rape and sexual assault are considered extreme forms of harassment under Title IX. The law mandates that schools, including colleges and universities, follow guidelines set by the Office of Civil Rights to prevent and remedy inequities caused by sexual assault.
I posit that Occidental College violates Title IX by acting with deliberate indifference in regards to sexual assault and rape. To determine whether my hypothesis is correct, I measured students’ attitudes of sexual assault on campus using a campus-wide blog. I paired the qualitative analysis of the blog with quantitative analysis using a survey of survivors and victims at Occidental. After the analyses, I concluded that Occidental administration violates Title IX through deliberate indifference and because of incomplete compliance with the Dear Colleague Letter by the Office of Civil Rights."
Raising awareness on what Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is, who it effects, how to help & be helped. Provides actual statistics as well as myths which are assumed with this serious social problem.
Presentation on Gender and LGBTQ Issue in the University of Southern Mississi...Kamden Strunk
A presentation by Kamden Strunk on The University of Southern Mississippi Campus Climate survey. This presentation focuses on gender and LGBTQ issues, and was originally presented to the USM Committee on Services and Resources for Women
This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
"One in four women will be sexually assaulted during her college career. Sexual assault and rape effect victims and survivors in a number of detrimental ways. The victims’ and survivors’ academic and social lives are often torn apart, creating a disparity between their lives and the lives of others on campus. Title IX, part of the Education Amendments of 1972, protects women against sex-based discrimination and harassment in academia. Rape and sexual assault are considered extreme forms of harassment under Title IX. The law mandates that schools, including colleges and universities, follow guidelines set by the Office of Civil Rights to prevent and remedy inequities caused by sexual assault.
I posit that Occidental College violates Title IX by acting with deliberate indifference in regards to sexual assault and rape. To determine whether my hypothesis is correct, I measured students’ attitudes of sexual assault on campus using a campus-wide blog. I paired the qualitative analysis of the blog with quantitative analysis using a survey of survivors and victims at Occidental. After the analyses, I concluded that Occidental administration violates Title IX through deliberate indifference and because of incomplete compliance with the Dear Colleague Letter by the Office of Civil Rights."
This webinar was developed by Child Trends in 2015 for the Office of Adolescent Health (OAH) as a technical assistance product for use with OAH grant programs.
Young Gay Couples - How they use drugs and sex to stay safeYTH
Data collected from 199 young gay couples (YMSM couples) recruited through Facebook ads found that men were thoughtful about their drug use and HIV risk reduction strategies within their partnerships.
Ian's UnityHealth 2019 grand rounds suicide preventionIan Dawe
At the end of this presentation, you will :
1. Knowledgeably describe the problem of suicide in our
clients as an issue beyond just the traditional targets of our
medical interventions,
2. Understand concepts of quality and process improvement
as they relate to implementation of suicide prevention
strategies in hospital and community settings,
3. Become a champion of the Project Nøw approach to improve
care and outcomes for individuals at risk of suicide in
healthcare systems locally, provincially and nationally.
TRACK 5(2) | DAY 2 - 3 OCT 2017
Elizabeth Edwards, In-Practice Fellow of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (UK)
Games for Health Europe 2017
Similar to Wekerle-Ron Joyce Centre Grand Rounds-Boy's and men's health: Child sexual abuse prevention research (20)
INDIGENOUS YOUTHS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH WATER: TRAUMA, ADVOCACY & RESILIENCEChristine Wekerle
Indigenous communities often experience disproportionate access to clean, safe drinking water. For youth water insecurity may lead to adverse mental health effects, referred to as 'water anxiety'. However, water resilience actions such as advocacy and youths' responsibilities to water, may have the potential to mitigate potential mental health effects associated with 'water anxiety'.
Positive psychology evolved from a recognition that the clinical encounter is often over-focused on concerns and problems, and that positive actions may not have a central role in the treatment plan. With youth, many issues - treatment compliance, help-seeking, impulsive self-harm, high risk-taking - may be ameliorated with a plan of positive actions. The technology that are youths' worlds may deliver some of these therapeutics. Resilience may be galvanized when inner resources interacts with external resources. This talk will introduce the evidence-based components of a resilience in youth App, JoyPop, and open discuss for research use in clinical populations.
