Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
•
0 likes•2 views
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF, would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a more or less stable anion behind. I hope this helps! Solution Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid\'s conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF, would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl\'s case, the acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a more or less stable anion behind. I hope this helps!.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Acid base concepts Acid Base concepts; Arrhenius, Lowery-Bronsted, Lewis. So...
Acid Base concepts;
Arrhenius,
Lowery-Bronsted,
Lewis.
Soft and hard acid base concept,
Applications of SHAB
Non aqueous titration- Pharmaceutical Analysis
Non- aqueous titrations are those in which the titrations of too weakly acidic or basic substances are carried out using non-aqueous solvents so as to get sharp end point.
Such titrations can also be used for the titration of the substances not soluble in water.
The speed, precision and accuracy of the non-aqueous method are close to those of classical acidimetric and alkalimetric titrations.
First reported successful quantitative titration of organic acid and base in non-aqueous solvent: 1910.
To an understanding of non-aqueous acid base titrimetry the theories of acid and base is very important. The theories are:
Acids are hydrogen containing compounds that dissociates to yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Bases are compounds that dissociates to yield hydroxide/hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Acid and base buffer
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
Recommended
Acid base concepts Acid Base concepts; Arrhenius, Lowery-Bronsted, Lewis. So...
Acid Base concepts;
Arrhenius,
Lowery-Bronsted,
Lewis.
Soft and hard acid base concept,
Applications of SHAB
Non aqueous titration- Pharmaceutical Analysis
Non- aqueous titrations are those in which the titrations of too weakly acidic or basic substances are carried out using non-aqueous solvents so as to get sharp end point.
Such titrations can also be used for the titration of the substances not soluble in water.
The speed, precision and accuracy of the non-aqueous method are close to those of classical acidimetric and alkalimetric titrations.
First reported successful quantitative titration of organic acid and base in non-aqueous solvent: 1910.
To an understanding of non-aqueous acid base titrimetry the theories of acid and base is very important. The theories are:
Acids are hydrogen containing compounds that dissociates to yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Bases are compounds that dissociates to yield hydroxide/hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Acid and base buffer
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
ionicequilibrium-150530122047-lva1-app6891.pdf
chemistry ionic equilibrium presentation maharashtra board std 12th
Ionic equilibrium
Ionic Equilibrium
Powerpoint presentation for the topics covered under Ionic Equilibrium in class 11.
Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf
Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7.
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7.
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7.
Solution
Ans. Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is an acid
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is “pH lower than 7”
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7. Correct option
Correct option: E
Explanation: Acid is a molecule or ion that donates proton.
An aqueous environment may facilitate acceptance or release of proton to/from a molecule, but
the environment can’t be termed an acid or base because it does not represent a specific molecule
or ion. For example, adding HCl to NaCl solution (say, normal saline) cause donation of proton
from HCl molecule to the solution. Here, NaCl- the aqueous environment, accept a proton- BUT
NaCl solution is NOT a base because it does NOT represent a specific molecule or ion. So, for
being an acid or base- it must be a molecule or ion, NOT an aqueous environment. Though H2O
(water) alone can act as acid or base depending on the acid/base added to it; but the term
‘aqueous environment’ is NOT exclusive for water. So, it can’t be treated as an acid or base.
Therefore, options C, D are incorrect.
pH = - log [H]. Addition of an acid to water (solvent) cause an increase in [H+] ions in water
because acid donates proton to water. Increase in [H+] lowers the pH , i.e. pH is reduced below
7.0; say pH lowered from 7.0 to 4.0. Thus “Substances that release protons when they dissolve in
water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.”
So, options A, B are incorrect..
Acid Base Buffer
Introduction/ Concept of acid and base, Importance of acids and bases in Pharmacy, storage condition. Official acids: Phosphoric acid (Conc/dil), HCl (Conc/dil), Boric acid. Official Bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH)2, dil. and strong NH3, Na2CO3, Acidosis and Alkalosis.
