Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibri.pdf
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Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibrium is reached. As we know AlCl3 is ionic compond where ethyl alcohal has very less ionic character thus water will tend to flow in direction where it can interact with Al3+ and forms a complex where Al is surrounded by 6 O atoms and Cl by H, Thus stablishing the solution wheras in ethyl alcohal there is very less ionic character thus water wont prefer itself on side B. Solution Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibrium is reached. As we know AlCl3 is ionic compond where ethyl alcohal has very less ionic character thus water will tend to flow in direction where it can interact with Al3+ and forms a complex where Al is surrounded by 6 O atoms and Cl by H, Thus stablishing the solution wheras in ethyl alcohal there is very less ionic character thus water wont prefer itself on side B..
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4 ionic solutions
This document discusses various concepts related to ionic equilibrium in solution including strong and weak electrolytes, acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis. It defines strong electrolytes as completely dissociating in water and weak electrolytes as achieving an equilibrium between dissociated and undissociated molecules. Acids are defined as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors under the Bronsted-Lowry theory. The Lewis theory further defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. Dissociation constants and factors affecting acid strength are also covered.
Organic Acid and Bases - Swathi S Rao
- An organic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) which gives it acidic properties. The strength of an organic acid depends on the stability of its conjugate base.
- Organic bases usually contain nitrogen atoms that can accept protons. Common organic bases include amines, which have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen that can accept protons.
- Acid strength is determined by the amount of hydronium (H3O+) ions produced when the acid dissociates in water. Base strength is determined by the amount of hydroxide (OH-) ions produced upon dissolution in water. Factors like bond strength, stability of the conjugate base, and inductive effects influence
Module -1 -3 Acid bases and non aqueous solvents
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ionicequilibrium-150530122047-lva1-app6891.pdf
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Structure and properties of water
Water is a polar molecule comprised of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms at an angle of 104.5 degrees. This polar structure results in slightly positive and negative charges on opposite sides of the molecule. Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds between the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another. These hydrogen bonds give water important properties like surface tension, capillary action, and allowing it to dissolve many other polar substances. Water can also exist as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) and plays a vital role in all living things.
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146- Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is diss.docx
146. Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is dissolved in water. ANSWER: The ions from this salt are: Ar and So,. The sulfate ion is the anion of a strong acid. It is the anion from the second ionization of HySO4, for which Ka2 1.2 x 102 The with water to produce AlroH), (whichi actually only sightly soluble), thus increasi 42 1.2x 10. The aluminum ion us increasing [H\'].
Solution
For question no 146
When we dissolve Al 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 we get Al +3 and SO 4 -2 ion. Now aluminum ion reacts with water and does the polarisation of water now it seems like any cation can do that but No since aluminum ion has sufficient value of charge density, therefore, it interacts with water( Al +3 + 3H 2 O = Al(OH) 3 + 3H + ) to form Alumnimum hydroxide and releases hydronium ion or H + ion which makes water acidic. So from this, we can say that if any cation has more charge density it will on hydrolysis make water more acidic.
For question no 131
Acidic nature of HX(where X can be any halogen) is determined by
Polarity difference between hydrogen and halide will try to generate positive and negative end which can only possible if bond dissociates as the one which takes the electron away will have the negative charge (usual halide ) while hydrogen will have the positive charge.
Now acidic nature of hydrogen halide is also determined by how easily any hydrogen halide give the H + ion in water since release of hydrogen ion is directly related to bond dissociation energy of hydrogen and halide so strength of H-X decide the strength of acid since bond dissociation energy of HI is weak so it is strongest amongst all.
So it depends upon two factors so D option is correct.
.
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there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and .pdf
Lewis acids and bases are defined as species that accept or donate electron pairs respectively. OH- is a Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to Al, which has empty orbitals and is thus a Lewis acid. SO2 and CaO reacting in water also demonstrate the Lewis acid-base concept, with SO2 forming the Lewis acid H2SO3 and CaO the Lewis base Ca(OH)2.
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an
anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate
anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known
as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s
conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF,
would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in
water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the
acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by
the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple
hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a
more or less stable anion behind.
I hope this helps!
Solution
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an
anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate
anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known
as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s
conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF,
would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in
water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the
acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by
the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple
hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a
more or less stable anion behind.
I hope this helps!.
Reaction of carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids undergo several important reactions:
1) They react with bases to form salts via deprotonation. 2) They can be converted to acid chlorides using reagents like thionyl chloride, which produces gases as byproducts. 3) They form esters when reacted with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. Electron withdrawing substituents increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base, while donating groups decrease acidity.
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water
solubility.
1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond
2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond
3. Compounds that are non-polar
4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.
Thank you so much.
Solution
Compounds that can hydrogen bond
Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the
electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as
hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic
solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an
increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions.
Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any
other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and
negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a
solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.
The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the
particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell,
and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.
Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water,
individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation
process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break
off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl
crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres
of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.
Compounds that are polar and non-polar-
-Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic
compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids.
Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its
hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure
called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the
system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in
liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the
hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve.
-Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances,
whil.
Acids, bases & aromaticity
This document provides information on acids, bases, and aromaticity. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are substances that produce H+ ions or accept electron pairs, while bases produce OH- ions or donate electron pairs. The document discusses factors that determine acid and base strength such as conjugate base stability, bond strength, resonance, induction, and hybridization effects. It also provides examples of acid-base reactions and uses pKa values to predict reaction equilibrium and relative acidities.
PHYSICAL PHARMACY Report - pH and Buffers.pptx
University of Southern Mindanao
2 BS Pharmacy A (AY: 2023-2024)
PHARM 12 - Physical Pharmacy
All About pH and Buffers This contains the topics about Acids, Bases and Buffers.
REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
Applied Physical Pharmacy (2014) McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0-07-180442-4
Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
Acid and bases
This document discusses various concepts of acids and bases. It begins by describing the early definitions of acids and bases based on their observable properties. It then discusses the Arrhenius theory which defined acids as substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution and bases as those that produce OH- ions. The Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories expanded these definitions to include proton transfer and electron pair donation/acceptance respectively. The document also discusses hard/soft acids and bases, buffers, and methods for adjusting tonicity and pH.
