12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) Why are the studies of brain lesioned patients important?
2) What are reported phenomenology by patients?
3) How can we assess / validate their phenomenology?
- Behavioral & Neuronal studies of patients
Week 12 neural basis of consciousness : frontiers in consciousness researchNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What does IIT propose about qualia?
2) How can we characterize qualia structures?
3) What are the possible empirical experiments that can be used to reveal the relationship between qualia and brain?
4) What are societal impacts of consciousness research?
Week 7 the neural basis of consciousness: higher visual areas and the nccNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the evidence supporting the claim that higher visual areas are the NCC?
2) What are the phenomenological and behavioral characteristics of binocular rivalry?
3) How did the researchers establish the binocular rivalry paradigm with monkeys as participants?
4) What are the implications of the NCC studies using binocular rivalry?
Week 10 neural basis of consciousness integrated information theory of consc...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is IIT?
2) Where does IIT start to construct the theory?
3) What are the five core properties of every phenomenology that IIT considers important?
4) What is the neuronal measure that was inspired by the IIT?
Week 9 the neural basis of consciousness : dissociation of consciousness &...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the logic and evidence of experiments which demonstrate dissociation between attention and consciousness?
2) How do they manipulate & assess consciousness?
3) How do they manipulate & assess attention?
Week 8 : The neural basis of consciousness : consciousness vs. attention Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we define “attention”?
2) What are the paradigms to manipulate attention?
3) What are the neuronal mechanisms of attention?
4) How can we explain the relationship between attention and consciousness?
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
a. Why are we interested in consciousness?
b. What do we mean by consciousness?
c. How can we study consciousness?
d. What are the potential problems when one wants to
understand and test a possibility of consciousness in animals, plants and robots?
Week 11 neural basis of consciousness : consciousness and integration (1)Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we compute integrated information?
2) How we can estimate the proposed boundary of consciousness?
3) What are the reported phenomenology / behaviors of split brain patients?
4) How does IIT explain various known facts about consciousness, such as split brain patients?
Week 2 neural basis of consciousness: introduction to the research methods ts...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we characterize our phenomenology
- Introduction to psychophysical methods
2) How can we measure neural activity in the brain?
- What is the source of the neural activity?
Week 12 neural basis of consciousness : frontiers in consciousness researchNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What does IIT propose about qualia?
2) How can we characterize qualia structures?
3) What are the possible empirical experiments that can be used to reveal the relationship between qualia and brain?
4) What are societal impacts of consciousness research?
Week 7 the neural basis of consciousness: higher visual areas and the nccNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the evidence supporting the claim that higher visual areas are the NCC?
2) What are the phenomenological and behavioral characteristics of binocular rivalry?
3) How did the researchers establish the binocular rivalry paradigm with monkeys as participants?
4) What are the implications of the NCC studies using binocular rivalry?
Week 10 neural basis of consciousness integrated information theory of consc...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is IIT?
2) Where does IIT start to construct the theory?
3) What are the five core properties of every phenomenology that IIT considers important?
4) What is the neuronal measure that was inspired by the IIT?
Week 9 the neural basis of consciousness : dissociation of consciousness &...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the logic and evidence of experiments which demonstrate dissociation between attention and consciousness?
2) How do they manipulate & assess consciousness?
3) How do they manipulate & assess attention?
Week 8 : The neural basis of consciousness : consciousness vs. attention Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we define “attention”?
2) What are the paradigms to manipulate attention?
3) What are the neuronal mechanisms of attention?
4) How can we explain the relationship between attention and consciousness?
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
a. Why are we interested in consciousness?
b. What do we mean by consciousness?
c. How can we study consciousness?
d. What are the potential problems when one wants to
understand and test a possibility of consciousness in animals, plants and robots?
Week 11 neural basis of consciousness : consciousness and integration (1)Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we compute integrated information?
2) How we can estimate the proposed boundary of consciousness?
3) What are the reported phenomenology / behaviors of split brain patients?
4) How does IIT explain various known facts about consciousness, such as split brain patients?
Week 2 neural basis of consciousness: introduction to the research methods ts...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we characterize our phenomenology
- Introduction to psychophysical methods
2) How can we measure neural activity in the brain?
- What is the source of the neural activity?
Week 6 neural basis of consciousness neural correlates of consciousnessNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)?