Acid and base
THIS PPT WILL EXPLAIN YOU ALL ABOUT ACID AND BASE AND THEORIES OF ACID AND BASE . THIS IS VERY HELPFUL FOR THE STUDENTS FROM DIPLOMA AND BACHELOR PHARMACY STUDENTS.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Acid base titration
• Acid-base concept
• Role of this form of titration in pharmaceutical quality assurance
• Ionization
• Low of ionization
• Henderson hasselbarkh equation equation
• Neutralization curves
• Acid-base indicators
• Mixed indicators used in polyprotic & amino acid systems during amino acid titration
Acid and bases (PCI Syllabus, B.Pharm)
Arrhenius concept of acids and bases, bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases,amphoteric nature of water , characteristics of strong acids , characteristics of weak acids , characteristics of strong bases, characteristics of weak bases, conjugate acids, conjugate base,introduction on buffers , preparation of buffers, types of buffer, acidic buffer, basic buffer, how do buffers act, why doesn't the ph of buffers doesn't change , Handerson-Hasselbach equation, buffer capacity, pharmaceutical buffers, why maintainance of body ph is important, osmolarity of blood, isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution, pharmaceutical buffer system,phosphate-buffered saline, methods to measure tonicity, hemolytic method, methods to adjust tonicity, cryoscopic method, NaCl equivalent method
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solut.pdf
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solution or molten state) would be
attracted to positive or negative plates depending on the charge on the ion.Positive ion would be
attracted to negative plate and negative ion would be attracted to positive plate. Whereas
covalent compounds are neutral so they would be attracted to positive/negative plates.
CH4,CH2Cl2,C2H2Cl2,CO2,O3 being covalent compounds do not produce ions so they would
not be attracted to positive or negative plates. (CO3)2- (carbonate ion) being a negatively
charged ion would be attracted to the (oppositely) positively charged plate. H2O although
covalent compound is slightly polar having very small concentration of H+ (in the form of
hydronium ions H3O+)and OH- ions thus these ions will be attracted to both the plates
depending on their nature of charge.
Solution
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solution or molten state) would be
attracted to positive or negative plates depending on the charge on the ion.Positive ion would be
attracted to negative plate and negative ion would be attracted to positive plate. Whereas
covalent compounds are neutral so they would be attracted to positive/negative plates.
CH4,CH2Cl2,C2H2Cl2,CO2,O3 being covalent compounds do not produce ions so they would
not be attracted to positive or negative plates. (CO3)2- (carbonate ion) being a negatively
charged ion would be attracted to the (oppositely) positively charged plate. H2O although
covalent compound is slightly polar having very small concentration of H+ (in the form of
hydronium ions H3O+)and OH- ions thus these ions will be attracted to both the plates
depending on their nature of charge..
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then.pdf
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then it would be HCL, otherwise nitric
acid
Solution
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then it would be HCL, otherwise nitric
acid.
More Related Content
Similar to Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
ionicequilibrium-150530122047-lva1-app6891.pdf
chemistry ionic equilibrium presentation maharashtra board std 12th
Ionic equilibrium
Ionic Equilibrium
Powerpoint presentation for the topics covered under Ionic Equilibrium in class 11.
Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf
Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7.
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7.
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7.
Solution
Ans. Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected)
a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is an acid
b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is “pH lower than 7”
c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH
increases.
d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases.
e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a
pH lower than 7. Correct option
Correct option: E
Explanation: Acid is a molecule or ion that donates proton.
An aqueous environment may facilitate acceptance or release of proton to/from a molecule, but
the environment can’t be termed an acid or base because it does not represent a specific molecule
or ion. For example, adding HCl to NaCl solution (say, normal saline) cause donation of proton
from HCl molecule to the solution. Here, NaCl- the aqueous environment, accept a proton- BUT
NaCl solution is NOT a base because it does NOT represent a specific molecule or ion. So, for
being an acid or base- it must be a molecule or ion, NOT an aqueous environment. Though H2O
(water) alone can act as acid or base depending on the acid/base added to it; but the term
‘aqueous environment’ is NOT exclusive for water. So, it can’t be treated as an acid or base.
Therefore, options C, D are incorrect.
pH = - log [H]. Addition of an acid to water (solvent) cause an increase in [H+] ions in water
because acid donates proton to water. Increase in [H+] lowers the pH , i.e. pH is reduced below
7.0; say pH lowered from 7.0 to 4.0. Thus “Substances that release protons when they dissolve in
water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.”
So, options A, B are incorrect..
Acid Base Buffer
Introduction/ Concept of acid and base, Importance of acids and bases in Pharmacy, storage condition. Official acids: Phosphoric acid (Conc/dil), HCl (Conc/dil), Boric acid. Official Bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH)2, dil. and strong NH3, Na2CO3, Acidosis and Alkalosis.