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Solu.pdf
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Slightly soluble Soluble
Solution
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Slightly soluble Soluble.
O=C-H singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens .pdf
O=C-H: singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens: doublets at between 7-8 ppm t-
butyl: singlet at between 1-2 ppm
Solution
O=C-H: singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens: doublets at between 7-8 ppm t-
butyl: singlet at between 1-2 ppm.
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide go.pdf
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide goes undergo SN2 mechanism, and
Br- is a better nucleophile then chlorine
Solution
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide goes undergo SN2 mechanism, and
Br- is a better nucleophile then chlorine.
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a.pdf
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a nonexistent file? a.
FileNotExist b. FileNotExistException c. FileNotFound d. FileNotFoundException
answer is FileNotFoundException
Solution
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a nonexistent file? a.
FileNotExist b. FileNotExistException c. FileNotFound d. FileNotFoundException
answer is FileNotFoundException.
www.amazon.com and www.bn.comContrastContrast simply means diffe.pdf
www.amazon.com and www.bn.com
Contrast
Contrast simply means difference. And for whatever reason—perhaps our brains think they are
still back in the savannah scanning for wild predators—we are all wired to notice differences.
We are not conscious of it, but we are scanning and looking for similarities and differences all
the time. Contrast is what we notice, and it’s what gives a design its energy. So you should make
elements that are not the same clearly different, not just slightly different.
Contrast is one of the most powerful design concepts of them all because really any design
element can be contrasted with another. You can achieve contrast in many ways—for example,
through the manipulation of space (near and far, empty and lled), through color choices (dark
and light, cool and warm), by text selection (serif and sans serif, bold and narrow), by
positioning of elements (top and bottom, isolated and grouped), and so on.
Making use of contrast can help you create a design in which one item is clearly dominant. This
helps the viewer “get” the point of your design quickly. Every good design has a strong and clear
focal point and having a clear contrast among elements (with one being clearly dominant) helps.
If all items in a design are of equal or similar weight with weak contrast and with nothing being
clearly dominant, it is dif cult for the viewer to know where to begin. Designs with strong
contrast attract interest, and help the viewer make sense of the visual. Weak contrast is not only
boring, but it can be confusing. Every single element of a design such as line, shape, color,
texture, size, space, type, and so on can be manipulated to create contrast. On the next page are
some slides that make good use of contrast compared with slides that have weaker contrast.
Repetition
The principle of repetition simply means the reusing of the same or similar elements throughout
your design. Repetition of certain design elements in a slide or among a deck of slides will bring
a clear sense of unity, consistency, and cohesiveness. Where contrast is about showing
differences, repetition is about subtly using elements to make sure the design is viewed as being
part of a larger whole. If you use a stock template from your software application, then repetition
is already built into your slides. For example, a consistent background and consistent use of type
adds unity across a deck of slides.
However, you must be careful not to have too much repetition among your slides. Most of the
built-in templates have been seen many times before and may not suit your unique situation.
Many of the standard templates also have background elements that will soon become tiring,
rather than generating interest the tenth time a different slide is shown but with the same
repetitive element. For example, a star sh in the lower right (not my favorite but perhaps
appropriate for a presentation on marine biology) is an element that would
be a stronger repetitive element if.
What is a virus, what key feature separates viruses from all other m.pdf
What is a virus, what key feature separates viruses from all other microorganisms? Why are
viruses important?
They are non-cell life forms, which made up of hereditary material and protein that can attack
living cells. These small scale creatures have a place with the group of viridae and Genus of
infection.
An infection is non-cell life forms made up of hereditary material and protein that can attack
living cells. They are viewed as both a living and non living things. In the year 1897, a
researcher named Beijerinck found and begat the term infection. The term infection is gotten
from Latin word-\"infection\" implies harm. Later in the year 1935, a researcher named Wendell
Stanley found that these infections are made out of nucleic acids, protein and lips. The
investigation of infections is called as virology.
Infections are little and they gauged in nanometers. They must be seen with an electron
magnifying lens. They are made out of a center of DNA or RNA encompassed by a protein coat
they can just recreate by tainting living cells. Their size reaches from 20 nanometers to 250
nanometers.
All infections have a capsid or head locale that contains its hereditary material. The capsid is
made of proteins and glycoproteins. Capsid contruction changes enormously among infections,
with most being specific for a specific infection\'s host living being. Some infections, for the
most part of the sort tainting creatures, have a membranous envelope encompassing their capsid.
This permits infections to infiltrate have cells through layer combination. The infection\'s
genetical material rests inside the capsid; that material can be either DNA, RNA, or even now
and again a set number of compounds
qualities of viruses
They are encased in a defensive envelope.
They have spikes, which helps them to join to the host cell.
They are non cell.
They don\'t breathe, don\'t metabolize and don\'t develop yet they do recreate.
They contain a protein coat called the capsid.
They have a nucleic corrosive center containing DNA or RNA.
Ribosomes and catalysts are missing, which are required for digestion system.
They are viewed as both as living and non living things, as infections are idle when they are
available outside of host cells and are dynamic in side of host cells. As they make utilization of
crude materials and proteins of the host cell to imitate and causes a few diseases.
In development, infections are a vital method for flat quality exchange, which increments
hereditary differences. Infections are considered by some to be a living thing, since they convey
hereditary material, replicate, and develop through characteristic choice..
Infections are essential to the investigation of atomic and cell science as they give basic
frameworks that can be utilized to control and research the elements of cells.[235] The study and
utilization of infections have given important data about parts of cell biology.[236] For instance,
infections have been valuable in the investi.
To the given post option d is correct answer.The reason is tha.pdf
To the given post option \"d\" is correct answer.
The reason is that added the salt to BaSO4 the solubility get increased .
in the second case ammonia will react with water form ammoniumhydroxide later it dissociated
as ammonium ion and hydroxide ion . So H+ ion concentration will decreased.
Solution
To the given post option \"d\" is correct answer.
The reason is that added the salt to BaSO4 the solubility get increased .
in the second case ammonia will react with water form ammoniumhydroxide later it dissociated
as ammonium ion and hydroxide ion . So H+ ion concentration will decreased..
