This document discusses various topics related to soil and water management including land preparation, types of irrigation, mineral nutrition, and soil conservation. It describes the major purposes of land preparation such as leveling land and preparing seed beds. It discusses different types of irrigation like center-pivot, drip, and furrow irrigation. It also outlines the major mineral nutrients needed by plants like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and their functions. Finally, it discusses soil conservation methods to prevent erosion like terracing, contour tillage, strip cropping, and grass waterways.
This document discusses soil quality and fertility as the most important factors in crop production. It explains that soil determines which crops yield best and the economic return a landowner can expect. The document covers soil profiles, texture, structure, composition, pH, essential nutrients, and how to determine soil reserves and nutrient needs to establish fertilization goals. Key factors like drainage, organic matter and limiting layers are addressed.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatmentKonark Mehra
Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems that use natural processes to treat water. They consist of shallow cells planted with vegetation where wastewater is treated through sedimentation, filtration, and microbial processes. There are two main types - surface flow wetlands where water flows over the soil, and subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below the soil within a saturated media. Subsurface flow wetlands have advantages over surface flow wetlands as they have no exposed water surface, fewer odors, treat wastewater more efficiently in smaller areas, and perform better in colder climates. Constructed wetlands are effective at reducing parameters like BOD, TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus and fecal coliforms from
Plant crops in propagation lant propagation is the process of increasing the number of plants of a particular species or cultivar. There are two primary forms of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. In nature, propagation of plants most often involves sexual reproduction, or the production of viable seeds.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymerssukhjinder mann
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymers; Methods to conserve moisture, mulch types, polymer types, importance, advantages and disadvantages
The nitrogen cycle describes the movement of nitrogen through the environment. It involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by soil bacteria, and denitrification by bacteria in waterlogged soils that converts nitrogen back to its gaseous form. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of nitrogen fertilizers, and livestock ranching have significantly increased the global nitrogen cycle, causing issues like smog, acid rain, eutrophication, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. While some seek solutions, many nations prioritize food production over environmental impacts.
This document discusses cropping seasons, nutrient management, irrigation methods, and crop protection in Indian agriculture. It outlines three main cropping seasons in India - Kharif from May-October, Rabi from October-April, and Zaid crops grown with irrigation year-round. It also describes the 16 essential plant nutrients, including the primary, secondary, and micronutrients needed for growth. Common irrigation methods like wells, canals, drip and sprinklers are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with an overview of biotic pests like insects, mites, and weeds that damage crops, as well as abiotic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.
This document discusses plant nutrition and the roles of soil, bacteria, and fungi. It covers:
1. The importance of water retention in soils for plant growth and how plants obtain essential elements through hydroponic experiments.
2. Macronutrients and micronutrients that plants require, common mineral deficiencies in plants, and challenges with hydroponic farming.
3. The roles of bacteria in nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification to make nitrogen available to plants. Bacteria also live symbiotically in root nodules of legumes.
4. The benefits of mycorrhizal fungi to plants, including increased nutrient and water absorption. Fossil evidence suggests
This document discusses soil quality and fertility as the most important factors in crop production. It explains that soil determines which crops yield best and the economic return a landowner can expect. The document covers soil profiles, texture, structure, composition, pH, essential nutrients, and how to determine soil reserves and nutrient needs to establish fertilization goals. Key factors like drainage, organic matter and limiting layers are addressed.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatmentKonark Mehra
Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems that use natural processes to treat water. They consist of shallow cells planted with vegetation where wastewater is treated through sedimentation, filtration, and microbial processes. There are two main types - surface flow wetlands where water flows over the soil, and subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below the soil within a saturated media. Subsurface flow wetlands have advantages over surface flow wetlands as they have no exposed water surface, fewer odors, treat wastewater more efficiently in smaller areas, and perform better in colder climates. Constructed wetlands are effective at reducing parameters like BOD, TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus and fecal coliforms from
Plant crops in propagation lant propagation is the process of increasing the number of plants of a particular species or cultivar. There are two primary forms of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. In nature, propagation of plants most often involves sexual reproduction, or the production of viable seeds.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymerssukhjinder mann
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymers; Methods to conserve moisture, mulch types, polymer types, importance, advantages and disadvantages
The nitrogen cycle describes the movement of nitrogen through the environment. It involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by soil bacteria, and denitrification by bacteria in waterlogged soils that converts nitrogen back to its gaseous form. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of nitrogen fertilizers, and livestock ranching have significantly increased the global nitrogen cycle, causing issues like smog, acid rain, eutrophication, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. While some seek solutions, many nations prioritize food production over environmental impacts.