Acid and base
THIS PPT WILL EXPLAIN YOU ALL ABOUT ACID AND BASE AND THEORIES OF ACID AND BASE . THIS IS VERY HELPFUL FOR THE STUDENTS FROM DIPLOMA AND BACHELOR PHARMACY STUDENTS.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Acid base titration
• Acid-base concept
• Role of this form of titration in pharmaceutical quality assurance
• Ionization
• Low of ionization
• Henderson hasselbarkh equation equation
• Neutralization curves
• Acid-base indicators
• Mixed indicators used in polyprotic & amino acid systems during amino acid titration
Acid and bases (PCI Syllabus, B.Pharm)
Arrhenius concept of acids and bases, bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases,amphoteric nature of water , characteristics of strong acids , characteristics of weak acids , characteristics of strong bases, characteristics of weak bases, conjugate acids, conjugate base,introduction on buffers , preparation of buffers, types of buffer, acidic buffer, basic buffer, how do buffers act, why doesn't the ph of buffers doesn't change , Handerson-Hasselbach equation, buffer capacity, pharmaceutical buffers, why maintainance of body ph is important, osmolarity of blood, isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution, pharmaceutical buffer system,phosphate-buffered saline, methods to measure tonicity, hemolytic method, methods to adjust tonicity, cryoscopic method, NaCl equivalent method
Similar to Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf (20)
Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf
Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
More from saahinmanpam
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solut.pdf
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solution or molten state) would be
attracted to positive or negative plates depending on the charge on the ion.Positive ion would be
attracted to negative plate and negative ion would be attracted to positive plate. Whereas
covalent compounds are neutral so they would be attracted to positive/negative plates.
CH4,CH2Cl2,C2H2Cl2,CO2,O3 being covalent compounds do not produce ions so they would
not be attracted to positive or negative plates. (CO3)2- (carbonate ion) being a negatively
charged ion would be attracted to the (oppositely) positively charged plate. H2O although
covalent compound is slightly polar having very small concentration of H+ (in the form of
hydronium ions H3O+)and OH- ions thus these ions will be attracted to both the plates
depending on their nature of charge.
Solution
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solution or molten state) would be
attracted to positive or negative plates depending on the charge on the ion.Positive ion would be
attracted to negative plate and negative ion would be attracted to positive plate. Whereas
covalent compounds are neutral so they would be attracted to positive/negative plates.
CH4,CH2Cl2,C2H2Cl2,CO2,O3 being covalent compounds do not produce ions so they would
not be attracted to positive or negative plates. (CO3)2- (carbonate ion) being a negatively
charged ion would be attracted to the (oppositely) positively charged plate. H2O although
covalent compound is slightly polar having very small concentration of H+ (in the form of
hydronium ions H3O+)and OH- ions thus these ions will be attracted to both the plates
depending on their nature of charge..
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then.pdf
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then it would be HCL, otherwise nitric
acid
Solution
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then it would be HCL, otherwise nitric
acid.
O3 as it is a gas and highly reactive at the same.pdf
O3 as it is a gas and highly reactive at the same time.
Solution
O3 as it is a gas and highly reactive at the same time..
molality = molarity density 0.4=molarity1.3 mo.pdf
molality = molarity / density 0.4=molarity/1.3 molarity=1.3*.4=0.52 M
Solution
molality = molarity / density 0.4=molarity/1.3 molarity=1.3*.4=0.52 M.
Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms .pdf
Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms the chin and sides of the face.
(Largest, strongest facial bone.) Bone into which the lower teeth are attached. The only
moveable facial bone; motion of this bone is necessary for chewing food (the first stage of the
digestion process). Each side of the mandible has a condyle and a coronoid process. The condyle
articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint
Solution
Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms the chin and sides of the face.
(Largest, strongest facial bone.) Bone into which the lower teeth are attached. The only
moveable facial bone; motion of this bone is necessary for chewing food (the first stage of the
digestion process). Each side of the mandible has a condyle and a coronoid process. The condyle
articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
Solid-State diskA solid-state drive also known as a solid-state di.pdf
Solid-State disk
A solid-state drive also known as a solid-state disk though it contains neither a real disk nor a
drive speed to spin a disk is a solid-state storage machine. SSD is a pc storage space device that
uses solid state recollection to store in sequence. SSD uses non volatile NAND flash memory
which enable it to train data after the control is detached SSD is normally used to pass on to solid
state storage space that is filled in a hard disk form factor
Advantages are High read bandwidth, higher IOPS, higher mechanical reliability
Disadvantages are Limited capacity, lower streaming write bandwidth
Shell script
A shell script is a computer program planned to run via the UNIX shell, a command line analyst.