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or struc.pdf
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or structure, that a computer\'s
hardware,programming, and data should follow. It is an abstract model for computer
architecture: it assumes that execution work by decoding an instruction then getting the operands
and computing the result then also writing the result back to memory and finally it will repeat
these thinsg again and again. So he has given a very simple structure without the actual
implementations. So the whole computer is to two be divided in main 4 parts which actually are
the 4 funtions that a computer will do i.e. it will have to take input so input devices, then it will
do some processing hence the CPU then this result might be stored in Memory or given as output
to Output devices. So by this architeture anyone can understand basic computer.
Solution
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or structure, that a computer\'s
hardware,programming, and data should follow. It is an abstract model for computer
architecture: it assumes that execution work by decoding an instruction then getting the operands
and computing the result then also writing the result back to memory and finally it will repeat
these thinsg again and again. So he has given a very simple structure without the actual
implementations. So the whole computer is to two be divided in main 4 parts which actually are
the 4 funtions that a computer will do i.e. it will have to take input so input devices, then it will
do some processing hence the CPU then this result might be stored in Memory or given as output
to Output devices. So by this architeture anyone can understand basic computer..
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to anot.pdf
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to another, i.e. when the
electronegativity difference is large between O and the other element. This is the case for metals
like Mg and Li.
The oxide is molecular if the atoms share electrons equally, i.e. when the electronegativity
difference is small between O and the other element. This is the case for the nonmetals like S, P,
N and Xe.
Solution
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to another, i.e. when the
electronegativity difference is large between O and the other element. This is the case for metals
like Mg and Li.
The oxide is molecular if the atoms share electrons equally, i.e. when the electronegativity
difference is small between O and the other element. This is the case for the nonmetals like S, P,
N and Xe..
The answer is b) water decomposes firstThe standard oxidation pot.pdf
The answer is: b) water decomposes first
The standard oxidation potentials are:
2 F- => F2 + 2 e-, E(oxidation) = -2.87 V
2 H2O => O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-, E(oxidation) = -1.23 V
Since H2O has a less negative oxidation potential, it is oxidized more easily than F-.
Thus when a solution of F- ions in H2O is electrolyzed, the H2O will decompose first into O2
and H+, while the F- ions remain unreacted.
Solution
The answer is: b) water decomposes first
The standard oxidation potentials are:
2 F- => F2 + 2 e-, E(oxidation) = -2.87 V
2 H2O => O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-, E(oxidation) = -1.23 V
Since H2O has a less negative oxidation potential, it is oxidized more easily than F-.
Thus when a solution of F- ions in H2O is electrolyzed, the H2O will decompose first into O2
and H+, while the F- ions remain unreacted..
Ques-1 How does silica get into the macrophages what type of coat .pdf
Ques-1: How does silica get into the macrophages? what type of coat do you expect on the
vesicles?
Answer: Silicosis: Alveolar macrophages have associated with presence of \"surface scavanger
receptors-A\" to recognize silica particle and these particles are going to form \"a non-opsonized
coat\" on the surface of macrophages and FCR- mediated uptake. This coat formation is
completely depends on “the negatively changed ligands of silica particles” & it is carried into the
cell via activation of Rac and RhoA GTPases & IP3. This non-opsonized silica uptake into the
cell is going to trigger phagosome formation by the lysosomal vesicles to mediate denaturation
but failure of cell to denaturate it finally result in lysis of phagolysosomal membranes to leak the
internal contents into the cytosplasm
Ques-2:
The silica particles inside the lysosome to from a endolysosome-to-phagosome fusion finally
trigger leakage of internal contents into the cytoplasm of macrophages in alveoli of lung. These
events are followed by activation of mitochondria hyperpolarization signaling pathway finally
result in \"generation of caspase-9 and -3\" as a result apoptosis or cell death even the patient is
not working in the coal mine
Solution
Ques-1: How does silica get into the macrophages? what type of coat do you expect on the
vesicles?
Answer: Silicosis: Alveolar macrophages have associated with presence of \"surface scavanger
receptors-A\" to recognize silica particle and these particles are going to form \"a non-opsonized
coat\" on the surface of macrophages and FCR- mediated uptake. This coat formation is
completely depends on “the negatively changed ligands of silica particles” & it is carried into the
cell via activation of Rac and RhoA GTPases & IP3. This non-opsonized silica uptake into the
cell is going to trigger phagosome formation by the lysosomal vesicles to mediate denaturation
but failure of cell to denaturate it finally result in lysis of phagolysosomal membranes to leak the
internal contents into the cytosplasm
Ques-2:
The silica particles inside the lysosome to from a endolysosome-to-phagosome fusion finally
trigger leakage of internal contents into the cytoplasm of macrophages in alveoli of lung. These
events are followed by activation of mitochondria hyperpolarization signaling pathway finally
result in \"generation of caspase-9 and -3\" as a result apoptosis or cell death even the patient is
not working in the coal mine.
Scenario 1 1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation reserves Acco.pdf
Scenario 1 :
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $1 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 1/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 1/ share
To Bank $ 1/ share
Scenario 2:
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $5 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 5/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 5/ share
To Bank $ 5/ share
Notes:
Dividend is the source of income of shareholders when they invest money in shares for gaining
the dividend. On the other hand, when company declares the dividend for shareholder, it will be
the deduction of its net profit. For transferring dividend out of net profit, we make the profit and
loss appropriation account.
Following are the journal entries of dividends
1. When dividend is proposed by company out of net profit.
Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Debit
Proposed Dividend Account Credit
2. When Proposed dividend is paid by Company
Proposed Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
3. When Dividend is Declared Out of Retained Earning
Retained Earning Account Debit
Dividend Account Credit
4. When Such Dividend is Paid
Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
Examples :
Let’s assume that the Reliance Corporation, on Dec. 20, 2011, declared a cash dividend of Rs. 2
per share on 4,00,000 shares payable April 1, 2012, to all stockholders of record March 15. The
following journal entries are required:
1. Date of declaration, Dec. 20, 2011
Retained Earning Account Debit 8,00,000
Dividend Payable Account Credit 8,00,000
2. When dividend is paid on Date of payment, April 1, 2012
Dividend Payable Account Debit 8,00,000
Bank Account Credit 8,00,0000
Important : Sometime company may not have sufficient cash, at that time, company may give his
fully paid up new equity shares or other investments. So, we will not credit the bank account but
we will credit the equity share capital or investment.
