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Waterproofing. Concrete. Civil Engineering . Rebair & Rehab
- 1. Waterproofing Construction Materials Submitted to: Prof. M.Salman IIT, Bombay 1
- 2. Contents 1. Introduction 2. FewTermsfor waterproofing 3. Mechanism of water ingress 4. Effects of water ingress 5. Waterproofing locations 6. Properties ofWaterproofing material 7. ConventionalWaterproofing 8. ModernWaterproofing - 1. LiquidWaterproofing 2. SheetWaterproofing 3. InjectionWaterproofing 4. IntegralWaterproofing 2
- 3. Concrete isideally impervious and watertight Provided various parameters followed such as Compaction Proper steel detailing Mix Design including required w/c Accurate addition of w/c Quality of materials Concrete Cold joint location, treatment Curing Adequate Slopes Joint treatment of different materials Ideal exposure conditions And so on… Making such ideal concrete sample in lab is not difficult However is it possible to obey all the parameters on field ??? 3
- 4. What is water proofing Waterproofing is a process which is designed to prevent water penetration into a building. Generally done during construction phase extensively. Also done during the life of the building as part of retrofit works. Envelop that protects a building 4
- 5. Why waterproof Water –the most destructive element of concrete, masonry and other finishing works in a building. Most of the concrete structures fail more due to lack of durability than deficient strength. Presence of water in concrete is the root cause in 90% of the building’s failure. 5
- 6. The 3 termsLEAKAGE Continuous flow of water. SEEPAGE- Formation of water globules on water surface with occasional droplets DAMPNESS – visible moisture and wetness felt by palm The main difference is the quantum of flow between each. 6
- 7. Mechanism Water passesinto the interior due to number of forces which include Natural Gravity Wind/Air currents Hydrostatic pressure SurfaceTension Capillary action 7
- 8.
- 9. Effects 1. Corrosionof reinforcement 2. Expansion, cracks, spalling 3. Swelling of Platester board 4. Deboning of ceramic tiles 5. Electrical Hazards, short-circuit of lighting and power points 6. Rotten carpet, curtain, other textiles 7. Poor appearance of exterior, interior 8. Rotting , Bulge of woodwork 9. Blistering of Paint 10. Erosion of brickwork, plaster due to efflorescence 11. Formation of micro organisms like mold,algae,funges 12. High humidity 13. Ultimate failure ,collapse of structure 9
- 10. WATRPROOFING LOCATIONS 10 OverheadTank Terrace/Roof & Chajjas Bathroom/WC ExternalWall Foundation Landscapes Subgrade Basement
- 11. Positive Side- Directlyexposed to attack of water. Chemical attack Freeze-thaw cycles Hydrostatic pressure Negative Side Indirect attack Hold up water already intruded Non structural works Dampness, seepage control only Accessibility 11
- 12. Waterproofing principles Michael Kubal-(ConstructionWaterproofing Handbook)-- 90/1 principle : 90% of all water intrusion problems occur within 1% of total building or exterior surface areas 99/1 principles : Approximately 99% of waterproofing leaks are attributed to causes other than material or system failures 12
- 13. Properties of waterproofing material Impermeable HighTensile strength Resistance to UV radiation Resistance to puncture Abrasion resistance Non inflammable Compatibility with base material Excellent Bonding Chemical stability - inert Low shrinkage Good Strength Dimensional Stability Elongation/Elastic Cost effective * 13
- 14. ABOVE GRADE Ultraviolet-resistant Thermal andstructural movement capability Breathable Traffic wear and weathering exposure Aesthetically pleasing Freeze-thaw cycle resistant Ease of repair 14
- 15. Conventional Water Proofing 15 Brick Bat ChinaMosaic Brick Bat + China MosaicBitumen
- 16. Modern Waterproofing Liquid Membrane Solid Film/sheet membrane Injectable waterproofing IntegralWaterproofing 16
- 17. LIQUID WATERPROOFING Early 1800natural bitumen was used combined with jute, straw, rag felt. Around 1950 - widescale use of acrylic emulsions, styrene butadienes and unsaturated polyesters 1980s major transorfmation – water based elastomeric coatings specially polyurethane coatings. First developed for automotive industry .Widely used in construction 17
- 18. Liquid waterproofing 1. Polyurathane Elastomers 2.Bitumen/Asphalt 3. Two components polyurethane tar modified 4. Single pack moisture curing polyurethane 5. Polyester resin two parts reinforced with fibreglass matt 6. Two components tar epoxies modified 7. Water based epoxy two part for hydrostatic pressure situations 8. Acrylic co-polymer water based single part 9. Flexible epoxy resin two parts 10. Bitumen latex modified single pack 11. Acrylic co-polymer cement modified two components 12. Mastic asphalt 18
- 19. Fibre glassadded –tensile strength Cold applied waterproofing Rolled, Brushed, Sprayed Coat thickness after application –0.5 to 2.0mm Right thickness of application important. Sets Rapidly Can cover complex surface shapes Colouring compound can be added Avoid cold joint Mainly Bathroom,water tanks,balconies Also roofs, terraces 19 Liquidwaterproofing… Polyurethane Elastomers