ISPCAN Jamaica 2018 (CIHRTeamSV) - Investigating the Path from Child Maltreat...Christine Wekerle
Investigating the Path from Child Maltreatment to Alcohol Problems in a Sample of Child Welfare-Involved Youth
Sherry Stewart, Tristan Park, Kara Thompson, Mohammed Al-Hamdani, Amanda Hudson, Christine Wekerle, Savanah Smith (CIHRTeamSV)
ISPCAN Jamaica 2018 - The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children's Functioni...Christine Wekerle
The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children's Functioning: Care Planning Approaches to Foster Trauma-Informed Care
Shannon Stewart, Yasmin Garad, Natalia Lapshini
ISPCAN Jamaica 2018 - Personality-targeted Interventions for Building Resilie...Christine Wekerle
Personality-targeted Interventions for Building Resilience against Substance Use and Mental Health Problems among Adolescents Involved in Child Welfare System
Hanie Edalati, Patricia Conrod
ISPCAN Jamaica 2018 (CIHRTeamSV) - Improving Health and Behavioral Outcomes a...Christine Wekerle
Improving Health and Behavioral Outcomes among Sexually Victimized Male Youth: A Qualitative Investigation Among Trauma Treatment Providers
Ashwini Tiwari, Christine Wekerle, Andrea Gonzalez (CIHRTeamSV)
Adolescence is a key period for intervention among at-risk populations of youth, as this is when risk-taking behaviors tend to emerge. The Sustainable Development Goals for achieving 2030 youth health targets outline two issues central to reduce risks of gendered violence, sexual violence (SV) and adolescent sexual risk taking: (1) gender equity and (2) mental health promotion education. Only half of women reported having the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, usage of contraception and access to health care services. In developing countries women and children are extremely vulnerable to sexual violence which thereby places them at increased risk for contracting STIs from the perpetrator, as well as pregnancy as a result of SV. Undocumented minors; unaccompanied minors; refugees; child soldiers; youth post natural disasters; orphans; street-involved youth; and youth without parental care or financial means who are exposed to dangerous people or places are most vulnerable to sexual violence. UNICEF states that ending cases of new HIV infections by 2030 is unlikely, due to large concentrations of new infections occurring in areas where transactional sex, child sexual exploitation, drug use, street involved youth and SV are prevalent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which include forms of childhood maltreatment, increase the risk of contracting STIs. In particular, sexual abuse is linked with increased likelihood for risky sexual behavior, making victims vulnerable to poor sexual health outcomes.7 Protecting youth from exposure to SV and providing adolescents with sexual and mental health education are central to promoting resilience in youth.
Resilience Knowledge Mobilization and the ResilienceInYouth AppChristine Wekerle
This presentation outlines an exploratory knowledge mobilization study where research-based and evidence-based posts were shared on instagram (@resilienceinyouth) to see if instagram was a feasible outlet for resilience knowledge mobilization. Research conducted by researchers in the CIHRTeamSV grant was shared on instagram via links to ResearchGate. The development of a resilience-based app for youth is described and an overview of its features is given.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Wekerle-Ron Joyce Centre Grand Rounds-Boy's and men's health: Child sexual abuse prevention research
1. BOYS' AND MEN'S HEALTH:
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE PREVENTION RESEARCH
CHRISTINE WEKERLE, PH.D., PEDIATRICS
OFFORD CENTRE FOR CHILD STUDIES
WEKERC@MCMASTER.CA
@DRWEKERLE #CIHRTEAMSV
The Boyhood of Raleigh
By Sir John Everett Millais
Tate UK Museum
What about the
boys?
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• 1. To define sexual violence (SV) and consider the prevalence rates among
girls and boys
• Key Message: Male victimization under-recognized
• Watch PSA on SV: https://youtu.be/BlAi5bZEvOE
• 2. To consider Emotion Dysregulation as core target for SV youth
• Key Message: Emotion Regulation is one aspect of resilience
• 3. To overview a research study: Reasons for having sex, SV vs. non-SV
youth (Wekerle, Goldstein, Tanaka & Tonmyr, 2017)
• Key Message: SV youth have sex for coping with negative affect
reasons
• 4. To introduce developing ResilienceInYouth App
• Key Message: Need to support day-to-day Emotion Regulation for
3. GENDER NORMS SOCIALIZATION CONTEXT
• Early adolescence (10-14) target for addressing gender norms
(social expectations) towards health and equality values – sex
differences
• Ages 10-14 - boys’ top cause of death road injury & drowning
• Ages 15-19 – boys’ top cause of death road injury &
interpersonal violence
• Ages 10-19 – boys’ > likely than girls to have early &
unprotected sex
• Global Early Adolescent Study (Kagesten et al., 2016 review; 15