Solution
Scenario 1 :
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $1 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 1/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 1/ share
To Bank $ 1/ share
Scenario 2:
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $5 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 5/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 5/ share
To Bank $ 5/ share
Notes:
Dividend is the source of income of shareholders when they invest money in shares for gaining
the dividend. On the other hand, when company declares the dividend for shareholder, it will be
the deduction of its net profit. For transferring dividend out of net profit, we make the profit and
loss appropriation account.
Following are the journal entries of dividends
1. When dividend is proposed by company out of net profit.
Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Debit
Proposed Dividend Account Credit
2. When Proposed dividend is paid by Company
Proposed Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
3. When Dividend is Declared Out of Retained Earning
Retained Earning Account Debit
Dividend Account Credi.
Please follow the data and description 20)Information richness .pdf
Please follow the data and description :
20)
Information richness :
It can be defined as the amount of detail contained in a piece of textual, graphic, audio, or any
video information. So the answer is OPTION C (Information richness).
21)
E-business and e-commerce are terms that are sometimes used interchangeably, and sometimes
they\'re used to differentiate one vendor\'s product from another. But the terms are different, and
that difference matters to today\'s companies.
So the answer is OPTION A (True).
22)
Operational plans sit at the bottom of the totem pole; they are the plans that are made by
frontline, or low-level, managers. So this can be managed and eleated at this level to make the
enhancements over the course period.
So the answer is OPTION B (False).
23)
WaterFall Model :
The waterfall model is a sequential design process, that are used in the software development
processes, in which the progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards like a waterfall or could
be considered as the stair case with the steps through the phases of conception, initiation,
analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation and maintenance.
So the answer is OPTION B (WaterFall Model).
24)
Mid-level management level :
Middle management is the intermediate management of a hierarchical organization that is
subordinate to the executive management and responsible for at least two lower levels of junior
staff. Their main duty is to implement the company strategy in the most efficient way. Their
duties include creating effective working environment, administrating the work process, making
sure it is compliant with organization\'s requirements, leading people and reporting to the highest
level of management.
So the answer is OPTION B (Mid-level management level).
25)
The basic reasons for the growth of decision-making systems include some of the situations like
the large amounts of informations and and this makes the user or the people to make the
decisions more quickly to be in the pace of th information. This also provides us with the ability
to forecast for the future decisions and its making.
So the answer is OPTION C (All Of the Above).
26)
Supply chain management :
The first stage, is the planning, is fairly self-explanatory. Company executives and managers
develop strategies to manage resources for timely product delivery. Metrics should be developed
to monitor progress and compliance. Choosing the suppliers is the next step. Managers are
responsible for developing a system for pricing, delivery and payment. Then there\'s
manufacturing - the third phase. During this step, the manager schedules activities necessary for
production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery of goods or services to customers.
So the answer is OPTION B (Supply chain management).
27)
The form of reports may be of any form in the detailed version like the spreadsheets,
summarized data and histograms. So the answer is OPTION D (All of the Above).
28)
Gantt .
More Related Content
Similar to Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibri.pdf
146- Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is diss.docx
146. Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is dissolved in water. ANSWER: The ions from this salt are: Ar and So,. The sulfate ion is the anion of a strong acid. It is the anion from the second ionization of HySO4, for which Ka2 1.2 x 102 The with water to produce AlroH), (whichi actually only sightly soluble), thus increasi 42 1.2x 10. The aluminum ion us increasing [H\'].
Solution
For question no 146
When we dissolve Al 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 we get Al +3 and SO 4 -2 ion. Now aluminum ion reacts with water and does the polarisation of water now it seems like any cation can do that but No since aluminum ion has sufficient value of charge density, therefore, it interacts with water( Al +3 + 3H 2 O = Al(OH) 3 + 3H + ) to form Alumnimum hydroxide and releases hydronium ion or H + ion which makes water acidic. So from this, we can say that if any cation has more charge density it will on hydrolysis make water more acidic.
For question no 131
Acidic nature of HX(where X can be any halogen) is determined by
Polarity difference between hydrogen and halide will try to generate positive and negative end which can only possible if bond dissociates as the one which takes the electron away will have the negative charge (usual halide ) while hydrogen will have the positive charge.
Now acidic nature of hydrogen halide is also determined by how easily any hydrogen halide give the H + ion in water since release of hydrogen ion is directly related to bond dissociation energy of hydrogen and halide so strength of H-X decide the strength of acid since bond dissociation energy of HI is weak so it is strongest amongst all.
So it depends upon two factors so D option is correct.
.
Theories of acid and base
Describe in this slide the four theories of acid and base.1) Traditional theory 2) arrhenius theory 3) bronsted and lowry theory 4) lewis theory. also explained neutalisation reaction and amphoteric reactions.
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and .pdf
Lewis acids and bases are defined as species that accept or donate electron pairs respectively. OH- is a Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to Al, which has empty orbitals and is thus a Lewis acid. SO2 and CaO reacting in water also demonstrate the Lewis acid-base concept, with SO2 forming the Lewis acid H2SO3 and CaO the Lewis base Ca(OH)2.
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an
anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate
anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known
as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s
conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF,
would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in
water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the
acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by
the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple
hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a
more or less stable anion behind.
I hope this helps!
Solution
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an
anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate
anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known
as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s
conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF,
would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in
water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the
acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by
the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple
hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a
more or less stable anion behind.
I hope this helps!.
Reaction of carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids undergo several important reactions:
1) They react with bases to form salts via deprotonation. 2) They can be converted to acid chlorides using reagents like thionyl chloride, which produces gases as byproducts. 3) They form esters when reacted with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. Electron withdrawing substituents increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base, while donating groups decrease acidity.
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water
solubility.
1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond
2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond
3. Compounds that are non-polar
4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.