- 20. ADVANTAGES – Elastic- thermal and structural movement Water based – could be sprayed Good bond strength with base material- concrete , asphalt, bitumen etc. Cost effective- Material cheap as well as reduced dead load on slab Ease of application –No special treatment required . Rolled, Brushed also can be sprayed (water based only) Safe – no agitation by heating required as in bitumen . Can be applied at normal temperature. More cool more viscous . Temperature- High resistance to extreme temperatures (between-40 °C and + 80 °C ) DISADVANTAGE UV resistance – Affects its properties and colour turns from off-white to yellow to reddish brown Bio degradable –fungus Pestalotiopsis . No advised when structure in continuous contact with soil (foundation) Weak inTension - secondary material such fibreglass added Poor abrasion resistance Skilled supervision a must Inconsistence coverage 20
- 21. Liquid waterproofing… Bitumen Sticky,black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum Used since centauries Naturally occurring or industrially produced Fractional distillation of crude oil Brushed, mopped Requires heating for spread and adhesion Primer- fine mixture of bitumen and rubber; it is made on water base. Can be applied by spraying. Also used as a light capillary sealer 21
- 22. ADVANTAGES Economical Sustainability– by product of fuel production Excellent cohesion Erosion and corrosion-free, sealed surface High abrasion resistant Can be applied on steel structure, asbestos cement sheets and zinc sheets, aluminium surface Good damp proofing material DISADVANTAGES Unacceptable black appearance Airtight – reduces breathing property of concrete. Air bubble caught causes vapour pressure and blistering High heat absorption Safety – Hot work process on site complex chemical composition making it difficult to identify the explicit component(s) responsible for adverse health effects in workers Bitumen fumes generated at work sites contains carcinogens De-installation - Damages the base surface on removal Difficult to repair 22 Liquidwaterproofing… Bitumen
- 23. SHEET MEMBRANE Arrive atthe site in the form of rolls Critical area is the seam or overlap joint- 100mm (4”). Same hot adhesive Applied mostly on the positive side Foundation , roof, terrace 23
- 24. SHEET MEMBRANE ADVANTAGE Anyimperfections in the substrate or background are covered by sheeting membrane. Consistent thickness/uniformity It provides insulating properties and high resistant to all forces with good elongation. High abrasion and tear resistance Can withstand high hydrostatic pressure DISADVANTAGE High heat absorbtion “Bubbling” error- blistering Skilled supervision required Surface needs to be perfectly dry Not suitable for small works The cost of the labour and material is high. 24
- 25. Contd.. SHEET MEMBRANE Some of sheetmembranes available are: 1. Polymer Modified Bitumen Sheet 2. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer(E.P.D.M.) 3. Semi-rigid asbestos asphalt sheeting 4. Built up roof membranes 5. Butyl rubber sheeting 6. Multilayer bituminous paper system with gravel topping for protection. 7. Metal sheets in the form of copper, lead or stainless steel flashing or trays. 8. Chloro sulphated rubber (Hypalon) 9. PVC Polyvinylchloride 10. Neoprene rubber 25
- 26. SheetMembrane… Ethylenepropylene Diene Monomer (E.P.D.M.) Elastomerand a type of synthetic rubber 1.0 to 2.0mm thick Mechanically attached, or ballasted. Joint seams sealed by liquid adhesives or specially formulated tape Ethylene content - 45% to 85%.The higher the ethylene content, the higher the loading capacity and permeability of the polymer. Outstanding heat, ozone, and weather resistance. High tensile strength (7 to 21Mpa) Hardness (Shore hardness - 30A to 95A) Long warranty, low maintenance requirements Low installation & labor costs Elongation – 100-600% Excellent electrical insulater Fire resistance – upto 180 degree celcius. Mainly used on roof, balconies, landscapes and gardens. Major use in industrial units. Poor resistance to hydrocarbon solvents & oils, petroleum-based oils, turpentine. Poor adhesion to surface Chances of air bubble Vertical surface –not efficient 26
- 27. Sheet Membrane… Polymer- modified bitumen sheet membranes Alternate layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics Flexibility in application -hot asphalt, heat welding (torching or hot air) and cold adhesive, Self Adhesive Failure occur mainly at joints Air bubble entrapped may cause blistering. Complete dry surface Excellent adhesion Rolls of size 1-5 metre by 5-30 metre .The sheets can be cut wherever desired 27 Asphalt /Primer base
- 28. Two MainTypes- Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) Atactic Polypropylene (APP) APP modifiers impart a "plastic" quality to asphalt, and SBS modifiers impart a “Elastic" quality to asphalt APP preferred where High physical durability required Higher abrasion resistance, strength Poor Ductility Foundation, Basement, industrial slab SBS preferred where Good elongation properties Expansion – thermal and structural Roof-top, exposed terraces Higher fatigue loads ExtremeTemperatures FreezeThaw cycles 28 Sheet Membrane… Polymer- modified bitumen sheet membranes
- 29. INJECTABLE WATERPROOFING For repairing orimproving existing waterproofing PROCEDURE Min. 2 drills at 45 degree 45 degreee across the crack Install packers Seal the visible crack opening Fix non returning valve on 1st packer and inject When overflows immediately fix and inject from 2nd Repeat till all packers show signs of overflowing After setting remove packers and seal with suitable slurry 29
- 30.