The different dialects of shell script are measured to be scripting languages. Usual operation
perform by shell script include file management, program execution, and printing text. Mainly
scripts are compilation of commands to be store in a file. The shell can read file and act the
commands as if they be type at the keyboard. order of n number of commands to you store text
file and execute the file in its place of inflowing commands
System calls
We can speak to For Performing some process users have to Request for a examine since the
System. For Making any Request a user will organize a individual call which is also known as
the System Call
Types of system cell
Process manage
File organization
Device managing
Information protection
Communication
Fork () and excel ()
Fork (): When you come up to to symbolic \"fork in the road\" you normally have two options to
arrest, and your option affects your upcoming. Computer programs arrive at this fork in the way
when they knock the fork () system call. The operating system will make a new method that is
right the same as the close relative process. The comeback value since the system call is the only
mode the process can verify if it was the offered process or a latest one. The comeback value to
the process will be the procedure ID (PID) of the infant, even as the child will get a comeback
value of 0.
Excel (): fork provide a approach for an existing procedure to create a new one, but what about
the case where the new procedure is not part of the same program as main process when a client
starts a command it wants to run in a new procedure, but it is distinct to the shell. This is
anywhere the exec system call comes into play. Exec will replace the satisfying of the now
association process with the in order from a program binary
System programs:
In computer an operating system is a program that acts as a mediator among the client of a
computer and computer hardware. In another method a current system is the set of system
programs. System programs provide a fitting surroundings for program expansion and
implementation con be divided into
File management
Status information
File change
Programming language maintain
Program load
Communication
Application programs
Microkernels
A small modular f.
We have 1 L of acid at pH = 3So [H+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3 MMoles of .pdf
We have 1 L of acid at pH = 3
So [H+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3 M
Moles of NaOH added = moles of OH- ion
= mass/ molar mass
= 0.06 g/ 40 g/mol
= 0.0015 moles
Moles of OH- ions left over after neutralization
= 0.0015 moles - 10^-3 moles
= 0.0005 moles
[OH-] = 0.0005 moles /1 L = 0.0005 M
pOH
= - log [OH-]
= - log (0.0005)
= 3.3
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 - 3.3
= 10.7
Solution
We have 1 L of acid at pH = 3
So [H+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3 M
Moles of NaOH added = moles of OH- ion
= mass/ molar mass
= 0.06 g/ 40 g/mol
= 0.0015 moles
Moles of OH- ions left over after neutralization
= 0.0015 moles - 10^-3 moles
= 0.0005 moles
[OH-] = 0.0005 moles /1 L = 0.0005 M
pOH
= - log [OH-]
= - log (0.0005)
= 3.3
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 - 3.3
= 10.7.
Unculturable organisms are those that cannot be grown on current lab.pdf
Unculturable organisms are those that cannot be grown on current lab conditions. The presence
of them on environmental samples can be identified by isolating them on medium in which they
grow. For example, few bacteria can be isolated when grown on plain seawater rather than
seawater added to nutrients. Likewise rare samples can be identified and isolated. 16s rRNA
gene sequencing technique idemtifies them better. Through simulted environments and
coculturing techniques these uncultured organisms can be isolated
Limitations of PCR amplification of 16s rRNA is lethal to the organisms.
Solution
Unculturable organisms are those that cannot be grown on current lab conditions. The presence
of them on environmental samples can be identified by isolating them on medium in which they
grow. For example, few bacteria can be isolated when grown on plain seawater rather than
seawater added to nutrients. Likewise rare samples can be identified and isolated. 16s rRNA
gene sequencing technique idemtifies them better. Through simulted environments and
coculturing techniques these uncultured organisms can be isolated
Limitations of PCR amplification of 16s rRNA is lethal to the organisms..
Tannins are naturally occurring plant polyphenols and they have the .pdf
Tannins are naturally occurring plant polyphenols and they have the property to bind and
precipitate proteins.
Tannins are extensively distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in
both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Properties and uses of product
Tanning of hides: Collagen present in the aniaml skin can be readily degraded by bacteria and
fungi. Tannins as the propert to bindthe collagen and form crosslinked fibers which are no longer
susceptible to attack
Tannins has styptic and astringent properties and can be used to treat tonsillitis, pharyngitis,
hemorrhoids, and skin eruptions.