Thank you so much.
Solution
Compounds that can hydrogen bond
Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the
electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as
hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic
solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an
increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions.
Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any
other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and
negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a
solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.
The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the
particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell,
and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.
Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water,
individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation
process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break
off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl
crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres
of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.
Compounds that are polar and non-polar-
-Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic
compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids.
Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its
hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure
called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the
system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in
liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the
hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve.
-Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances,
whil.
Acids, bases & aromaticity
This document provides information on acids, bases, and aromaticity. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are substances that produce H+ ions or accept electron pairs, while bases produce OH- ions or donate electron pairs. The document discusses factors that determine acid and base strength such as conjugate base stability, bond strength, resonance, induction, and hybridization effects. It also provides examples of acid-base reactions and uses pKa values to predict reaction equilibrium and relative acidities.
PHYSICAL PHARMACY Report - pH and Buffers.pptx
University of Southern Mindanao
2 BS Pharmacy A (AY: 2023-2024)
PHARM 12 - Physical Pharmacy
All About pH and Buffers This contains the topics about Acids, Bases and Buffers.
REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
Applied Physical Pharmacy (2014) McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0-07-180442-4
Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
Acid and bases
This document discusses various concepts of acids and bases. It begins by describing the early definitions of acids and bases based on their observable properties. It then discusses the Arrhenius theory which defined acids as substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution and bases as those that produce OH- ions. The Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories expanded these definitions to include proton transfer and electron pair donation/acceptance respectively. The document also discusses hard/soft acids and bases, buffers, and methods for adjusting tonicity and pH.
Similar to Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibri.pdf (9)
146- Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is diss.docx
146- Explain why Al2(S04)s produces an acidic solution when it is diss.docx
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and .pdf
there are several theory on defining acid and base, Lewis acids and .pdf
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
More from apexsports101
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Solu.pdf
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Slightly soluble Soluble
Solution
Slightly soluble. INsoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Slightly soluble Soluble.
O=C-H singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens .pdf
O=C-H: singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens: doublets at between 7-8 ppm t-
butyl: singlet at between 1-2 ppm
Solution
O=C-H: singlet at about 10 ppm phenyl hydrogens: doublets at between 7-8 ppm t-
butyl: singlet at between 1-2 ppm.
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide go.pdf
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide goes undergo SN2 mechanism, and
Br- is a better nucleophile then chlorine
Solution
mainly SN2 this is because all primary halide goes undergo SN2 mechanism, and
Br- is a better nucleophile then chlorine.
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a.pdf
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a nonexistent file? a.
FileNotExist b. FileNotExistException c. FileNotFound d. FileNotFoundException
answer is FileNotFoundException
Solution
Which type of exception occurs when creating a DataInputStream for a nonexistent file? a.
FileNotExist b. FileNotExistException c. FileNotFound d. FileNotFoundException
answer is FileNotFoundException.
www.amazon.com and www.bn.comContrastContrast simply means diffe.pdf
www.amazon.com and www.bn.com
Contrast
Contrast simply means difference. And for whatever reason—perhaps our brains think they are
still back in the savannah scanning for wild predators—we are all wired to notice differences.
We are not conscious of it, but we are scanning and looking for similarities and differences all
the time. Contrast is what we notice, and it’s what gives a design its energy. So you should make
elements that are not the same clearly different, not just slightly different.
Contrast is one of the most powerful design concepts of them all because really any design
element can be contrasted with another. You can achieve contrast in many ways—for example,
through the manipulation of space (near and far, empty and lled), through color choices (dark
and light, cool and warm), by text selection (serif and sans serif, bold and narrow), by
positioning of elements (top and bottom, isolated and grouped), and so on.
Making use of contrast can help you create a design in which one item is clearly dominant. This
helps the viewer “get” the point of your design quickly. Every good design has a strong and clear
focal point and having a clear contrast among elements (with one being clearly dominant) helps.
If all items in a design are of equal or similar weight with weak contrast and with nothing being
clearly dominant, it is dif cult for the viewer to know where to begin. Designs with strong
contrast attract interest, and help the viewer make sense of the visual. Weak contrast is not only
boring, but it can be confusing. Every single element of a design such as line, shape, color,
texture, size, space, type, and so on can be manipulated to create contrast. On the next page are
some slides that make good use of contrast compared with slides that have weaker contrast.
Repetition
The principle of repetition simply means the reusing of the same or similar elements throughout
your design. Repetition of certain design elements in a slide or among a deck of slides will bring
a clear sense of unity, consistency, and cohesiveness. Where contrast is about showing
differences, repetition is about subtly using elements to make sure the design is viewed as being
part of a larger whole. If you use a stock template from your software application, then repetition
is already built into your slides. For example, a consistent background and consistent use of type
adds unity across a deck of slides.
However, you must be careful not to have too much repetition among your slides. Most of the
built-in templates have been seen many times before and may not suit your unique situation.
Many of the standard templates also have background elements that will soon become tiring,
rather than generating interest the tenth time a different slide is shown but with the same
repetitive element. For example, a star sh in the lower right (not my favorite but perhaps
appropriate for a presentation on marine biology) is an element that would
be a stronger repetitive element if.
What is a virus, what key feature separates viruses from all other m.pdf
What is a virus, what key feature separates viruses from all other microorganisms? Why are
viruses important?
They are non-cell life forms, which made up of hereditary material and protein that can attack
living cells. These small scale creatures have a place with the group of viridae and Genus of
infection.
An infection is non-cell life forms made up of hereditary material and protein that can attack
living cells. They are viewed as both a living and non living things. In the year 1897, a
researcher named Beijerinck found and begat the term infection. The term infection is gotten
from Latin word-\"infection\" implies harm. Later in the year 1935, a researcher named Wendell
Stanley found that these infections are made out of nucleic acids, protein and lips. The
investigation of infections is called as virology.
Infections are little and they gauged in nanometers. They must be seen with an electron
magnifying lens. They are made out of a center of DNA or RNA encompassed by a protein coat
they can just recreate by tainting living cells. Their size reaches from 20 nanometers to 250
nanometers.