- 31. Injectable Waterproofing Ideal material properties LowViscocity Elastic Ultra fine Strength Inert Adhesion to base material Expansive on set TwoTypes- Non structural grout Brick/Block wall Shear wall Block-RCC joint Structural grout Footing, beam, column 31
- 32. Non structural grout Polyurethanefoaming resins- temporarily block fast expansive reaction with water Tough elastic foam For permenant seal used with Polyurethane resins Polyurethane resins– hydrophobic low viscosity flexible pre-injection as temporary waterstopping with a Polyurethane foaming non-structural injection sealing Acrylate resins – hydrophilic swelling behaviour in contact with water low viscosity (similar to water) non-structural injections Their reaction (hardening) time is also adjustable Equipment is easily cleaned with water. 32
- 33. Structural Grout Epoxy resins- high tensile and compressive strengths in relation to concrete Highly rigid Structural repairs Low viscosity Excellent adhesion to concrete permanent and durable load transfer based Microfine cement suspensions- Highly Brittle and therefore non-movement accommodating Ultrafines and polymer modified Set quickly permanent and durable load transfer based 33
- 34.
- 35. INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING Admixture inform of liquid or powders added during mixing of concrete Function in the pores of concrete rather than on the surface Advantages – Durable / Maintenance free Time Saving Inexpensive.. No particular skilled required Compatibility with parent materials to be accounted 35
- 36. 2 Main types-- Hydrophilic Densifiers, permeability reducers Mineral -Fly ash slag, silica fume Treated silicates –Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), acrylics, Lignosulphates acrylonitrile rubber and styrene acrylic ester Hydrophobic Ineffective at high pressure Temporary solution for non structural works Controls dampness Liquid-based ammonia emulsion admixture Water-based environmentally friendly admixture 36 Integral waterproofing
- 37. Styrene Butadiene Rubber(SBR) Excellent adhesion and bond with concrete permeability, Strength low shrinkage good workability Specimen are tested to resist better flexure High resistance to UV rays Suited for harsh and exposed conditions Use inTerraces External walls Marine conditions 37
- 38. References “ConstructionWaterproofing Handbook”-MichaelT.Kubal Cement-based Waterproofing Systems – IIT Madras, Buildotech Magazine-April 24th, 2014 Current world practice in the remedial treatment of Rising Damp - Douglas A. Kagi, Ph.D.Victoria University Structural Waterproofing - John C. Maxwell-Cook, 1967 Comparative Study of Conventional and ModernWaterproofingTechniques- Saurabh Borle, Ghadge A.N. Waterproofing Leak Sealing Solutions with Sika Injection Systems- Booklet SBS vs APP – Whats the difference byTradesman, the professional roofers brand- booklet http://www.sealtec.co.il/files/FMF_139.pdf http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/34509-innovative-sustainable- waterproofing-solutions-from-basf.html Integral Crystalline waterproofing – by Alizera Biparva,Kryton Internation Inc. http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/22758-a-review-of-waterproofing- systems.html http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/stock_fabricated_materia ls_components/waterproofing_membranes https://www.waterproofmag.com/back_issues/201601/index.php http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/34510-roof-waterproofing.html 38
- 39. 39 “Water continues todamage or completely destroy more buildings and structures than war or natural disasters” -Michael T.Kubal
Editor's Notes
- #12 Positive -Most critical . freeze-thaw cycles and corrosive chemicals. Inaccesible for sub grade. Should withstand hydrostatic pressure. Negative – holds up water from accessing the space. Only for dampness seepage .Cannot prevent water entering the wall/column. Accessible for repairs.
- #14 Material with elongation upto 200% also available
- #18 1980-Water based poluurethane could be water based UV – an additional protective finishing coating advisable
- #22 Naturally . Used since ancient times Industrially modern times--fuel production separating out the heavier constituents when that oil is distilled to produce fuel. Airtight – water vapours unable to evaporate. Causes vapour pressure and BLISTERING of coating