This document discusses cropping seasons, nutrient management, irrigation methods, and crop protection in Indian agriculture. It outlines three main cropping seasons in India - Kharif from May-October, Rabi from October-April, and Zaid crops grown with irrigation year-round. It also describes the 16 essential plant nutrients, including the primary, secondary, and micronutrients needed for growth. Common irrigation methods like wells, canals, drip and sprinklers are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with an overview of biotic pests like insects, mites, and weeds that damage crops, as well as abiotic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.
This document discusses plant nutrition and the roles of soil, bacteria, and fungi. It covers:
1. The importance of water retention in soils for plant growth and how plants obtain essential elements through hydroponic experiments.
2. Macronutrients and micronutrients that plants require, common mineral deficiencies in plants, and challenges with hydroponic farming.
3. The roles of bacteria in nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification to make nitrogen available to plants. Bacteria also live symbiotically in root nodules of legumes.
4. The benefits of mycorrhizal fungi to plants, including increased nutrient and water absorption. Fossil evidence suggests
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly approach in present scenario for Salt affec...Suraj Mali
This document summarizes a presentation on phytoremediation of salt-affected soils. It defines phytoremediation as using plants to remove contaminants from soil. The main mechanisms are phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and phytovolatilization. Salt-affected soils are classified as saline, sodic, or saline-sodic based on pH, EC and ESP. Phytoremediation of salt-affected soils involves growing salt-tolerant plants like Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites communes to reduce salt concentration. Long-term planting of grasses improves soil properties of salt-affected soils. Atrip
The document discusses two case studies of soil degradation: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US and the drying of the Aral Sea in Central Asia by the Soviet Union. Both events were caused by unsustainable farming and water use practices that removed protective vegetation from the soil, leading to widespread dust storms and desertification. The document also discusses the global issue of soil degradation, its causes like erosion, pollution, overgrazing and mismanaged farmland, and techniques to conserve soil like reducing erosion, managing nutrients, limiting compaction, and preventing overgrazing.
The document discusses soil formation and degradation. It states that soil is formed over long periods from the weathering of rock by various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Climate and time influence soil development, with warmer, wetter climates producing soil more rapidly. Mature soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons. The document outlines some key causes of soil degradation, including erosion from wind and water; loss of nutrients due to harvesting without replenishing fertilizers; and salinization from irrigation in arid areas. Prevention of soil erosion involves techniques such as planting vegetation, using mulch, improving drainage, and reducing over-watering.
Soil is a nonrenewable resource that provides many functions including being arable land for agriculture, regulating water and filtering pollutants, nutrient cycling, foundation and support, and containing mineral deposits. Human activities like soil erosion, compaction, intensive agriculture, urbanization, and desertification can degrade soil quality by reducing nutrients, organic matter, and biodiversity. Conservation methods include increasing soil organic matter, keeping the soil covered, reducing tillage, efficient pest and nutrient management, crop rotation, and preventing erosion and compaction.
Cover Crops Provide Much More than Just CoverRay Weil
This presentation was the Keynote address for the Innovative Farmers of Ontario (Canada) in February 2014. Some slides may not work as well as intended without their animations.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise and their causes and effects. It explains that air pollution is caused by the presence of man-made substances in the atmosphere that affect health and properties. Various air pollutants like SO2, NO and metals from industries have negative effects on plants, animals and humans, causing damage to respiratory systems, cancer and other health issues. Noise pollution is caused by unwanted sounds from vehicles and industries that affect people physically and mentally. The document also discusses ways to control different types of pollution through the use of cleaner fuels, industrial abatement technologies, and urban planning.