All infections have a capsid or head locale that contains its hereditary material. The capsid is
made of proteins and glycoproteins. Capsid contruction changes enormously among infections,
with most being specific for a specific infection\'s host living being. Some infections, for the
most part of the sort tainting creatures, have a membranous envelope encompassing their capsid.
This permits infections to infiltrate have cells through layer combination. The infection\'s
genetical material rests inside the capsid; that material can be either DNA, RNA, or even now
and again a set number of compounds
qualities of viruses
They are encased in a defensive envelope.
They have spikes, which helps them to join to the host cell.
They are non cell.
They don\'t breathe, don\'t metabolize and don\'t develop yet they do recreate.
They contain a protein coat called the capsid.
They have a nucleic corrosive center containing DNA or RNA.
Ribosomes and catalysts are missing, which are required for digestion system.
They are viewed as both as living and non living things, as infections are idle when they are
available outside of host cells and are dynamic in side of host cells. As they make utilization of
crude materials and proteins of the host cell to imitate and causes a few diseases.
In development, infections are a vital method for flat quality exchange, which increments
hereditary differences. Infections are considered by some to be a living thing, since they convey
hereditary material, replicate, and develop through characteristic choice..
Infections are essential to the investigation of atomic and cell science as they give basic
frameworks that can be utilized to control and research the elements of cells.[235] The study and
utilization of infections have given important data about parts of cell biology.[236] For instance,
infections have been valuable in the investi.
To the given post option d is correct answer.The reason is tha.pdf
To the given post option \"d\" is correct answer.
The reason is that added the salt to BaSO4 the solubility get increased .
in the second case ammonia will react with water form ammoniumhydroxide later it dissociated
as ammonium ion and hydroxide ion . So H+ ion concentration will decreased.
Solution
To the given post option \"d\" is correct answer.
The reason is that added the salt to BaSO4 the solubility get increased .
in the second case ammonia will react with water form ammoniumhydroxide later it dissociated
as ammonium ion and hydroxide ion . So H+ ion concentration will decreased..
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or struc.pdf
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or structure, that a computer\'s
hardware,programming, and data should follow. It is an abstract model for computer
architecture: it assumes that execution work by decoding an instruction then getting the operands
and computing the result then also writing the result back to memory and finally it will repeat
these thinsg again and again. So he has given a very simple structure without the actual
implementations. So the whole computer is to two be divided in main 4 parts which actually are
the 4 funtions that a computer will do i.e. it will have to take input so input devices, then it will
do some processing hence the CPU then this result might be stored in Memory or given as output
to Output devices. So by this architeture anyone can understand basic computer.
Solution
The von Neumann architecture describes a general framework, or structure, that a computer\'s
hardware,programming, and data should follow. It is an abstract model for computer
architecture: it assumes that execution work by decoding an instruction then getting the operands
and computing the result then also writing the result back to memory and finally it will repeat
these thinsg again and again. So he has given a very simple structure without the actual
implementations. So the whole computer is to two be divided in main 4 parts which actually are
the 4 funtions that a computer will do i.e. it will have to take input so input devices, then it will
do some processing hence the CPU then this result might be stored in Memory or given as output
to Output devices. So by this architeture anyone can understand basic computer..
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to anot.pdf
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to another, i.e. when the
electronegativity difference is large between O and the other element. This is the case for metals
like Mg and Li.
The oxide is molecular if the atoms share electrons equally, i.e. when the electronegativity
difference is small between O and the other element. This is the case for the nonmetals like S, P,
N and Xe.
Solution
The oxide is ionic if there is charge transfer from one atom to another, i.e. when the
electronegativity difference is large between O and the other element. This is the case for metals
like Mg and Li.
The oxide is molecular if the atoms share electrons equally, i.e. when the electronegativity
difference is small between O and the other element. This is the case for the nonmetals like S, P,
N and Xe..
The answer is b) water decomposes firstThe standard oxidation pot.pdf
The answer is: b) water decomposes first
The standard oxidation potentials are:
2 F- => F2 + 2 e-, E(oxidation) = -2.87 V
2 H2O => O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-, E(oxidation) = -1.23 V
Since H2O has a less negative oxidation potential, it is oxidized more easily than F-.
Thus when a solution of F- ions in H2O is electrolyzed, the H2O will decompose first into O2
and H+, while the F- ions remain unreacted.
Solution
The answer is: b) water decomposes first
The standard oxidation potentials are:
2 F- => F2 + 2 e-, E(oxidation) = -2.87 V
2 H2O => O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-, E(oxidation) = -1.23 V
Since H2O has a less negative oxidation potential, it is oxidized more easily than F-.
Thus when a solution of F- ions in H2O is electrolyzed, the H2O will decompose first into O2
and H+, while the F- ions remain unreacted..
Ques-1 How does silica get into the macrophages what type of coat .pdf
Ques-1: How does silica get into the macrophages? what type of coat do you expect on the
vesicles?
Answer: Silicosis: Alveolar macrophages have associated with presence of \"surface scavanger
receptors-A\" to recognize silica particle and these particles are going to form \"a non-opsonized
coat\" on the surface of macrophages and FCR- mediated uptake. This coat formation is
completely depends on “the negatively changed ligands of silica particles” & it is carried into the
cell via activation of Rac and RhoA GTPases & IP3. This non-opsonized silica uptake into the
cell is going to trigger phagosome formation by the lysosomal vesicles to mediate denaturation
but failure of cell to denaturate it finally result in lysis of phagolysosomal membranes to leak the
internal contents into the cytosplasm
Ques-2:
The silica particles inside the lysosome to from a endolysosome-to-phagosome fusion finally
trigger leakage of internal contents into the cytoplasm of macrophages in alveoli of lung. These
events are followed by activation of mitochondria hyperpolarization signaling pathway finally
result in \"generation of caspase-9 and -3\" as a result apoptosis or cell death even the patient is
not working in the coal mine
Solution
Ques-1: How does silica get into the macrophages? what type of coat do you expect on the
vesicles?