They are soluble in water forming dark blue or dark green solutions with iron salts and this
property of tannin is utilized in the manufacture of inks and dyes.PlantCountry of OriginAcacia
sp. (wattle)Found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world particurly in south-eastern
Australia and AfricaSchinopsis sp.Argentina, Paraguay, and BrazilQuercus spNorth America,
MexicoEucalyptus spAustralia
Solution
Tannins are naturally occurring plant polyphenols and they have the property to bind and
precipitate proteins.
Tannins are extensively distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in
both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Properties and uses of product
Tanning of hides: Collagen present in the aniaml skin can be readily degraded by bacteria and
fungi. Tannins as the propert to bindthe collagen and form crosslinked fibers which are no longer
susceptible to attack
Tannins has styptic and astringent properties and can be used to treat tonsillitis, pharyngitis,
hemorrhoids, and skin eruptions.
They are soluble in water forming dark blue or dark green solutions with iron salts and this
property of tannin is utilized in the manufacture of inks and dyes.PlantCountry of OriginAcacia
sp. (wattle)Found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world particurly in south-eastern
Australia and AfricaSchinopsis sp.Argentina, Paraguay, and BrazilQuercus spNorth America,
MexicoEucalyptus spAustralia.
Such damage never happens during first pregnancy as there is no tran.pdf
Such damage never happens during first pregnancy as there is no transference of blood during
the 1st pregnancy.
During the delivery of the first fetus(Rh+), Rh antigens from the fetus can enter into the
mother’s(Rh-) circulation. As a response to this, the mother’s body would produce antibodies.
These antibodies would harm the second child if the child is Rh+. There is no chance for this to
occur in the first pregnancy
Solution
Such damage never happens during first pregnancy as there is no transference of blood during
the 1st pregnancy.
During the delivery of the first fetus(Rh+), Rh antigens from the fetus can enter into the
mother’s(Rh-) circulation. As a response to this, the mother’s body would produce antibodies.
These antibodies would harm the second child if the child is Rh+. There is no chance for this to
occur in the first pregnancy.
Option 4 an abstract class can have ordinary methods but an interfac.pdf
Option 4 an abstract class can have ordinary methods but an interface cannot
interface is a class that is fully abstract — it has abstract methods, but no concrete methods
Solution
Option 4 an abstract class can have ordinary methods but an interface cannot
interface is a class that is fully abstract — it has abstract methods, but no concrete methods.
Please follow the data and description Doubly linked list In t.pdf
Please follow the data and description :
Doubly linked list :
In the filed of computer science, a doubly linked list is a linked data structure that consists of a
set of sequentially linked records called nodes. Each node contains two fields, called links, that
are references to the previous and to the next node in the sequence of nodes.
The example that has been provides is the :
3(head)-----> 7 ----->5-----> 9-----> 1(tail)
Now that we have a node defining the head and the tail of the list. And because they are double
referenced this means we can easily add or remove items from the head and the tail.
As there are given some lines of code that has to been predicted we follow it as :
a) current = head; :
This clearly indicates that the current position of the element is the head element which is the
element 3 in the present case.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 3.
b) current = current.next; :
Now that the current element is the 3 which is the head so that the pointer is in the head element
and the command now says that current position of the element is the next element to the current
element. So by moving to the next element as this is possible in the linked list, we get the
element as 7.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 7.
c) current = current.next; :
Now that the current element is the 7 which is the element next to head so that the pointer is in
the node element and the command now says that current position of the element is the next
element to the current element. So by moving to the next element as this is possible in the linked
list, we get the element as 9.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 9.
d) current = current.previous; :
Now that the current element is the 9 and the command now says that current position of the
element is the previous element to the current element. So by moving to the previous element as
this is possible in the doubly linked list to move forth and backwards, we get the element as 7.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 7.
e) current = current.next; :
Now that the current element is the 7 which is the element next to head so that the pointer is in
the node element and the command now says that current position of the element is the next
element to the current element. So by moving to the next element as this is possible in the linked
list, we get the element as 9.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 9.
f) current = current.next; :
Now that the current element is the 9 and the command now says that current position of the
element is the next element to the current element. So by moving to the next element as this is
possible in the linked list, we get the element as 5.