Land is a critical resource that makes up 1/5 of the Earth's surface and is used for agriculture, mining, water storage, and habitat. Land degradation through soil erosion, desertification, and other processes threatens these uses. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by forces like wind and water, and is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, heavy rainfall, and improper cultivation techniques. Desertification is land degradation specific to arid regions caused by issues like deforestation, overexploitation, climate change, and poor agricultural practices. Conservation strategies to address these problems include agroforestry, wind breaks, conservation tillage, crop rotation, terracing, reforestation, and controlled grazing.
Irrigation Engineering “N.N. Bassak”
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structure “Santosh Kumar Garg”
Principal of Irrigation Engineering “Frederick Haynes Newell and Daniel William Murphy”
This document discusses various topics related to irrigation including:
1. The necessity of irrigation due to factors like low and uneven rainfall as well as growing multiple crops per year.
2. The advantages of irrigation such as fulfilling crop water requirements, improving yields and living standards, adding to national wealth and revenue, and enabling cash crops.
3. Key terms related to irrigation water requirements including consumptive use, net irrigation requirement, and gross irrigation requirement.
4. Factors that affect the duty of water applied such as irrigation methods, crop type, climate, canal conditions, water quality, soil characteristics, topography, and cultivation methods.
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of higher plants for the cost-effective, environmentally friendly rehabilitation of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic metals and organic compounds.
This document discusses sprinkler irrigation and includes the following key points:
1. A group of 6 students will present on the topic of sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation can save up to 50% of water compared to surface irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation works by using pressurized sprinklers located on pipes to discharge water into the air so it infiltrates near where it lands.
3. The components of a sprinkler system include a water source, pumping unit, pipes, sprinklers, and accessories like reducers, elbows, valves, and filters. Proper design considerations include layout, pressure, and matching the system to soil and crop types.
The soil system is a dynamic ecosystem with inputs, outputs, storages and flows. The quality of soil influences the primary productivity of an area. Soil is made up of organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals, air and water. It exists in solid, liquid and gas states. Soils take a long time to develop and are considered a non-renewable resource. Soil degradation reduces soil quality and can be caused by erosion, biological degradation, physical degradation and chemical degradation from human activities like agriculture. Conservation efforts aim to reduce erosion, improve soil structure and condition, and promote sustainable land management.
18. soil erosion ans soil conservation by Allah dad khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses soil erosion and conservation. It defines erosion as the natural process by which soil particles are removed and transported by agents like water, wind, and gravity. Accelerated erosion occurs when the rate of soil removal exceeds the rate of formation, such as when vegetation is removed, exposing soil to the elements. Some key points made are:
- Worldwide, 75 billion metric tons of soil are lost to erosion each year, predominantly from cropland.
- Soil conservation measures in the US include terracing, contour plowing, cover crops, and conservation tillage to reduce the impact of water and wind erosion.
- The Universal Soil Loss Equation is used to calculate soil loss based on
This document discusses strategies for controlling soil pollution and conserving water and nutrients in agricultural environments. It explains the causes of soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and chemical use, plastic waste, and contaminated runoff. Methods to control pollution include proper chemical disposal, recycling, and organic farming. The document also describes constructing water retention structures like ditches and basins to conserve runoff and prevent erosion. Constructing these helps ensure water availability for crops and livestock.
This document discusses soil pollution and conservation of resources in agriculture. It covers causes of soil pollution like excessive fertilizer and chemical use, as well as their negative effects. Control methods are described such as proper disposal, composting, and organic farming. The document also discusses constructing water retention structures like ditches and pits to conserve surface runoff. Importance of trees for soil and water conservation is explained. Growing trees through nursery management and transplanting is covered.
The document discusses various types of irrigation methods including fertigation, paleo irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It describes the key components, advantages and applications of these different irrigation techniques. Participatory irrigation management and its objectives to involve users in irrigation system management are also summarized. The principles of irrigation scheduling, distribution and organic farming are briefly covered.
The document summarizes key concepts about soils and plant nutrition:
- Soil is made up of particles classified by size and arranged in horizons, with loam being the most fertile topsoil. The soil contains inorganic components like minerals and organic components like humus.
- Plants obtain essential inorganic nutrients from the soil, and have evolved relationships with soil microbes to aid nutrient uptake through processes like nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations.