countries)
• Boys = Toughness, physical strength, competitiveness, ‘not act like
4. CYCCNetwork
Wisdom2Action
#W2ATR
March 24th, 2017 | Ottawa, ON
Tr auma to Resilience
W2A Trauma to Resilience Report at: http://in-
car.ca/pdfs/2017/W2A-Trauma-to-Resilience-
05182017.pdf
2018 Meta-analysis – about 30% of youth engaged in sexting
and 12% are sexting without consent (Temple et al., 2018)
5. SEXUAL VIOLENCE (SV) IS PREVALENT AND UNDER-DISCLOSED,
ESPECIALLY AMONG MALES
Globally, 120 million females and 70
million males are estimated to be
SV victims
Global Partnership to End Violence
Against Children
WATCH TEDx Lessons:
SV Risks and Resilience in Youth
Suicidality
https://ed.ted.com/on/6nReRcN0
How Trauma affects Health across
the Lifespan:
https://ed.ted.com/on/iOyQVfhd
6. CSA &GENDER RATES
STUDY CSA Rape/Sodomy Sexual
Harassment
Internet Sex Talk Sexual
Dating Violence
US Juvenile Offenders and Victims
2014 National Report
5.1%
12.9%
3.4%
20.5%
5.6%
13.9%
US NatSCEV (2011) 4.0%
17.0%
0.4%
3.6%
US CDC Youth Risk Behavior
(YRBS) 2013
6.2%
14.4%
US National Incidence -
Based Reporting System
Law Enforcement
Modal Age Boys=
4 years old
Modal Age Females=
14 years old
62.0%
55.0%
(Fondling)
5.0%/30.0%
35.0%/ 5.0%
Global Rates
Stoltenborgh et al. (2011)
Systematic Review
7.6%
18.0%
7. 2017 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
- SE = trading/exchanging sex for basic
needs, drugs, protection
- Search of high income and LMIC
countries (22 studies)
- High income countries 1.7% – 4.8%
- LMIC – 16.1%
- Risk factors:
- Home breakdown
- Born outside of country/newcomer
- Substance abuse
- Identification as homosexual or
bisexual
8. MAP CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE EXPERIENCES
• From initial assessment (N=561) – Grouping into CSA experiences using
youth self-report (CTQ/CEVQ) and Caseworker Report
Females (n=145; 49%) Males (n=70; 27%)
Using CTQ
Fondling 54% 45%
Molested 47% 38%
“I was sexually
abused.” 55% 41%
Agreement 37% 5%
w/ Caseworker
9. System never completely
‘shuts off’
Triggers a state of arousal
in the body – a heightened
state of alertness and
fearfulness for one’s safety.
Cortisol
Chronic
adversity
Increases in stress hormones
Decreased regulation of the stress system
Cascading effect on other systems
Cellular changes in the
brain
Changes in immune
function
Changes in gene
expression
The Biology of Toxic Stress
CSA Males > Likely:
Major Depression
Dysthymia
Mania
Any Mood Disorder
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
Any Anxiety Disorder
Hypomania
Alcohol abuse/dependence
Any Substance Use
Disorder
Suicide Attempts
AOR from 1.77 – 8.57,
(Turner et al., 2017)
10.
11. MOTIVES FOR BEHAVIOURS:
LINKS TO ADOLECENT HEALTH RISKS
CopingEnhancement
Social Conformity
Source
Valence
Positive Negative
External
Internal
Cooper, 1994
• Feels good
• Feel better
about self
• Intimac
y
/Feel
closer to
partner
• Cope with
negative
affect
• Partner
angry if I
don’t have
sex
• Friends
having
sex/peer
approval
12. SEXUAL MOTIVES STUDY
N=297 child welfare-
involved youth (Mean
Age=16) who were
sexually active at time of
the study
- CSA group – 43.1% (33%
males)
- CSA reported higher
levels of all other forms
of maltreatment than the
non-CSA youth
- 31.4% of CSA males
reported 3+ sex partners
(19.8% of non-CSA males
13. ADOLESCENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE WHO GUIDELINES
• > likely to delay
seeking medical
care
• > likely to have
used alcohol and
other drugs
• > most do not
disclose to anyone
• American Academy of Pediatrics: Crawford-
Jakubiak, J.E. Alderman, E.M., Leventhal, J.M., &
COMMITTEE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT,
COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE (2016). Care of
the Adolescent After an Acute Sexual Assault.
Pediatrics, 139(3), e20164243
• WHO - Responding to Children and
Adolescent Abuse Guidelines:
https://gallery.mailchimp.com/1613993818420108
2124b0a34/files/b4f07b6c-bc86-4938-86c1-
e145cc860f54/HRP_Responding_to_abuse_v7_we
b_version_final_interactive_Oct_17_2017.pdf
14. EMOTION REGULATION& RESILIENCE
Resilience is…the maintenance of high
levels of positive affect and well-being in
the face of adversity, ...negative affect is
experienced but negative affect does not
persist
Davidson, Richard J., (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and
resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American
Psychologist, 1192-1214.
Resilience is both the capacity of individuals
to navigate their way to the psychological,
social, cultural, and physical resources that
Herpertz (1995)
20. CIRCLE OF SIX
Goal: Safe, supportive network
→social worker, peers, family
→can share mood rating/journal entry
• Adult role models help shape at-risk
adolescents’ resilient identity
→Balance of autonomy and “benign
control” (Ungar, 2004)
• Establishing positive relationships leads
to ↓ stress symptoms and ↑ relational
learning
(Wekerle, Waechter, & Chung, 2012) 20
21. APP FEATURES: CALENDAR
→ planner
for
organization:
schedule
appointment
s, tests, etc.