Answer: Silicosis: Alveolar macrophages have associated with presence of \"surface scavanger
receptors-A\" to recognize silica particle and these particles are going to form \"a non-opsonized
coat\" on the surface of macrophages and FCR- mediated uptake. This coat formation is
completely depends on “the negatively changed ligands of silica particles” & it is carried into the
cell via activation of Rac and RhoA GTPases & IP3. This non-opsonized silica uptake into the
cell is going to trigger phagosome formation by the lysosomal vesicles to mediate denaturation
but failure of cell to denaturate it finally result in lysis of phagolysosomal membranes to leak the
internal contents into the cytosplasm
Ques-2:
The silica particles inside the lysosome to from a endolysosome-to-phagosome fusion finally
trigger leakage of internal contents into the cytoplasm of macrophages in alveoli of lung. These
events are followed by activation of mitochondria hyperpolarization signaling pathway finally
result in \"generation of caspase-9 and -3\" as a result apoptosis or cell death even the patient is
not working in the coal mine.
Scenario 1 1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation reserves Acco.pdf
Scenario 1 :
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $1 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 1/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 1/ share
To Bank $ 1/ share
Scenario 2:
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $5 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 5/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 5/ share
To Bank $ 5/ share
Notes:
Dividend is the source of income of shareholders when they invest money in shares for gaining
the dividend. On the other hand, when company declares the dividend for shareholder, it will be
the deduction of its net profit. For transferring dividend out of net profit, we make the profit and
loss appropriation account.
Following are the journal entries of dividends
1. When dividend is proposed by company out of net profit.
Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Debit
Proposed Dividend Account Credit
2. When Proposed dividend is paid by Company
Proposed Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
3. When Dividend is Declared Out of Retained Earning
Retained Earning Account Debit
Dividend Account Credit
4. When Such Dividend is Paid
Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
Examples :
Let’s assume that the Reliance Corporation, on Dec. 20, 2011, declared a cash dividend of Rs. 2
per share on 4,00,000 shares payable April 1, 2012, to all stockholders of record March 15. The
following journal entries are required:
1. Date of declaration, Dec. 20, 2011
Retained Earning Account Debit 8,00,000
Dividend Payable Account Credit 8,00,000
2. When dividend is paid on Date of payment, April 1, 2012
Dividend Payable Account Debit 8,00,000
Bank Account Credit 8,00,0000
Important : Sometime company may not have sufficient cash, at that time, company may give his
fully paid up new equity shares or other investments. So, we will not credit the bank account but
we will credit the equity share capital or investment.
Solution
Scenario 1 :
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $1 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 1/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 1/ share
To Bank $ 1/ share
Scenario 2:
1) Dec 31st Profit & loss Appropriation/ reserves Account Dr $5 / share
To Proposed Dividend $ 5/ share
2) 20th Jan Proposed dividend Account Dr $ 5/ share
To Bank $ 5/ share
Notes:
Dividend is the source of income of shareholders when they invest money in shares for gaining
the dividend. On the other hand, when company declares the dividend for shareholder, it will be
the deduction of its net profit. For transferring dividend out of net profit, we make the profit and
loss appropriation account.
Following are the journal entries of dividends
1. When dividend is proposed by company out of net profit.
Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Debit
Proposed Dividend Account Credit
2. When Proposed dividend is paid by Company
Proposed Dividend Account Debit
Bank Account Credit
3. When Dividend is Declared Out of Retained Earning
Retained Earning Account Debit
Dividend Account Credi.
Please follow the data and description 20)Information richness .pdf
Please follow the data and description :
20)
Information richness :
It can be defined as the amount of detail contained in a piece of textual, graphic, audio, or any
video information. So the answer is OPTION C (Information richness).
21)
E-business and e-commerce are terms that are sometimes used interchangeably, and sometimes
they\'re used to differentiate one vendor\'s product from another. But the terms are different, and
that difference matters to today\'s companies.
So the answer is OPTION A (True).
22)
Operational plans sit at the bottom of the totem pole; they are the plans that are made by
frontline, or low-level, managers. So this can be managed and eleated at this level to make the
enhancements over the course period.
So the answer is OPTION B (False).
23)
WaterFall Model :
The waterfall model is a sequential design process, that are used in the software development
processes, in which the progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards like a waterfall or could
be considered as the stair case with the steps through the phases of conception, initiation,
analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation and maintenance.
So the answer is OPTION B (WaterFall Model).
24)
Mid-level management level :
Middle management is the intermediate management of a hierarchical organization that is
subordinate to the executive management and responsible for at least two lower levels of junior
staff. Their main duty is to implement the company strategy in the most efficient way. Their
duties include creating effective working environment, administrating the work process, making
sure it is compliant with organization\'s requirements, leading people and reporting to the highest
level of management.
So the answer is OPTION B (Mid-level management level).
25)
The basic reasons for the growth of decision-making systems include some of the situations like
the large amounts of informations and and this makes the user or the people to make the
decisions more quickly to be in the pace of th information. This also provides us with the ability
to forecast for the future decisions and its making.
So the answer is OPTION C (All Of the Above).
26)
Supply chain management :
The first stage, is the planning, is fairly self-explanatory. Company executives and managers
develop strategies to manage resources for timely product delivery. Metrics should be developed
to monitor progress and compliance. Choosing the suppliers is the next step. Managers are
responsible for developing a system for pricing, delivery and payment. Then there\'s
manufacturing - the third phase. During this step, the manager schedules activities necessary for
production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery of goods or services to customers.
So the answer is OPTION B (Supply chain management).
27)
The form of reports may be of any form in the detailed version like the spreadsheets,
summarized data and histograms. So the answer is OPTION D (All of the Above).
28)
Gantt .
okSolutionok.pdf
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It consists of only two words - "Solution" and "ok" - which provide no meaningful context or details that could be condensed into a high-level summary.
