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Wekerle CIHR Team - Setting the stage for resilience among male adolescents and young adults
- 1. Setting the stagefor resilience among male adolescents and young adults Christine Wekerle, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Email: wekerc@mcmaster.ca Twitter: @DrWekerle #CIHRTeamSV #CIHRTeamSV Research Project: Understanding health risks and promoting resilience in male youth with sexual violence experience. Canadian Institutes of Health Research https://www.researchgate.net/project/Underst anding-health-risks-and-promoting-resilience-in- male-youth-with-sexual-violence-experience- CIHR-Team-Grant-TE3-13830
- 2. Sexual victimization ofmale youth CSA rate 127/1000 children 120 million females 70 million males Global Partnership to End Violence http://www.end- violence.org/ South Africa Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse (SAMSOSA) endeavours to serve as a resource and referral centre, providing information, support and training for victims, affected individuals and organisations in a safe, non- judgemental structure South African Laws: http://www.samsosa.org/wp/definitions-and-laws/ http://www.samsosa.org/wp/how-to-report-male-sexual- abuse-or-rape-to-the-police/
- 3. Definition of ChildSexual Abuse (CSA) Involvement of minor in sexual activity, either forcefully or without force, including contacts for sexual purposes, prostitution, pornography, or other sexually exploitive activities US Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention http://www.ojjdp.gov (1) Public Health – Prevention of premature mortality, directly and indirectly; ACEs Prevalence of official investigations: In US, 37.4% of all children will be subject of a CPS investigation by age 18 (Kim et al., 2017) (2) Humanitarian/Trauma-informed – Child marriage, FGM, Use of children during conflict (sex, labor, shielding); lone child migrants (3) Human Rights/ Legal – Duty Bearers – Statutes of Limitations for Reporting; Mandatory Reporting; Professional reporting duties; gender equality Wekerle, C. (2013). Resilience in the context of child maltreatment: Connections to the practice of mandatory reporting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(2-3), 93-101. Wekerle, C. & Black, T. (2017). Gendered violence: Advancing evidence-informed research, practice and policy in addressing sex, gender and child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66), 166-170.
- 4. Youth with childmaltreatment experiences: Conceptual Frameworks Adverse Childhood Events – Cumulative stress approach recognizing the co-occurrence of contexts of adversity while growing up Developmental Traumatology – Trauma impact (and missed opportunities) on developmental systems (biopsychosocial) Youth Rights – Prioritization of minimal standards for (1) freedom from violence;(2) youth well-being; (3) youth participation Youth Resilience – Person by environment interaction, where internal resourcefulness meets external resources; self-righting, recovery, return-to- functioning, thriving; adaptation
- 5. Global Youth WellbeingIndex (2014) http://www.youthindex.org/about/
- 6. Global Rights Initiatives: SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) Goal 16 “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” Includes targets to: “Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere,” (16.1) “End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children” (16.2). Two of the indicators selected to monitor target 16.2 are: (1) proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month (indicator 16.2.1) and (2) proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 (indicator 16.2.3)
- 7. What are youthrights? Youth Participation – “Not about us, without us” • UN CRC Article 12 Every youth has the right to say what they think in all matters affecting them, and to have their views taken seriously • GOAL: Sustainable, multi- disciplinary, culturally responsive, survivor-driven approach to ending gender-based violence
- 8. MAP Study ResearchTeam & Funders (C. Wekerle) Multi-disciplinary Co-Investigator Team (alphabetical order): Dr. Michael Boyle, McMaster University Dr. Deborah Goodman, University of Toronto; Child Welfare Institute, Children’s Aid Society of Toronto Mr. Bruce Leslie, Catholic Children’s Aid Society of Toronto (retired) Dr. Eman Leung, City University of Hong Kong Dr. Harriet MacMillan, McMaster University Dr. Nico Trocmé, McGill University Dr. Randall Waechter, St. George’s University MAP Advisory Board – child welfare agency representatives and researchers Partners: Child Welfare Research Portal (cwrp.ca), Child Welfare League of Canada, First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies CIHR Team grant in boys’ and men’s health – male CSA – secondary analyses
- 9. MAP Youth-reported CSAExperiences Sexually Active Youth (N=297/561; Mean Age=16; SD=1.01); 57.6% Females 89.6% identified as Heterosexual; 9.7% as Bisexual; .8% as gay/lesbian Sexually Active MAP Youth reported higher rates of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse than non-sexually Active MAP Youth Among Sexually Active Youth, 43% reported CSA (128/297 Ss) Females (67%) Males (33%) Fondling 54% 45% Molested 47% 38% “I was sexually abused.” 55% 41% Caseworker agreement 39% 77% Reference: Wekerle, C., Goldstein, A., Tanaka, M. & Tonmyr, L. (2017). Childhood sexual abuse, sexual motives, and sexual risk-taking among male and female youth receiving child welfare services. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 66. 101-111.