So the current node element after the execution of the line is 5.
g) current = current.previous; :
Now that the current element is the 5 and the command now says that current position of the
element is the p.
Pictures are not legible. plz post it again.SolutionPictures a.pdf
Pictures are not legible. plz post it again.
Solution
Pictures are not legible. plz post it again..
No. Redox reactions can occur between two nonmetals as wellExampl.pdf
No. Redox reactions can occur between two nonmetals as well:
Example: H2 and O2 are both nonmetals, but they can undergo a redox reaction to give H2O:
2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O
H2 is oxidized as its oxidation state increases from 0 (in H2) to +1 (in H2O).
O2 is reduced as it oxidation state decreases from 0 (in O2) to -2 (in H2O).
Solution
No. Redox reactions can occur between two nonmetals as well:
Example: H2 and O2 are both nonmetals, but they can undergo a redox reaction to give H2O:
2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O
H2 is oxidized as its oxidation state increases from 0 (in H2) to +1 (in H2O).
O2 is reduced as it oxidation state decreases from 0 (in O2) to -2 (in H2O)..
Moles of Cu atoms = massmolar mass= 2.1563.55 = 0.03383 molNo..pdf
Moles of Cu atoms = mass/molar mass
= 2.15/63.55 = 0.03383 mol
No. of Cu atoms = moles x Avogadro\'s number
= 0.03383 x 6.022 x 1023 = 2.04 x 1022 atoms
Solution
Moles of Cu atoms = mass/molar mass
= 2.15/63.55 = 0.03383 mol
No. of Cu atoms = moles x Avogadro\'s number
= 0.03383 x 6.022 x 1023 = 2.04 x 1022 atoms.
D XeF2 only 2 electrons are shared with F AND .pdf
D XeF2 only 2 electrons are shared with F AND 6 ELECTRONS of xenon are
lone
Solution
D XeF2 only 2 electrons are shared with F AND 6 ELECTRONS of xenon are
lone.
Directives are JavaScript functions that manipulate and add behaviou.pdf
Directives are JavaScript functions that manipulate and add behaviours to HTML DOM
elements. Directives can be very simplistic or extremely complicated. Therefore, getting a solid
grasp on their many options and functions that manipulate them is critical.
There are many options that can be configured and how those options are related to each other is
important. Each directive undergoes something similar to a life cycle as AngularJS compiles and
links the DOM. The directive lifecycle begins and ends within the AngularJS bootstrapping
process, before the page is rendered. In a directive’s life cycle, there are four distinct functions
that can execute if they are defined. Each enables the developer to control and customize the
directive at different points of the life cycle.
The four functions are: compile, controller, pre-link and post-Link.
The compile function allows the directive to manipulate the DOM before it is compiled and
linked thereby allowing it to add/remove/change directives, as well as, add/remove/change other
DOM elements.
The controller function facilitates directive communication. Sibling and child directives can
request the controller of their siblings and parents to communicate information.
The pre-link function allows for private $scope manipulation before the post-link process begins.
The post-link method is the primary workhorse method of the directive.
In the directive, post-compilation DOM manipulation takes place, event handlers are configured,
and so are watches and other things. In the declaration of the directive, the four functions are
defined like this.
.directive(\"directiveName\",function() {
return{
controller:function() {
// controller code here...
},
link:function() {
// post-link code here...
}
}
})
Social policies are policies which are designed to address social issues, ranging from poverty to
racism. Many governments have agencies which formulate and administrate social policies, and
governments approach social issues in a variety of ways. Some countries often regarded as a very
progressive model when it comes to social policy, with a number of far-reaching programs which
are designed to promote equality in the European Union. Social policy reform can also take place
outside the government, as seen when community organizations work to support disadvantaged
citizens.
Social policies include: government pensions, welfare for the poor, food stamps, affordable
housing initiatives, health care, unemployment benefits, equal opportunityemployment laws,
antidiscrimination laws, and policy initiatives which are designed to benefit disadvantaged
people in society. For instance, many nations encourage their colleges and universities to accept
students regardless of need, with the goal of giving people at an economic disadvantage the
chance to go to college, improving their opportunities.
Solution
Directives are JavaScript functions that manipulate and add behaviours to HTML DOM
elements. Directives can be very simpli.
AnswerA. DyslexiaThe word dyslexia comes from the Greek languag.pdf
Answer:
A. Dyslexia
The word dyslexia comes from the Greek language and means difficulty with words. Individuals
with dyslexia have trouble with reading and spelling despite having the ability to learn.