2) What are positive and negative evidence for V1 as the NCC?
3) What are the properties of neurons in higher visual areas?
Week 4 the neural basis of consciousness introduction to the visual systemNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are behavioral and neural signatures of nonconscious processing?
2) Can blindsight-like behavior induced in monkeys? What are the evidence?
3) How can we discriminate nonconscious from conscious behaviors using a concept of metacognition?
4) What is the structure of eye and how does it shape our conscious vision?
Week 5 neural basis of consciousness eyes, early visual system and conscious...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is our peripheral experience?
- A closer look with color, motion, and metacognition
2) What neural mechanisms underlie the transmission of visual input from the eyes to the brain?
3) What is a receptive field of a neuron?
4) What are the key properties of V1 (the primary visual cortex)?
5) What are the implications of the properties of V1 for conscious phenomenology?
6) What are the visual pathways from the eyes to the brain, and its implication for blindsight?
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Week 6 neural basis of consciousness neural correlates of consciousnessNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)?
2) What are positive and negative evidence for V1 as the NCC?
3) What are the properties of neurons in higher visual areas?
Week 4 the neural basis of consciousness introduction to the visual systemNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are behavioral and neural signatures of nonconscious processing?
2) Can blindsight-like behavior induced in monkeys? What are the evidence?
3) How can we discriminate nonconscious from conscious behaviors using a concept of metacognition?
4) What is the structure of eye and how does it shape our conscious vision?
Week 5 neural basis of consciousness eyes, early visual system and conscious...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is our peripheral experience?
- A closer look with color, motion, and metacognition
2) What neural mechanisms underlie the transmission of visual input from the eyes to the brain?
3) What is a receptive field of a neuron?
4) What are the key properties of V1 (the primary visual cortex)?
5) What are the implications of the properties of V1 for conscious phenomenology?
6) What are the visual pathways from the eyes to the brain, and its implication for blindsight?
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Health monitoring system for comatose patients a surveyIJARIIT
This survey paper outlines the existing and proposed system for a comatose patient health monitoring aid. In general,
the comatose patients never respond for anything however they might abnormal movements are frequently encountered in
patients with brain injury characterization of these movements and their underlying pathophysiology is difficult due to the
comatose or uncooperative state of the patient. Thus, we reviewed the available literature regarding abnormal movements
encountered in acutely ill patients with brain injuries. There are so many abnormal movements in the seen in each category as
well as their epidemiologic, semiology and clinic pathologic correlates. We propose a practical paradigm that can be applied at
the bedside for diagnosing abnormal movements in patients. Which they are self-conscious and that can make them reticent.
The Hand Talk glove is a normal, cloth driving glove fitted with flex sensors. The sensors output a stream of data that varies
with the degree of bend made by the fingers. Flex sensors are sensors that change in resistance depending on the amount of
bend on the sensor. They convert the change in a bend to electrical resistance and send data to the doctor.
what SPECT scans are, how they are a tool in diagnosing a patient in psychiatry, 7 types of ADD, how it helps understanding and acceptance of having a mental illness
Structure of information to understand the physical basis of consciousness
One of the biggest mysteries in science is the origin of subjective conscious experience. In modern investigation on consciousness, researchers distinguish level and contents of consciousness. The former is about the global state of conscious creatures, which goes from very low in coma, vegetitative states, deep dreamless sleep, and deep general anesthesia to high in fully wakeful state. The latter is about the contents that one experiences at a given moment of high level of consciousness, sometimes called qualia, covering all sensory and any other experiences.
In both meanings, consciousness has been difficult to relate to electrochemical physical interactions in the brain. Meanwhile, informational structure, which is derived from these neural activity and connectivity, is more promising as a possible candidate that is isomorphic to consciousness.
In this talk, I will explain three approaches that try to characterize 1) structures of information, 2) structures of consciousness, and 3) relationship between these two structures, primarily drawing on the approach with Integrated Information Theory [Tononi 2004 BMC, Tononi 2016 Nat Rev Neuro, Oizumi 2016 PNAS, Haun 2018, Leung 2020 bioRxiv] and Category Theory [Spivak 2011, Tsuchiya 2016 Neurosci Res, Tsuchiya 2020 OSF].