- Sustainable agriculture aims to farm in an environmentally-friendly way through practices such as irrigation, fertilization, erosion control and composting.
The document summarizes key concepts about soils and plant nutrition:
- Soil is made up of particles classified by size and arranged in horizons, with loam being the most fertile topsoil. The soil contains inorganic components like minerals and organic components like humus.
- Plants obtain essential inorganic nutrients from the soil, and have evolved relationships with soil microbes like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi to aid nutrient acquisition.
- The nitrogen cycle describes the transformations of nitrogen in nature, which are facilitated by different types of soil bacteria through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly approach in present scenario for Salt affec...Suraj Mali
This document summarizes a presentation on phytoremediation of salt-affected soils. It defines phytoremediation as using plants to remove contaminants from soil. The main mechanisms are phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and phytovolatilization. Salt-affected soils are classified as saline, sodic, or saline-sodic based on pH, EC and ESP. Phytoremediation of salt-affected soils involves growing salt-tolerant plants like Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites communes to reduce salt concentration. Long-term planting of grasses improves soil properties of salt-affected soils. Atrip
The document discusses two case studies of soil degradation: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US and the drying of the Aral Sea in Central Asia by the Soviet Union. Both events were caused by unsustainable farming and water use practices that removed protective vegetation from the soil, leading to widespread dust storms and desertification. The document also discusses the global issue of soil degradation, its causes like erosion, pollution, overgrazing and mismanaged farmland, and techniques to conserve soil like reducing erosion, managing nutrients, limiting compaction, and preventing overgrazing.
The document discusses soil formation and degradation. It states that soil is formed over long periods from the weathering of rock by various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Climate and time influence soil development, with warmer, wetter climates producing soil more rapidly. Mature soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons. The document outlines some key causes of soil degradation, including erosion from wind and water; loss of nutrients due to harvesting without replenishing fertilizers; and salinization from irrigation in arid areas. Prevention of soil erosion involves techniques such as planting vegetation, using mulch, improving drainage, and reducing over-watering.
Soil is a nonrenewable resource that provides many functions including being arable land for agriculture, regulating water and filtering pollutants, nutrient cycling, foundation and support, and containing mineral deposits. Human activities like soil erosion, compaction, intensive agriculture, urbanization, and desertification can degrade soil quality by reducing nutrients, organic matter, and biodiversity. Conservation methods include increasing soil organic matter, keeping the soil covered, reducing tillage, efficient pest and nutrient management, crop rotation, and preventing erosion and compaction.
Cover Crops Provide Much More than Just CoverRay Weil
This presentation was the Keynote address for the Innovative Farmers of Ontario (Canada) in February 2014. Some slides may not work as well as intended without their animations.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise and their causes and effects. It explains that air pollution is caused by the presence of man-made substances in the atmosphere that affect health and properties. Various air pollutants like SO2, NO and metals from industries have negative effects on plants, animals and humans, causing damage to respiratory systems, cancer and other health issues. Noise pollution is caused by unwanted sounds from vehicles and industries that affect people physically and mentally. The document also discusses ways to control different types of pollution through the use of cleaner fuels, industrial abatement technologies, and urban planning.
Land is a critical resource that makes up 1/5 of the Earth's surface and is used for agriculture, mining, water storage, and habitat. Land degradation through soil erosion, desertification, and other processes threatens these uses. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by forces like wind and water, and is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, heavy rainfall, and improper cultivation techniques. Desertification is land degradation specific to arid regions caused by issues like deforestation, overexploitation, climate change, and poor agricultural practices. Conservation strategies to address these problems include agroforestry, wind breaks, conservation tillage, crop rotation, terracing, reforestation, and controlled grazing.
Irrigation Engineering “N.N. Bassak”
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structure “Santosh Kumar Garg”
Principal of Irrigation Engineering “Frederick Haynes Newell and Daniel William Murphy”
This document discusses various topics related to irrigation including:
1. The necessity of irrigation due to factors like low and uneven rainfall as well as growing multiple crops per year.
2. The advantages of irrigation such as fulfilling crop water requirements, improving yields and living standards, adding to national wealth and revenue, and enabling cash crops.
