This document discusses various waterproofing techniques used in construction. It begins by explaining why waterproofing is necessary to prevent damage to buildings from water ingress. Then it describes different types of waterproofing materials and methods, including liquid waterproofing membranes made of bitumen, polyurethane, or acrylics; sheet membranes such as EPDM, polymer-modified bitumen, or PVC; injectable grouts for repairs; and integral waterproofing admixtures added to concrete. The document provides details on the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each technique. It emphasizes that proper selection and application of waterproofing methods is important to prevent water leakage into buildings.

1. Waterproofing
Construction Materials
Submitted to : Prof. M.Salman
IIT, Bombay
1

2. Contents
1. Introduction
2. FewTerms for waterproofing
3. Mechanism of water ingress
4. Effects of water ingress
5. Waterproofing locations
6. Properties ofWaterproofing material
7. ConventionalWaterproofing
8. ModernWaterproofing -
1. LiquidWaterproofing
2. SheetWaterproofing
3. InjectionWaterproofing
4. IntegralWaterproofing
2

3.  Concrete is ideally impervious and watertight
 Provided various parameters followed such as
 Compaction
 Proper steel detailing
 Mix Design including required w/c
 Accurate addition of w/c
 Quality of materials
 Concrete Cold joint location, treatment
 Curing
 Adequate Slopes
 Joint treatment of different materials
 Ideal exposure conditions
 And so on…
 Making such ideal concrete sample in lab is not difficult
 However is it possible to obey all the parameters on field ???
3

4. What is water
proofing
 Waterproofing is a process
which is designed to prevent
water penetration into a
building.
 Generally done during
construction phase
extensively.
 Also done during the life of
the building as part of retrofit
works.
 Envelop that protects a
building
4

5. Why
waterproof
 Water – the most destructive element of concrete, masonry and
other finishing works in a building.
 Most of the concrete structures fail more due to lack of durability
than deficient strength.
 Presence of water in concrete is the root cause in 90% of the
building’s failure.
5

6. The 3 terms LEAKAGE
 Continuous flow of water.
SEEPAGE-
 Formation of water globules on
water surface with occasional droplets
DAMPNESS –
 visible moisture and wetness felt by palm
The main difference is the quantum of flow between each. 6

7. Mechanism
 Water passes into the interior due to
number of forces which include
 Natural Gravity
 Wind/Air currents
 Hydrostatic pressure
 SurfaceTension
 Capillary action
7

8. Sources of leakage
8

9. Effects 1. Corrosion of reinforcement
2. Expansion, cracks, spalling
3. Swelling of Platester board
4. Deboning of ceramic tiles
5. Electrical Hazards, short-circuit of lighting and power points
6. Rotten carpet, curtain, other textiles
7. Poor appearance of exterior, interior
8. Rotting , Bulge of woodwork
9. Blistering of Paint
10. Erosion of brickwork, plaster due to efflorescence
11. Formation of micro organisms like mold,algae,funges
12. High humidity
13. Ultimate failure ,collapse of structure
9

10. WATRPROOFING
LOCATIONS
10
OverheadTank
Terrace/Roof & Chajjas
Bathroom/ WC
ExternalWall
Foundation
Landscapes
Subgrade
Basement

11. Positive Side-
 Directly exposed to attack of
water.
 Chemical attack
 Freeze-thaw cycles
 Hydrostatic pressure
Negative Side
 Indirect attack
 Hold up water already intruded
 Non structural works
 Dampness, seepage control only
 Accessibility
11

12. Waterproofing
principles
Michael Kubal-(ConstructionWaterproofing Handbook)--
 90/1 principle :
90% of all water intrusion problems occur within 1%
of total building or exterior surface areas
 99/1 principles :
Approximately 99% of waterproofing leaks are
attributed to causes other than material or system
failures
12