Solution
Answer:
A. Dyslexia
The word dyslexia comes from the Greek language and means difficulty with words. Individuals
with dyslexia have trouble with reading and spelling despite having the ability to learn..
More from saahinmanpam (20)
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solut.pdf
ionic compounds when in the form of ions(in solut.pdf
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then.pdf
Simply react it with NaoH, if salt is formed then.pdf
O3 as it is a gas and highly reactive at the same.pdf
O3 as it is a gas and highly reactive at the same.pdf
molality = molarity density 0.4=molarity1.3 mo.pdf
molality = molarity density 0.4=molarity1.3 mo.pdf
Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms .pdf
Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms .pdf
Solid-State diskA solid-state drive also known as a solid-state di.pdf
Solid-State diskA solid-state drive also known as a solid-state di.pdf
We have 1 L of acid at pH = 3So [H+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3 MMoles of .pdf
We have 1 L of acid at pH = 3So [H+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3 MMoles of .pdf
Unculturable organisms are those that cannot be grown on current lab.pdf
Unculturable organisms are those that cannot be grown on current lab.pdf
Tannins are naturally occurring plant polyphenols and they have the .pdf
Tannins are naturally occurring plant polyphenols and they have the .pdf
Such damage never happens during first pregnancy as there is no tran.pdf
Such damage never happens during first pregnancy as there is no tran.pdf
Option 4 an abstract class can have ordinary methods but an interfac.pdf
Option 4 an abstract class can have ordinary methods but an interfac.pdf
Please follow the data and description Doubly linked list In t.pdf
Please follow the data and description Doubly linked list In t.pdf
Pictures are not legible. plz post it again.SolutionPictures a.pdf
Pictures are not legible. plz post it again.SolutionPictures a.pdf
No. Redox reactions can occur between two nonmetals as wellExampl.pdf
No. Redox reactions can occur between two nonmetals as wellExampl.pdf
Moles of Cu atoms = massmolar mass= 2.1563.55 = 0.03383 molNo..pdf
Moles of Cu atoms = massmolar mass= 2.1563.55 = 0.03383 molNo..pdf
D XeF2 only 2 electrons are shared with F AND .pdf
D XeF2 only 2 electrons are shared with F AND .pdf
Directives are JavaScript functions that manipulate and add behaviou.pdf
Directives are JavaScript functions that manipulate and add behaviou.pdf
AnswerA. DyslexiaThe word dyslexia comes from the Greek languag.pdf
AnswerA. DyslexiaThe word dyslexia comes from the Greek languag.pdf
Recently uploaded
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto Property
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
Instagram:-
https://instagram.com/special_education_needs_01?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=
WhatsApp:-
https://chat.whatsapp.com/JVakNIYlSV94x7bwunO3Dc
YouTube:-
https://youtube.com/@special_education_needs
Teligram :- https://t.me/special_education_needs
Slide Shere :-
https://www.slideshare.net/shabnambano20?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideview
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
This slide describes the research aptitude of unit 2 in the UGC NET paper I.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
This Presentation in details discusses on Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/hqnndn05v4q5a4k4jd597rkdbda0fniiSupporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI funded books
Wednesday 22 May 2024, 14:00-15:00.
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI funded books
Wednesday 22 May 2024, 14:00-15:00.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptx
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Recently uploaded (20)
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with eit.pdf
- 1. Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid's conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF, would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl's case, the acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a more or less stable anion behind. I hope this helps! Solution Generally the formula for an acid is a hydrogen atom bonded with either another atom that is an anion, such as Cl- (chlorine anion) or another molecule that is an anion, such as SO42- (sulfate anion). What makes an acid an acid is that the hydrogen cation can fall off the molecule, known as protonation, leaving behind a relatively stable anion. This anion is known as the acid's conjugate base. A strong acid, such as HCl, has a weak conjugate base. A weak acid, such as HF, would have a strong conjugate base. A strong acid is dictated by how much it protonates in water, that is, how much the H+ cation dissociates from the anion in water. In HCl's case, the acid protonates almost completely, making it a strong acid. The acidity of an acid is measured by the well known pH scale. As you go upwards in difficulty of chemistry, molecules with multiple hydrogens can have different acidities because when different hydrogens leave, they can form a more or less stable anion behind. I hope this helps!