3. Key terms related to irrigation water requirements including consumptive use, net irrigation requirement, and gross irrigation requirement.
4. Factors that affect the duty of water applied such as irrigation methods, crop type, climate, canal conditions, water quality, soil characteristics, topography, and cultivation methods.
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of higher plants for the cost-effective, environmentally friendly rehabilitation of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic metals and organic compounds.
This document discusses sprinkler irrigation and includes the following key points:
1. A group of 6 students will present on the topic of sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation can save up to 50% of water compared to surface irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation works by using pressurized sprinklers located on pipes to discharge water into the air so it infiltrates near where it lands.
3. The components of a sprinkler system include a water source, pumping unit, pipes, sprinklers, and accessories like reducers, elbows, valves, and filters. Proper design considerations include layout, pressure, and matching the system to soil and crop types.
The soil system is a dynamic ecosystem with inputs, outputs, storages and flows. The quality of soil influences the primary productivity of an area. Soil is made up of organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals, air and water. It exists in solid, liquid and gas states. Soils take a long time to develop and are considered a non-renewable resource. Soil degradation reduces soil quality and can be caused by erosion, biological degradation, physical degradation and chemical degradation from human activities like agriculture. Conservation efforts aim to reduce erosion, improve soil structure and condition, and promote sustainable land management.
18. soil erosion ans soil conservation by Allah dad khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses soil erosion and conservation. It defines erosion as the natural process by which soil particles are removed and transported by agents like water, wind, and gravity. Accelerated erosion occurs when the rate of soil removal exceeds the rate of formation, such as when vegetation is removed, exposing soil to the elements. Some key points made are:
- Worldwide, 75 billion metric tons of soil are lost to erosion each year, predominantly from cropland.
- Soil conservation measures in the US include terracing, contour plowing, cover crops, and conservation tillage to reduce the impact of water and wind erosion.
- The Universal Soil Loss Equation is used to calculate soil loss based on
This document discusses strategies for controlling soil pollution and conserving water and nutrients in agricultural environments. It explains the causes of soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and chemical use, plastic waste, and contaminated runoff. Methods to control pollution include proper chemical disposal, recycling, and organic farming. The document also describes constructing water retention structures like ditches and basins to conserve runoff and prevent erosion. Constructing these helps ensure water availability for crops and livestock.
This document discusses soil pollution and conservation of resources in agriculture. It covers causes of soil pollution like excessive fertilizer and chemical use, as well as their negative effects. Control methods are described such as proper disposal, composting, and organic farming. The document also discusses constructing water retention structures like ditches and pits to conserve surface runoff. Importance of trees for soil and water conservation is explained. Growing trees through nursery management and transplanting is covered.
The document discusses various types of irrigation methods including fertigation, paleo irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It describes the key components, advantages and applications of these different irrigation techniques. Participatory irrigation management and its objectives to involve users in irrigation system management are also summarized. The principles of irrigation scheduling, distribution and organic farming are briefly covered.
The document summarizes key concepts about soils and plant nutrition:
- Soil is made up of particles classified by size and arranged in horizons, with loam being the most fertile topsoil. The soil contains inorganic components like minerals and organic components like humus.
- Plants obtain essential inorganic nutrients from the soil, and have evolved relationships with soil microbes to aid nutrient uptake through processes like nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations.
- Sustainable agriculture aims to farm in an environmentally-friendly way through practices such as irrigation, fertilization, erosion control and composting.
The document summarizes key concepts about soils and plant nutrition:
- Soil is made up of particles classified by size and arranged in horizons, with loam being the most fertile topsoil. The soil contains inorganic components like minerals and organic components like humus.
- Plants obtain essential inorganic nutrients from the soil, and have evolved relationships with soil microbes like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi to aid nutrient acquisition.
- The nitrogen cycle describes the transformations of nitrogen in nature, which are facilitated by different types of soil bacteria through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. LAND PREPARATION
Major purposes of land preparation
1) Levelling the land
2) Incorporate crop residues, green manure, crops cover
3) Prepare and maintain a good seed bed
4) Help to control weeds, diseases and insects
5) Improve the physical condition of the soil
6) Control erosion
“Tillage” – mechanical manipulation of soil to provide a favorable
environment for crop growth.