13. Properties of
waterproofing
material
 Impermeable
 HighTensile strength
 Resistance to UV radiation
 Resistance to puncture
 Abrasion resistance
 Non inflammable
 Compatibility with base material
 Excellent Bonding
 Chemical stability - inert
 Low shrinkage
 Good Strength
 Dimensional Stability
 Elongation/Elastic
 Cost effective
*
13

14. ABOVE GRADE
Ultraviolet-resistant
Thermal and structural movement
capability
Breathable
Traffic wear and weathering exposure
Aesthetically pleasing
Freeze-thaw cycle resistant
Ease of repair
14

15. Conventional
Water Proofing
15
Brick Bat
China Mosaic Brick Bat + China MosaicBitumen

16. Modern
Waterproofing
 Liquid Membrane
 Solid Film/sheet membrane
 Injectable waterproofing
 IntegralWaterproofing
16

17. LIQUID
WATERPROOFING
 Early 1800 natural bitumen was used combined with jute, straw, rag felt.
 Around 1950 - widescale use of acrylic emulsions, styrene butadienes and unsaturated polyesters
 1980s major transorfmation – water based elastomeric coatings specially polyurethane coatings.
 First developed for automotive industry .Widely used in construction 17

18. Liquid
waterproofing
1. Polyurathane Elastomers
2. Bitumen/Asphalt
3. Two components polyurethane tar modified
4. Single pack moisture curing polyurethane
5. Polyester resin two parts reinforced with fibreglass matt
6. Two components tar epoxies modified
7. Water based epoxy two part for hydrostatic pressure situations
8. Acrylic co-polymer water based single part
9. Flexible epoxy resin two parts
10. Bitumen latex modified single pack
11. Acrylic co-polymer cement modified two components
12. Mastic asphalt
18

19.  Fibre glass added –tensile strength
 Cold applied waterproofing
 Rolled, Brushed, Sprayed
 Coat thickness after application –0.5 to 2.0mm
 Right thickness of application important.
 Sets Rapidly
 Can cover complex surface shapes
 Colouring compound can be added
 Avoid cold joint
 Mainly Bathroom,water tanks,balconies
 Also roofs, terraces
19
Liquidwaterproofing…
Polyurethane
Elastomers

20. ADVANTAGES –
 Elastic - thermal and structural movement
 Water based – could be sprayed
 Good bond strength with base material- concrete , asphalt, bitumen etc.
 Cost effective- Material cheap as well as reduced dead load on slab
 Ease of application –No special treatment required . Rolled, Brushed also can be sprayed (water
based only)
 Safe – no agitation by heating required as in bitumen . Can be applied at normal temperature. More
cool more viscous .
 Temperature- High resistance to extreme temperatures (between-40 °C and + 80 °C )
DISADVANTAGE
 UV resistance – Affects its properties and colour turns from off-white to yellow to reddish brown
 Bio degradable –fungus Pestalotiopsis . No advised when structure in continuous contact with soil
(foundation)
 Weak inTension - secondary material such fibreglass added
 Poor abrasion resistance
 Skilled supervision a must
 Inconsistence coverage
20

21. Liquid waterproofing…
Bitumen
 Sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum
 Used since centauries
 Naturally occurring or industrially produced
 Fractional distillation of crude oil
 Brushed, mopped
 Requires heating for spread and adhesion
 Primer- fine mixture of bitumen and rubber; it is made on water base.
Can be applied by spraying. Also used as a light capillary sealer
21

22. ADVANTAGES
 Economical
 Sustainability – by product of fuel production
 Excellent cohesion
 Erosion and corrosion-free, sealed surface
 High abrasion resistant
 Can be applied on steel structure, asbestos cement sheets and zinc sheets, aluminium surface
 Good damp proofing material
DISADVANTAGES
 Unacceptable black appearance
 Airtight – reduces breathing property of concrete.
 Air bubble caught causes vapour pressure and blistering
 High heat absorption
 Safety – Hot work process on site
 complex chemical composition making it difficult to identify the explicit component(s) responsible for adverse health
effects in workers
 Bitumen fumes generated at work sites contains carcinogens
 De-installation - Damages the base surface on removal
 Difficult to repair
22
Liquidwaterproofing…
Bitumen

