The document summarizes Chapter 10 of The Language of Medicine textbook. It discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and more. It also discusses the spinal cord, neurons, nerves, glial cells, and provides a vocabulary list of over 40 medical terms related to the nervous system.
Demonstrate knowledge of a particular body system. Describe the bodily components of the system; describe the pathology of the system; and teach word components and abbreviations.
Demonstrate knowledge of a particular body system. Describe the bodily components of the system; describe the pathology of the system; and teach word components and abbreviations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
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effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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What are external stimuli?
How can internal chemicals be stimuli?
What are some of the involuntary body functions controlled by the nervous system?
Internal and external stimuli activate the cell membranes to release stored electrical energy called the nervous impulse.
External and internal receptors receive and transmit these impulses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
The central nervous system recognizes, interprets, and relays impulses to other nerve cells that extend through parts of the body, such as muscles, glands, and organs.
What is the scope of influence nerve cells have on bodily function?
Cranial nerves carry electrical impulses between the brain and the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).
Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities.
Why is the 10th cranial nerve called the vagus nerve? What does it do?
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary functioning?
What are parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?
The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically.
It controls the heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like the intestines, and hollow organs such as the stomach and urinary bladder.
Why is the autonomic nervous system necessary?
How are stimuli processed by the nervous system?
What are the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
What structure carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body?
What substances are examples of neurotransmitters?
What is the singular form of “ganglia”?
Answers are on the next slide.
What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
How do the glia cells keep the nervous system healthy?
These are the supportive, protective, and connective cells of the central nervous system.
(Recap) What purpose does stromal tissue serve?
.
The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres.
The brain consists of four major lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
What are the parts of the left cerebral hemisphere as shown in the diagram?
What primary functions are carried out by the different lobes of the brain?
What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex?
How many major divisions can be applied to the entire cerebral cortex?
What is the value of the ability to sense pain?
How do messages travel from one side of the brain to another?
How does the word “crossover” apply to a function of the medulla oblongata?
The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra.
It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain.
The inner section of the cross section of the spinal cord is gray matter.
The outer section of the cross section of the spinal cord is white matter.
What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?
Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (It channels blood to brain tissue.)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?
Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (It channels blood to brain tissue.)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?
The correct answer is B: gyrus.
The correct answer is A: pia mater.
The correct answer is D: neuralgia.
The correct answer is B: epidural.
How is hydrocephalus treated?
What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.
Which conditions are movement related?
Which conditions are degenerative?
What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox?
What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated?
What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?
There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic.
What is another name for CVA?
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?
Which items are disorders or injuries?
Which are procedures?
Which items are pathologies?
Which are tests?
What is an EEG used to measure?
Which of the items listed above are pathologies? Describe them.
What percent of oxygen does inhaled air contain? (About 21%)
What percent of oxygen does exhaled air contain? (About 16%)
What is the medical term for air sacs?
What is the singular form of bronchi? (Bronchus)
Which lung is larger? (Right)
How many lobes does each lung have? (Right: three, left: two)
Engage the class to identify the organs of the respiratory system.
Trace the path of a breath of air.
Engage the class to identify the organs of the respiratory system.
Trace the path of a breath of air.
Trace the flow, and then conduct the class activity in the lesson plan by dividing the class into two groups and assigning each a gas.
Trace the flow, and then conduct the class activity in the lesson plan by dividing the class into two groups and assigning each a gas.
See pp. 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms.
See pp. 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms.
See pp. 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms.
See pp. 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms.
The correct answer is C: apex.
Many of these terms are ways to help identify respiratory abnormalities that can be heard.
Discuss the fact that auscultation, though not high tech, is still a very effective way to uncover disease.
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders. Which are most often caused by smoking?
Epistaxis is also known as rhinorrhagia, but epistaxis is the more commonly used term for nosebleed.
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders. Which are most often caused by smoking?
Epistaxis is also known as rhinorrhagia, but epistaxis is the more commonly used term for nosebleed.
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders.
What are the types of pneumoconiosis?
Distinguish between atelectasis and pneumothorax.
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders.
Use slides to discuss definitions, context, spelling, and derivations.
Explain collapsed lung.
What conditions may cause a lung to collapse?
What are some examples of trauma- and disease-induced collapsed lung?
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders.
Briefly discuss the technology of each type of x-ray.
For what kinds of information (hard tissues, soft tissue, etc.) and which conditions is each type best suited?
Use this slide to discuss point of view, right and left, dorsal and ventral, and landmarks.
Why would a physician recommend this invasive diagnostic procedure?
What are the pros and cons?
What can the physician expect to learn?
Watch an episode of ER and count how many times they do this procedure in the ER.
Why do many people coming into the emergency room need this procedure?
Why is this done for surgical patients?
Why do many of these procedures start with “thor”?
What is the difference between laryngoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and thorascopy?
Under what conditions would a physician perform this invasive procedure?
Explain the advantages and disadvantages.