Done – variety of equipment and various purposes
factor – soil moisture, to dry, too wet,
Eg. – seedbed – soil loose, mix , air, water
5. MOLDBOARD PLOUGH
Moldboard plough are used when – soil is
sufficiently moist to allow the plow o pass
through easily.
Not too wet or to dry – stick to the surface
of moldboard.
Used on – bare fields, small grain stubble,
corn stubble, hay crop fields.
6. DISC PLOUGH
The disc plough bears little resemblance to the common mouldboardplough.
A large, revolving, concave steel disc replaces the share and the mouldboard.
The disc turns the furrow slice to one side with a scooping action.
The usual size of the disc is 60 cm in diameter and this turns a 35 to 30 cm furrow
slice.
The disc plough is more suitable for land in which there is much fibrous growth of
weeds as the disc cuts and incorporates the weeds. The disc plough works well in
soils free from stones. No harrowing is necessary to break the clods of the
upturned soil as in a mouldboard plough.
7. DISC HARROWS
A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to cultivate the soil
where crops are to be planted. It is also used to chop up unwanted weeds or
crop remainders.
It consists of many iron or steel discs which have slight concavity and are
arranged into two or four sections. When viewed from above, the four
sections would appear to form an "X" which has been flattened to be wider
than it is tall.
This is so they slice the ground they cut over a little bit to optimize the result.
The concavity of the discs as well as their being offset causes them to loosen
8. HARROWING
Function – Further reduce the size of soil clods left after disking, to smooth the soil
surface and to do small scale levelling.
• Destroy small weeds
• Final touch of seedbed preparation.
• Follows disking. Do both operation simultaneously
Harrows used
Priciples – 1)spike tooth
2) spring tooth
3) chain or drags
4) cultipackers, packers, mulchers and corrugated rollers.
9. CULTIVATION
Is the tillage between seedling emergence and crop harvest.
Function – to control weeds, improve water filtration, soil aeration, loosening
compacted soil
11. LAND LEVELLING
• Land is leveled to permit water to flow and spread evenly over the soil surface
without causing erosion.
• Types of land levelling depend on the land suitability, production capacity and
irrigation methods.
12. SOIL FUMIGATION
“Pasteurizes the soil” – make sure the soil is clean from disease, weed, harmfull
bacteria and fungi.
Soil fumigation can yield vastly improve seedlings and crop performance.
Common used – methyl bromide CH3Br
By decreasing weed competition and eliminating parasitic attack by
nematodes. The fumigation cost is more than offset by increased production.
Plant bed fumigation with a mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin has
proven considerably more effective and uniform than steam sterilization or
burning.
13. IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.
Function of irrigation:
• In the growing of agricultural crops,
• maintenance of landscapes, and
• Revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of
inadequate rainfall.
• Protecting plants against frost
• Suppressing weed growth in grain fields
• Preventing soil consolidation.
In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed
or dryland farming.
14. Factors
• Climate
• Type of crop
• Cost of water
• Slope of field
• Physical properties of
soil
• Water quality
• Water availability
• Drainage capability
• Salinity or other
problems
METHODS OF APPLICATION
15. TYPE OF IRRIGATION
Center-Pivot: Automated sprinkler irrigation achieved by automatically rotating
the sprinkler pipe or boom, supplying water to the sprinkler heads or nozzles,
as a radius from the center of the field to be irrigated. Water is delivered to
the center or pivot point of the system. The pipe is supported above the crop
by towers at fixed spacings and propelled by pneumatic, mechanical,
hydraulic, or electric power on wheels or skids in fixed circular paths at
uniform angular speeds.
Drip: A planned irrigation system in which water is applied directly to the Root
Zone of plants by means of applicators (orifices, emitters, porous tubing,
perforated pipe, etc.) operated under low pressure with the applicators being
placed either on or below the surface of the ground.
Furrow/Flood: A partial surface flooding method of irrigation normally used with
clean-tilled crops where water is applied in furrows or rows of sufficient
capacity to contain the designed irrigation system.