- 10. Motives for Behaviours:Links to Adolecent Health Risks - CSA Males > likely to have sex for peer and partner approval compared to non-CSA males - Sex for coping with negative affect – Mediator of the CSA – Adolescent Sexual Health Risk Behaviour Relationship CopingEnhancement Social Conformity Source Valence Positive Negative External Internal Cooper, 1994
- 11. Diversity of responsesto trauma Traumatic Event(s) Trauma Response(s) RESILIENCE
- 12. Canadian Institutes ofHealth Research Award-winning IHDCYH Video Talks 2015 The Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways Research Study – Key Findings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z es- PJi2OY&list=PLxWz0fEGuv6oBzjm34lYd2 ykUH8IoXkCX&index=4 For a listing of MAP Study Publications – Email wekerc@mcmaster.ca
- 13. Developing Daily ResiliencePractices School and Social Connectedness Hamilton, H., Wekerle, C., Paglia-Boak, A., & Mann, R. (2012). The role of school connectedness and the link between family involvement with child protective services and adolescent adjustment. Advances in Mental Health, 11(1), 25-34. Mattering Flett, G.L., Goldstein, A.L., Pechenkov, I., Nepon, T., & Wekerle, C. (2016). Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of feeling like you don’t matter: Associations with maltreatment, loneliness, social anxiety, and the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 52-56. Self-compassion Tanaka, M., Wekerle, C., Schmuck, ML., Paglia-Boak, A. & The MAP Research Team (2011). The linkages among child maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 887-898. Problem-focused coping Hudson, A., Wekerle, C., Goldstein, A. L., Ellenbogen, S., Waechter, R., Thompson, K., Stewart, S. H. (2017). Gender Differences in Emotion-Mediated Pathways from Childhood Sexual Abuse to Problem Drinking in Adolescents in the Child Welfare System. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 10(1), 19-29. Sleep Quality/Routine McPhie, M., Weiss, J., & Wekerle, C. (2014). Psychological distress as a mediator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and sleep quality in adolescence: Results from the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(12), 2044-2052. Focusing, sustaining attention Waechter, R., & Wekerle, C. (2015). Promoting Resilience Among Maltreated Youth Using Meditation, Yoga, Tai Chi and Qigong: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 17- 31.
- 14. Thank you foryour attention! Questions or Comments?
Editor's Notes
- #11 Cooper’s 1994 model of drinking motives. Drinking motives can be classified along two dimensions: valence or type of reinforcement (positive or negative) and source of reinforcement (external or internal). Valence refers to the nature of the emotion that is being targeted by drinking…be it to achieve a positive emotional outcome or to avoid a negative emotional state. The other dimension is source. Source can be identified as internal or external, meaning that the individual drinks to change their internal experience or to fulfill external, social goals. By combining these dimensions, we end up with four separate motives for drinking: enhancement (internally motivated to increase a positive state), coping (internally motivated to reduce a negative state), social (externally motivated to increase a positive state), conformity (externally motivated to reduce a negative state). Give examples…… Enhancement –to get an emotional high, to have fun….might be thought of as taking place in a party context Coping – to deal with negative emotional states, to escape or forget about problems, to numb emotional pain/distress Social – for reasons such as social affiliation, to enjoy social gatherings Conformity – due to peer pressure, feel like you need it to fit in