23. SHEET
MEMBRANE
 Arrive at the site in the form of rolls
 Critical area is the seam or overlap joint- 100mm (4”). Same hot
adhesive
 Applied mostly on the positive side
 Foundation , roof, terrace
23

24. SHEET
MEMBRANE
 ADVANTAGE
 Any imperfections in the substrate or background are covered by
sheeting membrane.
 Consistent thickness/uniformity
 It provides insulating properties and high resistant to all forces with
good elongation.
 High abrasion and tear resistance
 Can withstand high hydrostatic pressure
 DISADVANTAGE
 High heat absorbtion
 “Bubbling” error- blistering
 Skilled supervision required
 Surface needs to be perfectly dry
 Not suitable for small works
 The cost of the labour and material is high.
24

25. Contd..
SHEET
MEMBRANE
Some of sheet membranes available are:
1. Polymer Modified Bitumen Sheet
2. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer(E.P.D.M.)
3. Semi-rigid asbestos asphalt sheeting
4. Built up roof membranes
5. Butyl rubber sheeting
6. Multilayer bituminous paper system with gravel topping for
protection.
7. Metal sheets in the form of copper, lead or stainless steel
flashing or trays.
8. Chloro sulphated rubber (Hypalon)
9. PVC Polyvinylchloride
10. Neoprene rubber
25

26. SheetMembrane…
Ethylenepropylene
Diene Monomer
(E.P.D.M.)
 Elastomer and a type of synthetic rubber
 1.0 to 2.0mm thick
 Mechanically attached, or ballasted.
 Joint seams sealed by liquid adhesives or specially formulated tape
 Ethylene content - 45% to 85%.The higher the ethylene content, the higher the loading
capacity and permeability of the polymer.
 Outstanding heat, ozone, and weather resistance.
 High tensile strength (7 to 21Mpa)
 Hardness (Shore hardness - 30A to 95A)
 Long warranty, low maintenance requirements
 Low installation & labor costs
 Elongation – 100-600%
 Excellent electrical insulater
 Fire resistance – upto 180 degree celcius.
 Mainly used on roof, balconies, landscapes and gardens. Major use in industrial units.
 Poor resistance to hydrocarbon solvents & oils, petroleum-based oils, turpentine.
 Poor adhesion to surface
 Chances of air bubble
 Vertical surface –not efficient
26

27. Sheet Membrane…
Polymer-
modified
bitumen sheet
membranes
 Alternate layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics
 Flexibility in application -hot asphalt, heat welding (torching or hot
air) and cold adhesive, Self Adhesive
 Failure occur mainly at joints
 Air bubble entrapped may cause blistering.
 Complete dry surface
 Excellent adhesion
 Rolls of size 1-5 metre by 5-30 metre .The sheets can be cut
wherever desired
27
Asphalt /Primer base

28.  Two MainTypes -
 Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)
 Atactic Polypropylene (APP)
 APP modifiers impart a "plastic" quality to asphalt, and SBS modifiers impart a “Elastic" quality to
asphalt
 APP preferred where
 High physical durability required
 Higher abrasion resistance, strength
 Poor Ductility
 Foundation, Basement, industrial slab
 SBS preferred where
 Good elongation properties
 Expansion – thermal and structural
 Roof-top, exposed terraces
 Higher fatigue loads
 ExtremeTemperatures
 FreezeThaw cycles
28
Sheet Membrane…
Polymer-
modified
bitumen sheet
membranes

29. INJECTABLE
WATERPROOFING
For repairing or improving existing waterproofing
PROCEDURE
 Min. 2 drills at 45 degree
 45 degreee across the crack
 Install packers
 Seal the visible crack opening
 Fix non returning valve on 1st packer and inject
 When overflows immediately fix and inject from
2nd
 Repeat till all packers show signs of overflowing
 After setting remove packers and seal with
suitable slurry
29