16. Rotation: A system by which irrigators receive an allotted quantity of water, not a
continuous rate, but at stated intervals.
Sprinkler: A planned irrigation system in which water is applied by means of
perforated pipes or nozzles operated under pressure so as to form a spray
pattern.
Surface: Irrigation where the soil surface is used as a conduit, as in furrow and
border irrigation as opposed to sprinkler irrigation or subirrigation.
21. Element Abbreviation Form absorbed
Nitrogen N NH4
+ (ammonium) and NO3
-
(nitrate)
Phosphorus P H2PO4
- and HPO4
-
2 (orthophosphate)
Potassium K K+
Sulfur S SO4
-2(sulfate)
Calcium Ca Ca+2
Magnesium Mg Mg+2
Iron Fe Fe+2 (ferrous) and
Fe+3 (ferric)
Zinc Zn Zn+2
Manganese Mn Mn+2
Molybdenum Mo MoO4
-2 (molybdate)
Copper Cu Cu+2
Boron B H3BO3 (boric acid) and
H2BO3
- (borate)
22. NITROGEN
Of all the essential nutrients, nitrogen is required by plants in the largest quantity and is
most frequently the limiting factor in crop productivity.
In plant tissue, the nitrogen content ranges from 1 and 6%.
Proper management of nitrogen is important because it is often the most limiting nutrient in
crop production and easily lost from the soil system.
Nitrogen Forms and Function
Forms of nitrogen available for plant uptake : Ammonium and Nitrate
Functions of nitrogen in plants
Nitrogen is an essential element of all amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins.
Nitrogen is also a component of nucleic acids, which form the DNA of all living things and
holds the genetic code.
Nitrogen is a component of chlorophyll, which is the site of carbohydrate formation
(photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is also the substance that gives plants their green color.
Photosynthesis occurs at high rates when there is sufficient nitrogen.
A plant receiving sufficient nitrogen will typically exhibit vigorous plant growth. Leaves will
also develop a dark green color.
23. Mineralization: Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium
Nitrification: Conversion of ammonium to nitrate
Losses of Nitrogen from the Soil
Denitrification: Conversion of nitrate to atmospheric forms of
nitrogen
Volatilization: Loss of gaseous ammonia to the atmosphere
Run-off
Leaching
Consumption by plants and other organisms
24. CONDITIONS AFFECTING N MINERALIZATION
The amount of ammonium that is released to the soil through mineralization
depends on several factors:
• Quantity of Organic Nitrogen: The amount of organic nitrogen originally
present in the organic matter determines the amount of N that can ultimately
be mineralized.
• Temperature: The optimal range for mineralization to occur is between 77-95
degrees Fahrenheit.
• Oxygen: Microorganisms need oxygen and since microorganisms mediate
mineralization, sufficient oxygen must be available in the soil.
• Moisture content: Ideally, water should fill 15 – 70 % of pore space for
maximum mineralization. This roughly corresponds to field capacity.
• Ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N): The C:N ratio is a term used to describe
the relative amount of total carbon in comparison the amount of total nitrogen
present in the soil and/or organic matter.
This ratio is very important in determining the rate of mineralization that should
occur for a given type of organic matter.
25. After mineralization of N occurs, ammonium can be:
• Taken up by the plants
• Consumed by other organisms
• Nitrified
• Volatilized
26. NITRIFICATION
In most aerobic soils under optimal soil conditions, ammonium is rapidly converted to
nitrate by soil bacteria through a process known as nitrification.
Nitrification involves two steps:
First, ammonium is converted to nitrite
Then, nitrite is converted to nitrate.
The process of nitrification
produces hydrogen ions.
When large quantities of
ammonium-containing fertilizers
are applied to soil over time, this
process can acidify the soil. See
figure below for a simplified
presentation of the nitrification
process.
27. Phosphorus (P)
• Absorbed mainly as orthophosphate ions (H2PO4-, HPO4
2-)
•Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of
photosynthesis.
•Key element for formation of ADP, ATP and AMD- photosynthesis and
respiration
•Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc.
•Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy;
proper plant maturation; withstanding stress.
•Effects rapid growth.
•Encourages blooming and root growth.
•Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and
superphosphate.