→ check-
back on
activity
>view past
journal
entries,
mood
ratings,
activity log
22. MOOD GRAPH
• The user is able to see how their
mood fluctuated over time
↑ emotional awareness (ER)
• Goal: Stable mood patterns lead
to overall better mood
• (Grubar, Kogan, Quoidback, &
Mauss, 2013; Cowdry, Gardner,
O’Leary, Leibenluft, & Rubinow,
1991)
• When reviewing their Average
Band, get prompted to select a
Resilience Strategy and re-take
Mood Ratings
23. TETRIS GAME
Goal: Cognitive organization, ER and
positive distraction
• Strategy games linked to self-regulation
over time (Gabbiadini & Greitemeyer, 2017)
• Playing Tetris linked to decrease in
traumatic
memory flashbacks (Holmes, James, Coode-Bate,
& Deeprose, 2009; James et al., 2009)
• Positive effects on spatial working memory
(Bikic, Christensen, Leckman, Bilenberg, & Dalsgaard, 2017)
(PET)ETRIS GAME
25. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Publications: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christine_Wekerle/contributions
#CIHRTEAMSV Project: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Understanding-
health-risks-and-promoting-resilience-in-male-youth-with-sexual-violence-
experience-CIHR-Team-Grant-TE3-138302 and www.in-car.ca
26. REFERENCES
Bikic, A., Østergaard Christensen, T., Leckman, J. F., Bilenberg, N., & Dalsgaard, S.
(2017). A double- blind randomized pilot trial comparing computerized
cognitive exercises to Tetris in adolescents with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 71(6), 455-464.
doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1328070
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development
and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117-128.
doi:1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
Cowdry, R. W., Gardner, D. L., O’Leary, K. M., Leibenluft, E., & Rubinow, D. R. (1991).
Mood variability: A study of four groups. The American Journal of Psychiatry,
148(11), 1505-1511. Retrieved from:http://libaccess.mcmaster.ca/login
url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220471762?accountid=12347
Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain
mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1196-1214.
doi:10.1037/0003- 066X.55.11.1196
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Editor's Notes
Cooper’s 1994 model of drinking motives. Drinking motives can be classified along two dimensions: valence or type of reinforcement (positive or negative) and source of reinforcement (external or internal).
Valence refers to the nature of the emotion that is being targeted by drinking…be it to achieve a positive emotional outcome or to avoid a negative emotional state.
The other dimension is source. Source can be identified as internal or external, meaning that the individual drinks to change their internal experience or to fulfill external, social goals.
By combining these dimensions, we end up with four separate motives for drinking: enhancement (internally motivated to increase a positive state), coping (internally motivated to reduce a negative state), social (externally motivated to increase a positive state), conformity (externally motivated to reduce a negative state).
Give examples……
Enhancement –to get an emotional high, to have fun….might be thought of as taking place in a party context
Coping – to deal with negative emotional states, to escape or forget about problems, to numb emotional pain/distress
Social – for reasons such as social affiliation, to enjoy social gatherings
Conformity – due to peer pressure, feel like you need it to fit in
Here we introduce the normal experience of HAVING emotions as compared to experience of “being” an emotion. The difference basically has to do with the degree of mental separation between one’s sense of self vs. the emotional state.
With HAVING an emotion, there is a separation between self and the emotional state… emotions are felt while in the bag but the bag has a tear and eventually the feelings fall through and pass…
But we suggest that when core affect becomes fixed, as it does we suggest with emotional numbing and shame, the feelings are something that one is, moment-to-moment, rather than something that one has. Drawn is the self in the bag of feeling, and the bottom of the bag does not have a hole through which any feelings can escape. One is therefore continuously immersed in the feeling until one feels that one is the emotional state – one is indivisible from it. The idea here is that feelings are worn rather than carried; they become a fundamental organizing structure affecting all living moments. In referring to core affect, the self and emotion are synonymous, thus there is no way to put the bag down – one carries feeling not as baggage but as oneself – it isn’t something we hold as much as we are.
The 4th dimension of consciousness in the 4-D model is EMOTION.
Theorists have increasingly pointed out the significant role likely played by emotional processing in the across-species evolution of consciousness (e.g., (Panksepp & Northoff, 2009)).
Whereas emotional behaviour is clearly recognized in lower and higher animals alike, the subjective feeling component of emotionality, particularly that accompanying complex social emotions such as pride and shame, may be capacities fully realized only in the human brain (e.g., Williamson & Allman, 2011).
DSM5 PTSD diagnosis includes the symptoms “pervasive negative emotional state – e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame” and “persistent inability to experience positive emotions – e.g., loving feelings”