Mass of water = volume x density= 22.0 x 1.00 = 22.0 gMass of so.pdf
Mass of water = volume x density
= 22.0 x 1.00 = 22.0 g
Mass of solution = mass of water + mass of X
= 22.0 + 2.30 = 24.3 g
Heat released by reaction = heat absorbed by solution
= mass x specific heat x temperature change of solution
= 24.3 x 4.18 x (25.5 - 12.0)
= 1371.249 J
Moles of X = mass/molar mass of X
= 2.30/56.0 = 0.04107 mol
H = -heat released by reaction/moles of X
= -1371.249/0.04107
= -3.34 x 104 J/mol = -33.4 kJ/mol
Note that H is negative as reaction is exothermic and heat is released
Solution
Mass of water = volume x density
= 22.0 x 1.00 = 22.0 g
Mass of solution = mass of water + mass of X
= 22.0 + 2.30 = 24.3 g
Heat released by reaction = heat absorbed by solution
= mass x specific heat x temperature change of solution
= 24.3 x 4.18 x (25.5 - 12.0)
= 1371.249 J
Moles of X = mass/molar mass of X
= 2.30/56.0 = 0.04107 mol
H = -heat released by reaction/moles of X
= -1371.249/0.04107
= -3.34 x 104 J/mol = -33.4 kJ/mol
Note that H is negative as reaction is exothermic and heat is released.
Molar weight of weight of iron= 55.847 gmol heat capcity Ciron=Ci.pdf
Molar weight of weight of iron= 55.847 g/mol
heat capcity Ciron=Ci=25.19j/mol-c
=25.19/55.847 =0.451 j/g-c
heat capacity of water Cw=4.186 j/g-c
14.3 ml of water=14.3 g
Hvapourisation=2.257 j/g
Hv=2.257*14.3=32.27 j
MiCiTi=MwCwTw+Hvapourisatiovn
Tw=100-30=70
1250*0.451*Ti=14.3*4.186*70+32.27
563.75Ti=4222.456
Ti=7.49 Celcius
Solution
Molar weight of weight of iron= 55.847 g/mol
heat capcity Ciron=Ci=25.19j/mol-c
=25.19/55.847 =0.451 j/g-c
heat capacity of water Cw=4.186 j/g-c
14.3 ml of water=14.3 g
Hvapourisation=2.257 j/g
Hv=2.257*14.3=32.27 j
MiCiTi=MwCwTw+Hvapourisatiovn
Tw=100-30=70
1250*0.451*Ti=14.3*4.186*70+32.27
563.75Ti=4222.456
Ti=7.49 Celcius.
Market value of portfolio as at Dec 31,2011 will be =Starting value.pdf
Market value of portfolio as at Dec 31,2011 will be =Starting
value*(1+rate)^period=100000*(1+6%)^7= $ 150,363
Solution
Market value of portfolio as at Dec 31,2011 will be =Starting
value*(1+rate)^period=100000*(1+6%)^7= $ 150,363.
E. 20.0 total mass of 1L solution = 1.0263 x 10.pdf
E. 20.0% total mass of 1L solution = 1.0263 x 1000 = 1026.3 g mass of acetic acid
=60.05 x3.42 = 205.371 g mass % acetic acid = 205.371 x100 /1026.3 =20.01 %
Solution
E. 20.0% total mass of 1L solution = 1.0263 x 1000 = 1026.3 g mass of acetic acid
=60.05 x3.42 = 205.371 g mass % acetic acid = 205.371 x100 /1026.3 =20.01 %.
ISYSIt was founded in the year 1988 by Ian davies,and it is a searc.pdf
ISYS:It was founded in the year 1988 by Ian davies,and it is a search software of australian
based company which competes with google search engine for searching services. ISYS has its
infrastructure and its embedded search applications compete for fast search and transfer.
In 2009 ISYS released much more new applications and a new suite for access of
information.This has the ability to search multiple data sources like Microsoft office, HTML
files, Zip files,necessary email products,SQL based concepts.It is emerging in business
outsourcing.In 2007 it entered the linux market.
In 2012 ISYS was take overed by lexmarx international.It has its searches related to navigation,
relavance ranking,parametric search,multiple query methods.
Solution
ISYS:It was founded in the year 1988 by Ian davies,and it is a search software of australian
based company which competes with google search engine for searching services. ISYS has its
infrastructure and its embedded search applications compete for fast search and transfer.
In 2009 ISYS released much more new applications and a new suite for access of
information.This has the ability to search multiple data sources like Microsoft office, HTML
files, Zip files,necessary email products,SQL based concepts.It is emerging in business
outsourcing.In 2007 it entered the linux market.
In 2012 ISYS was take overed by lexmarx international.It has its searches related to navigation,
relavance ranking,parametric search,multiple query methods..
In this case, Jayne had some other artfull skill which were inherent.pdf
In this case, Jayne had some other artfull skill which were inherent to her but she chose to
become a physician as she was influenced by her parents and siblings. Presence of her parents
and siblings made her choose a profession which she would not have in general against her
inherent personality. This suggests that there was a sort of confusion in her mind regarding her
decision and she might have passed through stage of identity crisis/moratorium in search for her
own identity. Althoug influenced, she found her own one and practised it thenafter.
This feature shows that the status of Jayne was that of identity foreclosure as she was in search
for her identity and followed the cues and influences from others to make up her own.
Solution
In this case, Jayne had some other artfull skill which were inherent to her but she chose to
become a physician as she was influenced by her parents and siblings. Presence of her parents
and siblings made her choose a profession which she would not have in general against her
inherent personality. This suggests that there was a sort of confusion in her mind regarding her
decision and she might have passed through stage of identity crisis/moratorium in search for her
own identity. Althoug influenced, she found her own one and practised it thenafter.
This feature shows that the status of Jayne was that of identity foreclosure as she was in search
for her identity and followed the cues and influences from others to make up her own..
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- 1. Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibrium is reached. As we know AlCl3 is ionic compond where ethyl alcohal has very less ionic character thus water will tend to flow in direction where it can interact with Al3+ and forms a complex where Al is surrounded by 6 O atoms and Cl by H, Thus stablishing the solution wheras in ethyl alcohal there is very less ionic character thus water wont prefer itself on side B. Solution Water will tend to flow in the direction from B to A until equilibrium is reached. As we know AlCl3 is ionic compond where ethyl alcohal has very less ionic character thus water will tend to flow in direction where it can interact with Al3+ and forms a complex where Al is surrounded by 6 O atoms and Cl by H, Thus stablishing the solution wheras in ethyl alcohal there is very less ionic character thus water wont prefer itself on side B.