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Week 3 the neural basis of consciousness overview of important clinical cases tsuchiya (1)
1. Week 3
Neural basis of consciousness:
Overview of important clinical cases
Prof Nao Tsuchiya
Twitter: @conscious_tlab
Email: naotsugu.tsuchiya@monash.edu
Facebook: Naotsugu Tsuchiya
2. Recap of Wk 2
Phenomenology
Introspection & Report
Experience of brief exposures to a natural scene
Signal detection theory
3. Recap of Wk 2
Neurons & neural measures
Basic anatomy (dendrites, axons, action potentials)
EEG, MEG, ECoG, LFP, single unit recording
fMRI
Pros and cons of various measures
5. Learning Objectives
To be able to answer the following questions:
Why are the studies of brain lesioned patients important?
What are reported phenomenology by patients?
How can we assess / validate their phenomenology?
Behavioral & Neuronal studies of patients
Chapter 12 QFC
6. Learning the boundary of the knowledge (Assessment 2 & 3)
1. Brain injured patients Pheno
2. Characterizing conscious phenomenologies Pheno
3. Attention and consciousness Pheno + Measure
4. Implicit and unconscious perception Measure
5. Consciousness research in animals Pheno + Measure
6. Intracranial recordings in humans Measure
7. Reorganization of brains and altered consciousness
Pheno + Measure
7. Why are the studies of brain lesioned patients important?
Because it is the most effective and holistic way to
understand what consciousness is, is not and can be.
Data from brain lesioned patients provide strong constraints
on ideas and theories of consciousness.
Many hand-wavy philosophical ideas can be excluded.
Refining “mind-body” problem into “consciousness-brain”.
Why brain injury?
8. Why are the studies of brain lesioned patients important?
Brain lesions also give us clues about the necessity of a
particular brain areas for phenomenology.
One way to get to the causal relationship between
neurons and consciousness.
(Other ways: micro stimulations, drug manipulations, and
(coarse) magnetic stimulation)
Why brain injury?
9.
10. What it is like to be locked-in patients?
Movie: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGPhtOMOCcg
Full movie
https://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/1406388291596/th
e-diving-bell-and-the-butterfly
Reports/behaviors of the patients
14. Neural basis of consciousness in patients
Minimally conscious state
Vegetative state
Locked-in
syndrome
Conscious
control
15. Owen et al
2006 Science
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
16. Monti et al
2011 NEJM
5/54 patients
2/5 no voluntary
behavior
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
17. Reports by patients
Insight 2014 Conscious or not
Around 28:00
Interview of a patient who came out of misdiagnosed coma
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09fxGB8EjQ
Reports/behaviors of the patients
18. Summary
Consequences of brain damage on consciousness are
difficult to imagine.
Movies allow us to virtually experience what it is like to be a
brain-damaged patient.
Conscious experience of a patient can dissociate from
externally observable behaviors.
Brain mechanisms of locked-in and other syndromes are
being studied extensively.
19. Why are the studies of brain lesioned patients important?
Because it is the most effective and holistic way to
understand what consciousness is, is not and can be.
Why brain injury?
20. Can this brain generate consciousness?
Yu et al 2014 Brain
“A new case of complete
primary cerebellar agenesis:
clinical and imaging findings
in a living patient”
Reports/behaviors of the patients
21. “mild mental impairment and medium motor
deficits… complete absence of the
cerebellum…
A 24-year-old female patient was admitted to
hospital complaining of dizziness and the
inability to walk steadily for more than 20 years,
and nausea and vomiting for 1 month...
married with a daughter, and her pregnancy
and delivery were described as uneventful…
4 years old before she could stand unassisted,
and did not begin to walk unassisted until the
age of 7…
Reports/behaviors of the patients
22. … Her speech was not intelligible until 6
years of age and she did not enter
school.
A neurological examination revealed she
could cooperate and fully orientate.
A verbal analysis test revealed her word
comprehension and expression
remained intact and she had no sign of
aphasia…
Evaluation of the sensory system
showed no abnormalities”
Reports/behaviors of the patients
23. The entire cerebellum is irrelevant for
consciousness!
This is not really trivial! (Any theory of consciousness has to
give a reasonable explanation on why this is the case).
To put this fact into a perspective, let’s consider several
numbers and facts.
Why brain injury?
24. What generates consciousness?
A naive (but very popular) idea → Complexity!