•Ferilizer – Rock phosphate
28. POTASSIUM(K+)
· Carbohydrate metabolism and the break down and translocation of starches
· Increases photosynthesis – opening and closing of stomata
· Increases water-use efficiency – water retention
· Essential to protein synthesis
· Important in fruit formation
· Activates enzymes and controls their reaction rates
· Improves quality of seeds and fruit
· Improves winter hardiness
· Increases disease resistance
Fertilizer : Potasium chloride (KCL)(MOP),
potassium sulphate (K2SO4) (sulfate of potash), and
potassium nitrate (KNO3)(saltpeter)
29. CALCIUM (Ca2+)
· Source – dolomite, calcite, apatite and feldspar
· Involved in nitrogen metabolism
· Reduces plant respiration
· Aids translocation of photosynthesis from leaves to fruiting organs
· Increases fruit set
· Essential for nut development in peanuts
· Stimulates microbial activity
In soil – reclaim sodic soil (soil structure) and agregation in saline soil.
Correct Ca deficiency - lime stone (CaCO3) and gypsum (CaSO4)
MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)
· Key element of chlorophyll production
· Improves utilization and mobility of phosphorus
· Activator and component of many plant enzymes
· Directly related to grass tetany
· Increases iron utilization in plants
· Influences earliness and uniformity of maturity
Source : dolomitic limestone (CaCo3. MgCo3), potassium magnesium sulfate (k2SO4. 2MgSo4)
30. CHLORINE
· Not much information about its functions
· Interferes with P uptake
· Enhances maturity of small grains on some soils
COPPER
· Major function in photosynthesis
· Major function in reproductive stages
· Indirect role in chlorophyll production
· Increases sugar content
· Intensifies color
· Improves flavor of fruits and vegetables
IRON
· Promotes formation of chlorophyll
· Acts as an oxygen carrier
· Reactions involving cell division and growth
31. MANGANESE
· Functions as a part of certain enzyme systems
· Aids in chlorophyll synthesis
· Increases the availability of P and Ca
MOLYBDENUM
· Required to form the enzyme "nitrate reductas" which reduces nitrates to ammonium in plant
· Aids in the formation of legume nodules
· Needed to convert inorganic phosphates to organic forms in the plant
ZINC
· Aids plant growth hormones and enzyme system
· Necessary for chlorophyll production
· Necessary for carbohydrate formation
· Necessary for starch formation
· Aids in seed formation
BORON
· Essential of germination of pollon grains and growth of pollen tubes
· Essential for seed and cell wall formation
· Promotes maturity
· Necessary for sugar translocation
· Affects nitrogen and carbohydrate
34. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FERTILIZER
Straight Fertilizers
These are products where a nitrogen, phosphate or potassium
fertilizer has a declared content of only one of the primary plant nutrients, N, P or
K.
N. Examples of straight N. Urea, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, Triple Super,
Muriate of
Potash.
Compound Fertilizer:
Fertilizer is having a declared content of at least two of the nutrients, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium, obtained chemically or by blending, or both.
Complex Fertilizer:
Fertilizer having a declared content of at least two of the nutrients nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium, obtained by chemical reaction.
36. SOIL CONSERVATION
Definition – is the preservation and extension of the life of soil by using land wisely,
keeping it in it most productive state for the present and future generations. It is
also about solving the problems of land degradation, particularly accelerated soil
erosion.
Erosion – caused by human interference – physical forces of wind and water on soil
Factors – Natural vs. Human induced
Plant cover – tree losses
Rain
Topography – leveled or sloping
Soil physical properties
37. METHODS OF CONSERVATION
• Deforestation
• Fuelwood
• Overgrazing
• Agriculture
• Industrialization
Terraces
• How it helps??
39. Strip cropping - is a very effective and inexpensive method for controlling soil
erosion
40. Grass waterways
Grass waterways are a type of conservation buffer; they downhill grassed
channels, generally broad and shallow, designed to prevent soil erosion while
draining runoff water from adjacent cropland. As water travels down the
waterway, the grass vegetation prevents erosion that would otherwise result
from concentrated flows. Grass waterways also help prevent gully erosion in
areas of concentrated flow.