30. Multiple
packer
injections
along cracks
30

31. Injectable
Waterproofing
Ideal material properties
 LowViscocity
 Elastic
 Ultra fine
 Strength
 Inert
 Adhesion to base material
 Expansive on set
TwoTypes-
 Non structural grout
Brick/Block wall
Shear wall
Block-RCC joint
 Structural grout
Footing, beam, column
31

32. Non structural
grout
 Polyurethane foaming resins-
 temporarily block
 fast expansive reaction with water
 Tough elastic foam
 For permenant seal used with Polyurethane resins
 Polyurethane resins–
 hydrophobic
 low viscosity
 flexible
 pre-injection as temporary waterstopping with a
Polyurethane foaming
 non-structural injection sealing
 Acrylate resins –
 hydrophilic swelling behaviour in contact with water
 low viscosity (similar to water)
 non-structural injections
 Their reaction (hardening) time is also adjustable
 Equipment is easily cleaned with water.
32

33. Structural
Grout
 Epoxy resins-
 high tensile and compressive strengths in relation to concrete
 Highly rigid
 Structural repairs
 Low viscosity
 Excellent adhesion to concrete
 permanent and durable load transfer based
 Microfine cement suspensions-
 Highly Brittle and therefore non-movement accommodating
 Ultrafines and polymer modified
 Set quickly
 permanent and durable load transfer based
33

34. 34

35. INTEGRAL
WATERPROOFING
 Admixture in form of liquid or powders added during mixing of
concrete
 Function in the pores of concrete rather than on the surface
Advantages –
 Durable / Maintenance free
 Time Saving
 Inexpensive..
 No particular skilled required
 Compatibility with parent materials to be accounted
35

36. 2 Main types--
 Hydrophilic
 Densifiers, permeability reducers
 Mineral -Fly ash slag, silica fume
 Treated silicates –Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), acrylics,
Lignosulphates acrylonitrile rubber and styrene acrylic ester
 Hydrophobic
 Ineffective at high pressure
 Temporary solution for non structural works
 Controls dampness
 Liquid-based ammonia emulsion admixture
 Water-based environmentally friendly admixture
36
Integral
waterproofing

37. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
 Excellent adhesion and bond with
concrete
 permeability,
 Strength
 low shrinkage
 good workability
 Specimen are tested to resist better
flexure
 High resistance to UV rays
 Suited for harsh and exposed
conditions
 Use inTerraces External walls Marine
conditions
37

38. References
 “ConstructionWaterproofing Handbook”- MichaelT.Kubal
 Cement-based Waterproofing Systems – IIT Madras, Buildotech Magazine-April 24th, 2014
 Current world practice in the remedial treatment of Rising Damp - Douglas A. Kagi, Ph.D.Victoria
University
 Structural Waterproofing - John C. Maxwell-Cook, 1967
 Comparative Study of Conventional and ModernWaterproofingTechniques- Saurabh Borle, Ghadge
A.N.
 Waterproofing Leak Sealing Solutions with Sika Injection Systems- Booklet
 SBS vs APP – Whats the difference byTradesman, the professional roofers brand- booklet
 http://www.sealtec.co.il/files/FMF_139.pdf
 http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/34509-innovative-sustainable-
waterproofing-solutions-from-basf.html
 Integral Crystalline waterproofing – by Alizera Biparva,Kryton Internation Inc.
 http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/22758-a-review-of-waterproofing-
systems.html
 http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/stock_fabricated_materia
ls_components/waterproofing_membranes
 https://www.waterproofmag.com/back_issues/201601/index.php
 http://www.nbmcw.com/waterproofing-construction-chemicals/34510-roof-waterproofing.html
38

39. 39
“Water continues to damage or completely
destroy more buildings and structures than war
or natural disasters”
-Michael T.Kubal