Human brain is super complicated. And complexity is all you
need to generate complex conscious experience!
How many neurons are there in the brain?
86,000,000,000 (roughly 1011
) neurons!
Each neuron connected with 1000-10,000 neurons
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
25. Important numbers to think about
- In 2020, there are ~8 billion people.
- Imagine we have 10 times more people on the earth.
- And each person communicates with 1000-10,000 other
people. (How many friends do you have in your
FaceBook, Instagram, Twitter?)
Something like that is happening in your brain!
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
26. And…
Cerebral cortex contains ~15 billion neurons
Cerebellum contains ~60 billion neurons
Why do we not lose consciousness, even if we lose ~80% of
the neurons in the brain???
We need a theoretical and principled explanation.
→ Integrated information theory by Tononi
Herculano-Houzel 2012 PNAS
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
27.
28. Can this brain generate consciousness?
Why brain injury?
Mataro 2001 Arch
Neurol
30. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for …
Decision making
Impulse control
Judgement
Emotion control
Social interactions
… but is it really relevant and critical for consciousness?
Ongoing debates
Boly et al 2017 J Nsci
Odegaard et al 2017 J Nsci
Why brain injury?
32. Long-term Effects of Bilateral Frontal Brain Lesion
60 Years After Injury With an Iron Bar
At the age of 21 years, in 1937, he
was forced to escape through a
window and slid down a pipe that
gave way. He fell and he was
impaled, through the head, on the
spike of an iron gate. He remained
there until the bar was cut; he was
conscious, and even helped in the
rescue.”
Reports/behaviors of the patients
33. “His occupations consisted mainly
of simple manual tasks that were
always organized and checked by
others. He required supervision
even in everyday activities. He
was incapable of planning or
remembering his agenda or of
fulfilling his responsibilities and he
had difficulties managing money.”
“The spike (Figure 2) penetrated the left frontal region,
passed through both frontal lobes injuring the left eyeball, and
emerged from the right side.”
Reports/behaviors of the patients
34. “Also noteworthy were his apathy, lack of drive, and problems
with initiating, continuing, and finishing tasks. Restlessness
and impatience were also occasionally reported. Another
noticeable characteristic was his cheerfulness; he would
spend a long time telling the same jokes.”
Bilateral frontal lobe damage does not seem to cause lower
level of consciousness and spares most sensory
consciousness (=contents of consciousness), while
profoundly alter human nature and social interactions.
Then, where does consciousness come from?
Reports/behaviors of the patients
36. Behaviors of patients
Video of Helen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDIsxwQHwt8
Human blindsight patient
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwGmWqX0MnM
Reports/behaviors of the patients
37. de Gelder et al 2008
Curr Bio
Patient TN
Neural basis of consciousness in patients
38. Simple visual test (perimetry) shows…
LeftRight
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
Right
___
Stoerig et al 2002 Cereb Cor
42. Can we dissociate not seeing from high criterion?
Receiver Operating Characteristics
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
43. Signal detection task
No I did not
see anything
(35% of trials)
3% contrast
target
Yes I saw it
here
(60% of trials)
[30% 46% or 99%]
contrast target
Yes I saw it here
(5% of trials)
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
Stoerig et al 2002 Cereb Cor
44. The effects of changing stimulus frequency
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
Stoerig et al 2002 Cereb Cor
45. Signal detection task
No I did not
see anything
(20% of trials)
3% contrast
target
Yes I saw it
here
(60% of trials)
[30% 46% or 99%]
contrast target
Yes I saw it here
(20% of trials)
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
Stoerig et al 2002 Cereb Cor
46. The effects of changing stimulus frequency
Assessment and validation of phenomenology
Stoerig et al 2002 Cereb Cor
48. What does this all mean?
Behavioral observations: these patients and monkeys
navigate through the world by visually (?) recognizing the
objects. A localization task can be performed very well.
Phenomenological reports: Patients complain total loss of
vision. In a signal detection task, patients deny seeing the
target regardless of frequency of targets.
Are they lying? If not, how can we explain these?
Why brain injury?
49. How can we assess / validate their phenomenology?
What can we do?
Combine signal detection with confidence
How blindsight is possible
Deeper dive into the visual system: from eye to V1
Assessment and validation of phenomenology